Chapter IV:

Utilitarianism:
John Stuart Mill
 Utilitarianism
ü Whenever one decides to do something, one's
actions affect other people in a ways beyond how
one thought it would.

ü Particular decisions have particular consequences

that correspond to how one's motives translated into
action through a decision.

ü One's motives are not always pure,

and consequences may vary in kind and severity
depending on those affected.
 John Stuart Mill
His utilitarian theory of morality is a
development and clarification of the earlier
form of the theory authored by Jeremy
Bentham (1748-1832) and espoused by
his father, James Mill (1773-1836).

Mill's moral theory is considered as

consequalist in that it judges the rightness
and wrongness of actions based on their
consequences.
 Bentham's Felicific/Hedonistic Calculus
- is a method/guide to balance the pros and cons of a proposed course of action
relation to the balance of pleasures and pains it potentially produces.

Intensity

Fecundity
Duration

Purity
Certainty or uncertainty

Extent
Propinquity o remoteness
 The Greatest Happiness Principle
• In Mill's ethics, actions are understood as right with respect to their capacity to promote
happiness and wrong when they tend to promote the opposite of hapiness.
 Epicurus (Ancient Greek Philosopher 341-270 B.C)

He thought that the purpose of philosophy is to attain happiness and

tranquility in life. He believed that happiness corresponds to:

• Ataraxia (peace and freedom from fear)

• Aponia (absence of pain)
If Bentham's version of utilitarianism focuses on the potential amount or quantity of
happiness that an action can potentially produce for it to be considered right, Mill's
ethics makes a sharp and nuanced division of higher and lower forms of pleasure
in terms of quality.

Mill does not assert that the exercise of distinct human faculties like the intellect
has the greater intrinsic value than the exercise of those that promote the
pleasures of sensation.
Playing online games all day for a Studying three hours a day for we
week ek
ü Immediately satisfies one's search ü Te d i o u s , y e t a l l o w s o n e t o
for fun and excitement develop his/her intellect and virtue
of perseverance in learning
ü Allows one to hang out with friends important lessons for school

ü L e t s o n e e n j o y o n e s e l f w h i l e ü The discipline of focusing on

escaping the everyday tasks like ho
usehold chores, etc.
ü Essentially satisfies one and one's
gaming friends immediately
relevant tasks related to one's
education can go a long way in
one's future endeavors
ü Relatively solitary

ü Has the potential to bring

pleasure to one's family by
showing one's gratitude for their
gift of education
Mill is not saying that lower pleasure must always give way to higher forms of
pleasure. He does not envision persons as one-dimensional.

First, one must ask oneself question before making the choice.

Secondly, if one were really just restricted to choose one activity, one must ask him
self/herself which of the two options one would be truly happy and content in doing
exclusively in the context of being a human person.

Third, if one were allowed to experience the maximum amount of pleasure derived
from online games, he/she one be amenable to be consigned to an entire life of
just playing online games than a life of developing his/her intellectual faculties?

Fourth, would a competent judge, who has had considerable experience of the two
options, prefer to have his/her immediate desires fulfilled by lower pleasures than
to postpone his/her gratification for the purpose of reaping the happiness involved
in cultivating his/her higher faculties?
Mill recognizes a person's embeddedness in a social, cultural and historical
context that plays a crucial role in his/her capacity to recognize varying kinds of
pleasure.

One of Mill's most famous quotes runs as follows:

"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be

Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool or the pig is of a different
opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question".

Mill is saying that the forms of pleasures that are considered higher, like the
pleasure of gaining wisdom, because they are more difficult to attain and are to a
certain extent more difficult to access, are oftentimes looked over in favor of
pleasures that are easier to access and immediately gratifying.
The Greatest Happiness Principle as the ultimate end of action,
sponsors the view that morality is about fostering an existence that is exempt from
pain as much as possible and one that is capable of enjoying pleasures befitting a
human person in terms of both quantity and quality which benefits not just oneself
but others as well.
Replies to
Objections
Replies to Objections:

1 To the objection that happiness is unattainable

To the objection that Utilitarian morality is incompatible with self-

2 sacrifice

3 To the objection that social concern is a rare motive for action

To the objection that happiness is unattainable
Many things such as poverty, disease, and failure thwart one's
attempt at being happy. Mill responds by saying that if his
objectors define happiness as a continuity of highly pleasurable
excitement, then it is true that such life is indeed impossible.
ü Life of happiness defined in his theory is not a life of rapture but
an existence made up of a few, transitory pains, different
pleasures with a decided predominance of pleasure over pain. It
is a kind of happiness which does not expect from life more than
what it can realistacally provide.
ü Life is mainly composed of a balance between tranquility and
excitement.
ü Happiness is, therefore, attainable if one understands it realistic
ally and lives one's life in solidarity with other's and cultivates
one's deeper capacity to enjoy that which endured in the
transitory.
To the objection that Utilitarian morality is incompatible
with self-sacrifice
ü Utilitarianism does recognize the goodness of self-sacrifice
which places the welfare of others over and above one's own
not only to the extent that it is done for the sake of promoting
the greatest happiness of the greatest number, and for no
other reason is it acceptable other than this.

ü Utilitarianism upholds the belief that a truly moral person

always tries to incorporate the good of others in every
decision he/ she makes.

ü Self-sacrifice, it is morally acceptable so long as it is done for

the sake of the good of the greatest number.
To the objection that social concern is a rare motive for action
ü A distinction must be made between the motives and the
consequences of one's action with respect to which of the two
is the basis for judging an act to be moral or not.

ü One must distinguish between the rule of action and motive.

Motive has nothing to do with the morality of an action. It says
something about the kind of person doing the act, but it does
not say anything about the morality of the action one decides
to undertake.

ü One cannot fault someone for having a small sphere of

influence for this does not curtail her capacity to still put the
welfare of others over his/ hers.
The Ultimate
Sanction
- It is man's “feeling for humanity” that constitutes the ultimate sanctio
n of the principle of utility.

Two types of External Sanction

• One of the external sanctions that provide the impetus for moral
conduct is one's fear of displeasing God (if one believes in God).

• The other external sanction is the fear of disapproval from other

gpeople.
- It is man's “feeling for humanity” that constitutes the ultimate
sanction of the principle of utility.

Two types of External Sanction

• One of the external sanctions that provide the impetus for moral
conduct is one's fear of displeasing God (if one believes in God).

• The other external sanction is the fear of disapproval from other

people.
Mill also explain that although externalsanctions do promote the welfare
of the whole, it is still the internal sanction of conscience that is
considered as the ultimate sanction of morality.

Conscience is the internalization of the external sanctions of morality that

feels remorse each time one acts without considering first the effect or
consequences of one's action in other people's lives.
Conclusion
Thank you
Section Break
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