BUDGET SCHEME BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS AND

MANAGEMENT (ABM) STUDENTS IN ORMOC CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Money is used by everyone that is worked and thought about in order to get our

basic needs and wants (Investopedia, 2018). It is a medium of exchange that is encountered

in our daily lives to also get our supporting desires and endeavors or even power. On our

everyday financial basis we also encounter different expenses depending on a social class,

role or civil status whether you have a family unit, a businessman, entrepreneur, married or

single.

There are generally two types of expenses, the fixed and flexible expenses. Fixed

expenses are called fixed or regular expenses that cannot be changed easily which include

rent or mortgage, utilities, and installment debts. The amount paid for these will be the

same for each month. Flexible expenses are flexible or changing and vary in amount. These

expenses depends more on your choice either how much you spend or when you spend it.

Some examples are food, clothing, and personal items (“Expenses: More for Your Money,

2018).

On the other hand, students have different expenses this is where the ability in

learning to save money starts since they mostly relies on their allowances. This happens

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usually when they eagerly want something especially relative to their personal needs.

According to the Federal Student Aid, significant expenses of a student includes tuition,

room and board, textbooks and school supplies, equipment, personal expenses,

transportation and school and activity fees ( Koh, 2018).

As pointed out in the article on “Budgeting 101, college is a critical stage to undergo in

a young person’s life. Since independence is usually measured for the first time therefore it is

also where an increased responsibility to develop healthy financial habits occurs. It is

suspected that first-time College students are highly liable to overspending; they are given

the free reign to manage their time and finances especially for the first time without

supervision. Budgeting is essential because getting to college is expensive if we didn ’t

realize it at all. Base on their statistics, college graduates in the U. S. in 2013 left school owing

an average of $35, 200 in combined student loans and credit card debt. 39% of these

graduates admit that given another chance, they would’ve done things differently: saved

more, borrowed less, or attended a more affordable school (Snider, 2018).

Objectives

The main objective of this study is to compare the budget scheme of male and female

students in terms of fixed and flexible expenses, specifically aims to:

1. Identify the causes affecting budget scheme in terms of fixed and flexible expenses.
2. Correlate the relationship between sex and budget on fix and flexible expenses.

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Hypothesis

1. Ho: There’s no significant relationship between sex and budget on fix and flexible

expenses.

2. Ha: There is significant relationship between sex and budget on fix and flexible

expenses.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to identify the differences of budget schemes between men and

women students, which will be conducted on August to October 2018 at Ormoc City Senior

High School. The respondents of the study are Grade 11 students.

Stratified random sampling will be used to select the respondents however; results

may not be generalized to other location because of the limitation and characteristics of the

respondents.

Significance of the study

According to Clifford (2013), single men on average spend around twice, as much

money annually than a single woman does on alcohol while younger, unattached females on

average spend their money on shopping, beauty, health and fitness, love/online dating and

home furnishings. On similar note (Kent 2015), based from 2012 statistics United States

Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics it revealed that men are likely to spend

money on food and on the other hand, women tend to spend more on personal care and

grooming items. However this situation may not be applicable to students. In order shed a

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light this issue, the researchers explored on comparing the budget scheme of men and

women students in terms of fixed and flexible expenses. Results of this study would be

beneficial for students to evaluate their practice on spending money. Through this

information, they will be aware of being responsible in handling their allowances. To the

school administration, result of this study would lead them in formulating and conducting

seminars to students regarding budget management.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Flexible Expenses

Flexible expenses are those purchases or services that you chose to incur in the

course of living your life. It can be necessities or luxuries. Flexible expenses may be

important but you have more choice in how much you spend and when you spend it (Merryl

Gross, 2018).

According to Hilary Osborne (2012), when it comes to flexible expenses women

spend too much than men. Like for instance, the way the women buy clothes and other

personal items. Based on statistical data presented there was a difference, if they both the

same identical garments. Women spend an average £330.91 while men spend an average

£310.47.

Fixed Expenses

On the other hand, fixed expenses cannot be easily changed and are usually paid on a

regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, quarterly or from year to year. Examples of fixed

expenses are mortgage or rent payments, car payments, real estate taxes and insurance

premiums (Pant, 2018).

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 According to Kevin Voight (2014), there are 82.4% of men believed that they are the

one who paid the bills on the first date. Therefore, in terms of paying when dating men are

mostly to pay specially on the first date. While in women there are only 72.5% when it comes

in paying the household bills.

However Women on the other side pay most of the household bills. According to

Joana Carver (as cited in Afamia Elmakat, 2015) women are likely to consume most electricity

in the house. They tend to get irritate easily when it comes to the temperature variations. It

stated also that Women have a lower body temperature than men. The more electricity

consumed the larger the bills become. Ten Jenkin (2015) said that 65 % of the household bills

were being paid by women including the utility bill or the water, gas and etc. In most cases it

is the women who usually pay for the household bills while men is the primary wage earner

in the household. In the fixed expenses couples are likely to divide to who should be the one

paying the mortgage, the insurance the utility or the household bills. However in the tax

Men and women will be paying it no matter what. On the similar note Relampago Furioso,

presented a data that when paying for taxes men pays most. The data shows the large gap

in paying taxes. The men pay the largest part then women do. Men pay 200% of the taxes

women do (2018). Furthermore, Harriett Baldwin (2018) "In the last three years Men paid

$92 Billion in Income tax whereas Women pays $36.8 Billion which is 60% less." Baldwin

added that there are lots of women that are working but still they contribute less income

tax than men do.

Spending Habits of Men and Women

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 Women spend mostly in their lifestyle goals that practically put their financial costs

into order to make their lives comfortable without expending more. Women also spend in

giving gifts to show compassion in different relationships, when it comes to fashion they are

concerned on their physical looks therefore spending to look good both in workplace and

socially, self-maintenance include regular hair appointments, manicures and pedicures,

facials, waxing and more regular health check-ups. While men are into impulsive purchases,

they would likely spend on their looks that exceed the average of women in this certain

category and they also pertain to fixed goals which specifically to save for their careers and

when having a future family unit (Agnew, 2017).

The study revealed the following results: women spend their money on socializing

(52.4%), entertainment (52.2%) and (42.2%) home furnishings. While men spend on booze

(35.3%) and sports (32.9%), entertainment (54.6%), socializing (51.5%) and electronics (40.2%)

however, Norvilitis, et al., (2006) the manner in which college students manage their money

is based on several factors such as age, personality traits, and knowledge. College students

are in a unique situation because they have restricted incomes and high expenses; therefore,

they manage money differently (Micomonaco, 2003). Women are more likely to report

having a budget then men (Norvilitis, et al., 2006), but women more frequently accumulate

higher amount credit card debt and total debt (Micomonaco, 2003). Also, majority students

perceive themselves as more in control of their finances than minority students perceive

themselves (2003).

Relationship between Sex and Savings

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 According to statistic Facett, society stated that in UK women saved merely £75 per

month, compared with men $100 per month, the research concluded that the major reason

was that there existed increasingly gender income gap, and in addition, three factors played

significant roles on gender disparity. First, women contribute more time and more earning

into their families than do men. A survey investigated that women generally spent their 60%

of income on family level, rather than men did 30% of their earning on family expenditure.

Second, women prefer to save in short term account, while men tend to save in long term or

fix term account. Long term saving makes the saving less likely spent, whereas short term

account makes the saving spent faster. Third, there is a common sense that most of women

depend on their male partners to save for their domestic needs. (Facett, 2007).

According to Mal (2016), women in the US may make $0.78 for every dollar earned by

a man, but studies show that in some ways women are actually better at investing, saving,

and preparing for the future. "When looking closer at our data and cross-referencing it with

other data sources, we see that women working full-time in the United States earn

approximately 23% less income than men but that women are taking steps to manage their

finances better than men," said Michele Raneri, vice president of analytics at Experian, in a

statement that accompanied the credit bureau's 2013 study of gender differences.

As reported by Mal, according to a 2015 study by ValuePenguin, the average amount

of credit card debt women had was $5,245. Men held $7,407, which is a 22% difference. Also,

the site found that "women were more likely to fall into the smaller spending categories,

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whereas more men tended to be big credit card spenders - 19% of men surveyed would

spend $2,000-plus per month, compared to just 8% of women" (2016).

CHAPTER III

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study hypothesized that sex has significant relationship to budget scheming on

Fixed and Flexible Expenses. This means that the expenses incurred by the respondents are

directly related to their sex as male and female.

Causes of Budget (Dependent Variable)

Scheme Budget Scheme
(Independent Variable)

 Fixed
 Flexible
Expenses

SEX
(Intervening Variable)

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of the relationship between variables

Operational Definition of Terms

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 Budget Scheme- describes and gives details of the percentage of the amount of

money that students in Ormoc City Senior High School (OCSHS) spend for their monthly

allowance in fixed and flexible expenses.

Expenses- is an amount of money that is spent by students by students from their

allowances.

Fixed Expenses- is an expense that cannot be changed which include rent expense,

transportation, tuition, school expenses and activity fees.

Flexible Expenses- expenses- are the costs that easily changed and vary in amount

which include personal items, food, shopping and clothing.

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 CHAPTER IV

METHODOLOGY

Location of the study

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 This study covers only Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand of

Ormoc City Senior High School (OCSHS) located at Barangay Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc

City.

Research Design

This study follows the one-shot survey design to examine the respondents’

budgeting scheme based from their monthly allowance.

Respondents and Sampling Procedure

Stratified random sampling will be used to choose the respondents representing

Grade 11 and Grade 12 ABM students in Ormoc City Senior High School. There are three (3 )

sections of Grade 11 and three (3) sections of Grade 12. Each section should have an equal

number of male and female students for a total of 60 respondents.

Data Collection Procedure and Instrument

Before the conduct of the study, the researchers seek permission by sending a

permission letter (Appendix A) to the school principal. The signed permission will be

presented to the ABM and HUMSS registrar in order to get the complete copies of the

master list (Appendix B) in all 6 sections of both the Grade 11 and 12 ABM students.

Using the retrieved master list, the researchers will do stratified random sampling by

selecting 5 female and 5 male students from each section. Prior to data gathering, the

respondents are given a letter of consent to conduct the survey. In the course of gathering

data, researchers give questionnaires (Appendix C) to the selected sample. The survey
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papers contain questions regarding on the percentages of their budget allocation to the

fixed and flexible expenses and the reason for having such percentage.

Data analysis

Data will be analyzed using deductive approach by determining and describing

similarities and differences of set interrelated variables using the measuring variance like

mean, averages, and percentages to answer the problem statement 1. On the other hand,

correlation will be used to answer problem statement number 2.

Results will be displayed in the form of tables and will be discussed and interpreted.

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 QUESTIONAIRE ON BUDGET SCHEME BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ACCOUNTANCY,

BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT (ABM) STUDENTS IN ORMOC CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :

A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Name:____________________________________ Sex: __________________

Grade and Section:___________________

Based from your monthly allowance give the Percentage of your budget allocation to the

following expenses and explain why?

Fixed Expenses Percentage Reason

Transportation

School Expenses & Activity

Fees
Rent Expenses

Flexible Expenses Percentage Reason

Personal Items
Food
Clothing & Shopping Items

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 Department of Education

Region VIII

Ormoc City Division

Ormoc City Senior High School

School ID 330523

Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City

PERMIT LETTER

Date: October 2,2018

Dear Madam,

Good Day!

We are the Grade 12 - Peso Accounting, Business, and Management students. As part of our

requirement in Practical Research 2, we will conduct a survey on “Budget Scheme between

Male and Female ABM Senior High School Students: A Comparative Study. ” The master list

will be used for the selection of the respondents using Stratified Sampling Method. The

number of respondents would be ten (10) students per section of both Grade 11 and Grade 12

ABM strand. The main purpose of this study is to compare the budget scheme of male and

female students in terms of fixed and flexible expenses.

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With this, we would like to ask for your indulgence to allow us to conduct on October 3,2018

at 4 PM. Rest assured that no costs will be incurred by the school or the individual

participants and all the information collected will remain confidential and private.

Hoping for your kind and positive approval. Thank you.

Respectfully yours,

Niña Kryscha Grace Y. Amo

Representative of Group 3 ABM PESO

Noted by:

CHRISSEL C. TABASA
Practical Research Teacher

Approved by:

BRENDA P. MAROLEÑA
School Principal II

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 CHAPTER V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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 30

50%

50%

TABLE 1: Sex of the Respondents

Based from data above, out of 60 respondents there are 30 males and 30 females which are

50 percent each composing 100 percent of the total population.

z
malemeanfix femalemeanfix
N Valid 30 30

Missing 30 30
Mean
16.1243 16.1259

TABLE 2: Male and Female Fixed Expenses

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Table 2 data shows the average of male and female students in fixed expenses. Male

students have an average of 161.1243 while female students got a greater average of

161.1259. This means that female students tend to spend on fixed expenditures than males

do.

Malemeanflex femalemeanflex
N Valid 30 30

Missing 30 30
Mean 17.3223 17.3002

TABLE 3: Male and Female Flexible Expenses

Table 3 show the average of male and female students in flexible expenses. Male students

got a greater average of 17.3223 than the female students with an average of 17.3002.This

shows that males spend more than females on flexible expenses.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid No need for
10 16.7 16.7 16.7
transportation
Near House 25 41.7 41.7 58.3
Far House 25 41.7 41.7 100.0
Total
60 100.0 100.0

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 TABLE 4: Reason of the Respondents in Transportation Expense

Table 4 shows the reasons of students and frequency of their responses. The responses of

students regarding transportation include no need for transportation for they have their

own transport and do not need to spend on transportation fares while others spend for

transport even if their houses are close or distant from the school. There are 10 students

which made up 16.7% of the population who do not need transportation, 25 students or

41.7%who answered near house although they are close to the school ’s location they still

spend on transportation fares and the same with the remaining 25 students of 41.7%, having

a distant house location from school surely made several students spend on transport fares

specially having no personal means of transportation.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Depending in their
8 13.3 13.3 13.3
parents
Lots of school projects 50 83.3 83.3 96.7
Sinking Fund 2 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

TABLE 5: Reason of the Respondents in School Expenses

Based on the statistics shown on the table, most of the students ’ daily allowance is spent on

school projects in which it is composed of more than half of the total population, 50 (83.8%)

out of 60 (100%) students . There are 8 students or 13.3% who depend on their parents when
20
it comes to school expenses while the remaining 2 students or 3.3% fill up the total

population by spending their allowance on Sinking Fund in school expenses.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 0 2 3.3 3.3 3.3
Stayed with their
54 90.0 90.0 93.3
parents
Renting Dorm 2 3.3 3.3 96.7
Computer expense 2 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

TABLE 6: Reason of the Respondents in Rent Expenses

Table 6 shows the statistics of students’ responses regarding with fixed expenses on the

category of rent expense. Most of the student population about 54 students (90% of the

total population) does not spend their allowance on rent expenses for they stayed with their

parents.

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 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Care of parents 23 38.3 38.3 38.3
Beauty care 28 46.7 46.7 85.0
Not important 9 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total
60 100.0 100.0

TABLE 7: Reason of the Respondents in Personal Items Expense

According to the figures shown on the table above, it revealed that 46.7% of the total

student population which specifically counts up to 28 students spend their allowance on

beauty care. 23 students (38.3%) answered that their personal items are taken care by their

parents. About 15% or 9 students said that personal items are not that important.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent C

Valid Expensive 11 18.3 18.3
Most important 46 76.7 76.7
Care of parents 3 5.0 5.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

TABLE 8: Reason of the Respondents in Food Expenses

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Based on the data, table 8 illustrates that most of the students (76.7%) pay out their

allowances on food for they consider it as the most important. Although food is expensive

for the 11 students (18.3%), they still spend their money on food while 3 students (5%) said

their food expense is the care of their parents.

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Most important 15 25.0 25.0 25.0
Less important 21 35.0 35.0 60.0
Not important 24 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

TABLE 9: Reason of the Respondents in Clothing Expenses

According to the statistics revealed on the table shown above, majority of the students

(40%) answered that spending money on clothing is not important. However, 21 students

(35%) think it is less important but still spend on clothing and 15 students (25%) surely spend

on clothing for it is considered as the most important.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion
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Based on the findings derived from the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Findings show that female students tend to spend more on fixed expenditures than

male students do.

2. Findings on fixed expenditures shows that female students spend more than male

students do.

3. Findings on flexible expenditures shows that male students spend more than female

students do.

4. ABM students used up most of their allowances on school projects. A majority of

83.3% of the respondents noted this as their reason resulting as the highest

expenditure.

5. Finding shows that majority of the students spent their allowances most in school

expenses.

6. On spending for their personal expenses, a majority of 46.7% of the respondents

parted their allowance to spend for beauty care.

7. Findings show that 76.7% of the respondents considered food as most important

which makes second of their highest expenditures.

8. 40% of the respondents considered clothing as not important in spending with their

allowances.

9. ABM prioritizes school projects the most among all expenditures.

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The researchers concluded that there is a significant relationship between sex and budget

on fixed and flexible expenses. And their allowances affect most on school projects and

food.

Recommendation

The following recommendations for research are based on the study findings and

conclusion:

1. The School should perform an assembly concerning on students' financial issues to

further put through modifications on performance tasks.

2. Students should be aware of budgeting techniques in managing their expenses for

they won’t be having difculties and it will be easier for them to handle.

3. Increase the sample size in order to have a more valid and reliable data.

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 4. Parents should be aware of the budget habits of their children to help their children

to properly and wisely handle their allowances for the xpenses.

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