Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
actors against civilians without the benefit of judicial or legal process are
due process of the legal jurisdiction of which they happen. The Kent State
Shooting on May 4 and Jackson State Killings of May 15, both in the year
1970, were illustrative cases in the U.S.A. of the rigorous and fatal steps
republic, has its own military force known as the Armed Forces of the
National Police, together with other law enforcement agencies. The issue of
state killings is not new in the country wherein from 1973 to 1985, it was in
Ferdinand Marcos’ 20-year rule of the country that highlighted the record of
the name of the state. Similarly at present, President Rodrigo Duterte, the
16th President of the Philippines, has plummeted the country again into an
exceedingly human rights crisis, even allegedly worse than the Marcos’
regime according to the Manila Times. His war against drugs that started in
2016 has claimed the lives of more than 12,000 Filipinos to date, according
operations.
enshrines the principles of all people equal before the law, an accused is
and impartial tribunal, and all the guarantees necessary for the defense of
with the current legal dilemmas in the country, scrutinize existing cases or
the research.
Theoretical Background
Perlman (2015).
fundamentally proposes that through interaction with others, people learn the
The degree of impact one gets from messages favoring degenerate behavior
freakish behavior through the same components that they learn other
learned from others- for case, the thought processes and defenses for the
crime- but the criminal’s particular activities may result from a combination
person. It declares that one has more definitions favorable to the lawful
toward the law; in other words, the law isn’t unimportant to any person in
is based on the social environment and its environment, people and the
(Sutherland, 1940).
criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those
provides active people in a person's life. Earlier in life, the individual comes
under the influence of those of high status within that group, the more likely
the individual to follow in their footsteps. This does not deny that there may
be practical motives for the crime. If a person feels hungry but has no
money, the temptation to steal will become present. But, the use of needs
criminal individuals are motivated by the need for money and social gain
(Matsueda, 1987).
individuals can see the benefits of wrongdoing and are fit for imagining and
disapproval to the general population about whom the potential guilty party
commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the
law. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into and
have a stake in their wider community, they will voluntarily limit their
propensity to commit deviant acts. The theory seeks to understand the ways
human beings may choose to engage in a wide range of activities unless the
means and opportunities; or individual and this refers to the frictions and
actually achieving them may become more important than the means
thought of the theory is that individual who have gotten involved in straining
was created to conceptualize the total extend of sources within the society
where strain conceivably comes from. The theory moreover centers on the
The issues of state killings committed in the Philippines are not new
and might have deep-rooted foundations from the long history of the
embedded profoundly to the people for which there was a violent struggle of
the former and the latter’s control of the Philippine islands. Such is the
2013.
against much of drug users and pushers. President Rodrigo Duterte’s “war
on drugs," propelled after he took office in June 2016, and has claimed an
youngsters as per a report of the Human Rights Watch. “The whole approach
or the whole strategy of his administration is really killing, kill, and kill. Is
that acceptable? Not at all” stated Sen. Leila de Lima in an interview with
SBS Dateline.
The war against illegal drugs was a noble goal but the impunity and
abuses carried out by some of the state actors, commonly police were
these were brought to a highlight of the August 2017 killing of the 17-year
old Kian De Los Santos in a drug-raid and of the 19-year old Carl Arnaiz by
9
transpired and the object evidence found in the separate crime scenes.
recent one was the case of Bladen Skyler Abatayo, a four-year-old child hit
dead by a stray bullet during a drug bust operation in Barangay Ermita, Cebu
report of Reuter, since the PNP has resumed its participation on the war on
This furthers the intensification of the war on drugs and the increasing death
syndicate. All PNP personnel shall respect the human rights and dignity of
the suspect/s during police operations.” The preceding statements were taken
December 2013. The Philippine National Police was put in a spotlight after
10
all the issues that surrounded the agency upon its participation in Pres.
The concept of death squads is not new in the Philippines and one was
between 1,020 and 1,040 people between 1998 and 2008. In an article
2012, by the former President Benigno Aquino III. This was the act defining
may be committed by agents of the state. Section 1 of the statute stated how
the state values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full
respect for human rights for which the highest priority shall be given to the
11
provision for penal and civil sanctions for such violations, and compensation
and rehabilitation for the victims and their families, particularly with respect
to the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means
It’s not just suspected drug users and dealers at risk of targeted killing
in the Philippines, but journalists too wherein citing one famous case from
the Human Rights Watch and GMA News is the 2005 killing of journalist
May 3, 2008, stated that of the 93 journalists killed since 1986, only five
cases have ended with convictions but no mastermind has been put behind
bars. On August 17, 2017, two journalists in two days were murdered in the
Tabloid Balita and Rudy Alicaway of DXFB radio station in the report of
reinforce the country's image as one of the world’s most dangerous places
ambushed while holding office between July 2016 and July 2018 in a report
were both ambushed and shot dead on separate incidents. Numerous actors
are said to be responsible for these killings but the recent deaths are still
ethics explores empirically how people actually behave when they are faced
with an ethical dilemma within the context of larger social prescriptions. The
current situation of Philippine’s political and legal system and the apparent
such, it allows a comparison between the actor’s ultimate behavior and how
the actor thinks she should or would behave. This predictive measure
frequently reveals a gap between how people think they would behave and
purposeful acts. Putting the task of the legal practitioners in the noblest way
innocent people will go to jail and fewer people will be able to take on their
14
insurance company. The loss borne by the unrepresented victims during the
Positivist legal ethics theorist have primarily used this account of the
role of law to ground theories of legal ethics that see the lawyer's role as
guide lawyers in acting for clients: the Principle of Partisanship, which states
that the lawyer’s sole allegiance is to his/her client, and The Principle of
the lawyer with respect to the moral merits of the client. These are used to
embody equality in our relations with one another, and to act on the
an attorney seeks after his or her client's lawful entitlement through lawful
ought not to be judged based on the ethical quality of the client (Campbell,
2004).
Sixteen judges have been killed since 1999 to the year 2009 (Laserna
Jr., 2009). These numbers have continued to increase and one recent case of
Judge Godofredo Abdul Jr. of the RTC Branch 4 who was shot dead on
presiding judge of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) in San Jose
and Lagonoy towns in Camarines Sur that was killed on June 13, 2018,
expanded by one more with the murder of Jonnah John Ungab, Kerwin
present Cebu City Palace of Justice. A list of legal advisors slaughtered from
Jubian P. Achas (2013), Richard W. Sison (2008), and Arbet Sta. Ana-
Roan Libarios created a team that investigated the murder of no less than
200 legal counselors and judges for a long time starting in 2002 with the
point the killings have not halted. Ousted Chief Justice Maria Lourdes
16
Law enforcement officers are not exempted from killings and can also
PO3 Ryan Martus Quiamco, one of the alleged drug protectors in Central
Visayas announced by Pres. Duterte in his narco-list and his wife Rizalyn
Cebu. Similar incidents were reported by The Freeman on July 13, 2018,
when Police Officer 1 Avita Sarzuelo, 47, a police for 22 years, and a
another report from the Manila Bulletin, on July 22, 2018, two policemen
Palawan. On May 12, 2018 report of the Inquirer, James Rivera, former
police officer assigned at the Tondo police station was shot dead near his
after he allegedly resisted arrest in a report by GMA News on June 11, 2018.
This was followed on a June 19, 2018, report of Sunstar Cebu by Police
the most recent cases was of Senior Police Officer 1 Adonis Dumpit who
was put down by a joint operation of Bohol police operatives and the
for a report from Aljazeera News on June 13, 2018, detail of the killings of
three Catholic ministers since December and that it has brought alert up in
the Philippines, with the church and political leaders denouncing the "culture
of violence" in the nation. Richmond Nilo was the most recent individual
as he was getting ready for a chapel gathering in the northern area of Nueva
a 37-year-old cleric, who pushed for ethnic minorities and against mining,
was executed in the northern area of Cagayan. A fourth minister, who had
filled in as pastor for the Philippine police, survived a deadly attempt outside
almost certain that this issue – this hydra in a manner of speaking – did not
become overnight. It has been forever and a day in taking shape and runs so
2016).
in everyday situations all the time. Here in the Philippines alone road rage –
position of genuine concern for the welfare of the Filipinos. All things
considered, nobody denies that drugs have caused so much viciousness and
torment in the nation and in the lives of such huge numbers of. Nonetheless,
moving toward the issue with an "execute them all" demeanor isn't making a
holds a network, viciousness, and strife are not a long ways behind.
the legal system and the causes of violent behaviors and victimization
patterns through the views of these theories, the criminal justice system and
the country.
20
THE PROBLEM
Statement of Problem
The study delved into the views of the legal practitioners on the
murder and homicide cases in Cebu City, particularly in the South District.
2. What are the insights and challenges of the informants arising from
3. How did the state of killings have an effect or influence on the lives
the country with regard to state killings and the various legal dilemmas that
is attached to it.
21
etc.), through this study, will be more informed and knowledgeable of the
their respective jurisdictions here in the Philippines. The study also would
also act as a catalyst for their drive in preventing and in taking action against
Local Government Units. The study will serve the local government
programs and activities for their community. It may be used as a basis for
knowledge about the killing issues and situations in the specified area and
the efforts and views of legal practitioner on the state killing of the
Philippines.
22
reference for future researchers conducting studies in line with the state
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Environment
city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region, Philippines. As per
fifth most populated city in the country and the most crowded in the
Visayas.
24
It is the seat of government and capital for the Region VII, however is
represented free and separate from it. The city is a huge focal point of
thirteen law firms in the city, such as, J Ouano& Associates, Mendoza Law
Office, Misal Martin Law Offices, Sapalo Velez Bundang &Bulilan Law
Offices, SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan, TLCM Law Firm, Yap
Gonzales & Associates, and many more. Public legal practitioners are also
Sinsin, Suba, Sudlon I, Sudlon II, Tabunan, Tag-bao, Tisa and Toong.
Cebu Daily News states that no less than 112 people were killed in shooting
25
episodes in Cebu throughout the most recent a half year. Since 2017, around
Research Participants
be the ten (10) selected legal practitioners in their views of the state killings
in the Philippines. Four (4) of the informants are from the Public Attorneys’
Office, four (4) are private lawyers with their respective law firms, and two
(2) informants are prosecutors from the Cebu City Provincial Prosecutors’
Research Instrument
In the gathering of data, the researchers of this study employed the use
during the course of the interview with each participant. The interview guide
26
served to direct the conversation to let the interviewer get to the points of
interest to get the maximum information from the participants of the study. It
parts: Part 1 deals with the views of the legal practitioners on the incidence
of killings in Cebu City; Part 2 deals with the insights and challenges of the
informants arising from the murder and homicide cases occurring in the city;
and Part 3 deals with the effect or influence of the state of killings on the
lives of informants and of the members of the legal community. The three
The voice recorder was used, with the consent of the participant, to
basis and findings of this research. And, the informed consent was necessary
to have the whole interview process under the legal bounds of the law. This
worked to protect the researcher as to the legality of the interview with the
informant.
Research Procedure
27
The study carried out through the process of random selection by the
researcher who traced the would-be participants and asked for their consent
to interview them with regards to the research together with the explanation
of the purpose, objectives and the vital data they could contribute needed for
the study. Finally, with their consent, the formal interview was conducted
Office, and heads of private law firms respectively; an informed consent and
an approved interview guide noted by the adviser and approved by the Dean
explained to the informants how the interview will be made, the purpose and
details of the said study, informing them of the rights of informants and
necessary.
28
research, the recorded responses that the researchers acquired and analyzed
to obtain discrete, key themes that are relevant and specific to individual
categories. The inspection and analysis of the content that was provided
through the interview revealing messages within the content itself. Thematic
code analysis was used to inspect themes which emerged during the future
the limitations that may affect the validity of findings. In presenting the
was strictly avoided. Subjects have the right to full disclosure of the
and they had the right to an opportunity to have their questions answered
about the purpose and usage of the research. Subjects are entitled to rights of
the interpretations that are derived from it. In order to ensure the relevance
was conducted by the researcher themselves, recorded and notes were taken
down during all interview. The result of the study was used to greater extent
which the researcher realized the standard of a quality, true, real and honest
inquiry and achieve similar results. This is also done to confirm the accuracy
of the findings and to ensure the findings are supported by the data collected.
30
the data collected. This is the process to establish whether the researcher has
been biased during the study; this is due to the assumption that qualitative
research allows the research can judge whether this is the case by studying
the data collected during the original inquiry. It shows the soundness of the
The reader notes the specific details of the research situation and methods,
and compares them to a similar situation that they are familiar with. If the
activities in which the researcher realized the standard of a quality, true, real
or honest study.
31
DEFINITION OF TERMS
operationally defined:
advocates, or attorneys; persons who study, develop and apply law, or whose
clients in other legal matters; those who have obtained a law degree, passed
the Bar examinations for lawyers, and is a current member of the Integrated
Philippine National Police or the lodged cases in the Philippine Courts for
246 (Parricide), 248 (Murder), 249 (Homicide), and 251 (Death Caused in a
Tumultuous Affray).
Philippines. This refers to the perspective of the lawyers towards the state of
32
homicide cases. This refers to the situation being faced by the legal
and knowledge to solve problems like murder and homicide cases, and to the
the Court and to the administration of justice that they must conduct
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Presentation of Data
All transcriptions were read for many times for purposes of acquiring
the views of the informants on the murder and homicide cases that had
happened in Cebu City. The significant statements were extracted from the
and arranged into cluster themes (see Appendix E-1 for sample of
themes which evolved into emergent themes) The results were into rich and
exhaustive narration on the views of the informants about the murder and
homicide cases.
City we had formulated four (4) emergent themes for positive and negative
view respectively, two (2) emergent themes for the insights and challenges
of the informants, and for the effect or influence on the lives of informants,
lives of informants.
Cebu City
A. Positive Views
B. Negative Views
2. No moral ascendancy
2. People’s hopelessness
2. Loss of confidence
35
their views, feelings and situations on the incidence of killings that had
happened in Cebu City. We have come up with two (2) emergent themes
killings in Cebu City, they are still accepting clients in the pursuit of justice.
of killings that had happened in Cebu City are state initiated since police
37
officers are inspired with the President’s statements that he will kill those
in Cebu City, the informant describes their views on the killings that had
happened in Cebu City that people who are involved or accused of drugs
related activities are immediately killed without bringing to the court for a
proper trial.
The informants stated that they are aware in the series of killings that
had happened or about to happen in Cebu City that they are those people
that had happened in Cebu City builds a culture of impunity because people
39
are now immune on what was happening especially the killings and for them
it is now normal.
the implementation of law have gone its moral ascendancy. That moral
ascendancy is what connects the one governing and the governed, what
their insights and challenges arising in their legal profession. We have come
described their experiences that police are inefficient and that is the problem
of most lawyers when they are prosecuting a case since some of the police
officers are relying only on how they arrest and they are even lack of
communication skills.
reiterated that:
due to the unsolved killings, people started to loss their trust and being
hopeless.
This research question elicits responses from the informants about the
killings that had happen in Cebu City. We have come up with three (3)
longer handling drug related cases because of the danger and the death
The informants revealed that they are not politically deterred as long
as there is no outside pressure because they are still having a family and they
prosecuting a case.
Analysis of Data
emergent themes that explored the informants’ views on the murder and
homicide cases in Cebu City, specifically in the South District. Each theme
There are three theories that were used in support to this study
in its applicability that through interaction with others, individuals learn the
46
social environment and its surroundings, individuals and the values those
suggests that these definitions are learned through had communication with
intimate people or groups from whom the person learns the techniques,
criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those
for law-abiding. Earlier in life the individual comes under the influence of
those of high status within that group, the more likely the individual to
socially accepted goals. The study explored how societal strain and stress
men or the statements made by the current that can incite the people in
ethics explores empirically how people actually behave when they are faced
with an ethical dilemma within the context of larger social prescriptions. The
current situation of Philippine’s political and legal system and the apparent
such, it allows a comparison between the actor’s ultimate behavior and how
the actor thinks she should or would behave. This predictive measure
frequently reveals a gap between how people think they would behave and
entitlements. Positivist legal ethics theorist have primarily used this account
of the role of law to ground theories of legal ethics that see the lawyer's role
City
is featured that as the campaign against drugs had been implemented, there
is a qualified overall feeling of safety on the streets and the public always
had a solid inclination of the highly visible police force. They are stationed
response to call for more police was roused by a craving to see crime
the best proof of 'what works' in policing to diminish crime have featured
that unmistakable police watch can lessen wrongdoing, yet just in the event
that if they aren't in any way involved in drugs, they are generally safe if
of drug-related individuals.
justice “This means that lawyers, act as both advocates and advisors in our
society. As advocates, they represent one of the parties in criminal and civil
advisors, lawyers counsel their clients about their legal rights and obligations
of laws and judicial decisions and apply the law to the specific
has constantly given us the feeling that they have the moral authority over
governance, national security, public safety, and graft and corruption, among
witnesses, in its battle against drugs has launched itself in an awful light as
state actors, for example, policemen together with public statements made
It is a steady dread that power will be used cruelly in actualizing their laws
and justice in the streets will be predominant as they have the monopoly of
the public office as it is where public trust resides. Utter disregard of the law
will encourage more individuals to break the law having the mindset, “if
they do it, why don’t we?” It is imperative for a government that they have a
we have that in our community in order that any issues shall be resolved by a
Dissatisfaction from the public may arouse tribal forms of policing such as
vigilante killings that is happening today and the community courts where
51
an individual.
conducted by state actors. It is also best that they strengthen their safety
programs in that the people feel safer for any potential criminals in the long
run
the killings and murder cases happening in the city, the following themes are
presented:
not yet proven” was used to indicate that the incidence of killings day by
day, be it political or drug related cases are being thought immediately that
advocacy, people tend to think that in every killing, there is someone who
authority. All the incidence of killings are not yet proven but in the mind of
hopelessness” was used to indicate that people nowadays felt hopeless on the
the people behind these killings already violated the constitutional laws
against humanity. They must be hoping that this serves as a motivation for
people who, in the pursuit or fight against justice, wants to be part of the
solution, not a problem .Like any difficulties come to their life, they buckle
themselves down or and fight with steady strength, in this case, as lawyers
practitioners with regard to the killings in Cebu City, the following themes
are formulated:
conduct of their professional job as they take on their clients’ cases along
with the responsibility and risks with it. Lawyers are also humans, and they
do fear for their life especially when faced with a bombardment of criticisms
cases. It does take a huge effort for the things that people do in that industry
and ways and means that they overcome their fear. By doing that, they retain
a sense of strength and control the litigation and cases they are meant to do.
There are different lawyers thought and not all have that
strength as more or less half of the lawyers faced with threats to their lives
withdraw their cases or will never handle any cases to which the threats are
substantial amount of acceptance fee from the clients. For some lawyers
employed in the government, the fear is there but they don’t have the choice
to choose their cases as they are legally bound to do so, which does also
54
affect private lawyers. They reiterate that they took an oath to serve all those
who need them, and the practical fear they have and refusing to serve some
described the feelings of legal practitioners with regard to their work and
current legal dilemmas in the country or in their area to which they are
working on. There has been an evaporation of a feeling of security and their
unable to protect its citizens. There is a fear that drains their confidence in
oneself and ability to survive and do well in this new world of impunity and
killings that is prevalent in the country today. The struggle of law school and
their personal drive and motivation is what keeps them inspired and going to
work and be the best law practitioners and deliver the services they had
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS
Summary
The study delved into the views of the legal practitioners on the
murder and homicide cases in Cebu City, particularly in the South District.
2. What are the insights and challenges of the informants arising from
3. How did the state of killings have an effect or influence on the lives
practitioners with regard to the murder and homicide cases in the Southern
The informants of this study are the legal practitioners in Metro Cebu
both from the Public Attorneys’ Office, the Provincial Prosecutors’ Office,
and private law firms located in the city. Subjected to focused individual
interviews were ten (10) participants who are member of the Integrated Bar
and are also one of the responsible individuals that can primarily help in the
society. In order to achieve this goal, they must offer their life to their work
and they must find ways in order for the programs to be surely acquired and
stronger bond and coordination with law enforcement agencies that are the
primary implementing arm that shall work on solving crime at the ground-
Findings
emergent themes were formulated namely, rumored but not yet proven and
people’s hopelessness.
For the effects of the experiences on the lives of informants, two (2)
emergent themes were formulated namely; silent rising fear and loss of
confidence.
legal practitioners, their issues and concerns with regard to the murder and
homicide cases in Cebu City. From the salient points of interest, we have
individuals or entities.
City, the proposed solutions by the researchers are: first- implement city
58
CCTV Cameras in order that it aides police investigators easily in the event
Second, for the Philippine National Police, they can conduct frequent
drive-by shooting; third- laws should be implemented that’ll shall raise the
price of guns in order that sale and purchase will be limited as well as
individuals but also to illegal gun makers that are the primary sources of
legal practitioners who have the necessary knowledge of the tenets of the
will produce accurate and immediate results should be started by the law
to inform and educate the public of their basic rights from and obligations to
circumstances.
that they will be protected in their professional trips to and from the courts.
Another, we would recommend, based on the existing situation, that they are
agency.
drugs, illegal firearms or many more will surely attain the nationwide
internal strength we need to curb crime and the prevalent incident of killings
To fill some gaps and areas that are now covered by this research, we
areas in Metro Cebu that’ll be used strategically and as an aide for criminal
investigations.
in the process. Through this also, we can gauge the legality of their sources
of information, their official reports, and the risks they take in doing their
profession.
62
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69
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/204949-pnp-number-
deaths-daily-duterte-administration
Other Sources
[Jay, Gregg]. (2017, September 2). Ross Kemp: Extreme World (Series 6,
Episode 3) - Manila 2016 [Video File]. Retrieved August 13, 2018,
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYfQB0MQhIo
[SBS Dateline]. (2016, October 26). Getting Away With Murder? [Video
File]. Retrieved August 12, 2018, from
Gehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPB-ft0ipnw.
Roxas, M., Purisima, A., Monteagudo, A., & Rosales, L. (2013). Philippine
National Police Handbook(2nd ed.).
70
APPENDIX A
71
72
73
APPENDIX B
Practitioners”
I. Preliminary Questions
II. What are the views of the legal practitioners on the incidence of
killings in Cebu City?
a. Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in
Cebu City?
b. What can you say about these series of killings that happened in
Cebu City?
c. In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and
learned, do you think that these series of killings were inspired
by the President Duterte's previous statements that he will kill
those who are involved in drugs?
74
III. What are the insights and challenges of the informants arising
from the murders and homicide cases occurring in the city?
a. Most media reports, particularly in Cebu City, say that many
deaths that were reported to be drug-related are not solved by
the police, meaning, their investigations did not lead to
identification of suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can you
say about police efficiency in handling death investigations in
Cebu City?
b. As you may have observed and probably experienced in
handling cases, can you describe police competence in handling
murder and homicide cases in Cebu City?
c. Do you think people have this feeling of hopelessness in
murder and homicide cases due to the existing issues of police
complicity in the aforementioned cases?
d. Can you elucidate from your point of view as a legal
practitioner what factors highly affect the police handling in
death investigations in Cebu City?
e. The series of killings in Cebu City and other parts of the
Philippines from 2016 until at present is continuously rising,
will you please describe the effects of this state killings to the
rule of law and overall public order in the city?
75
IV. How did the state of killings have an effect or influence on the
lives of informants and of the members of the legal community?
a. As a legal practitioner, can you describe how these states of
killings in Cebu City affect your life as a legal practitioner or
the lives of other legal practitioners?
b. As a lawyer, are you sometimes deterred from pursuing
politically charged cases of murder?
c. Do you believe that the recent targeting of lawyers is
unattractive to many young Filipino lawyers because of the
dangers?
d. Is it true that the current administration's refusal to thoroughly
investigate the spate of killings across the country have
undermined many lawyers' faith in much of the government?
e. Is it a demoralizing proposition as lawyer?
f. In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe
that the state of killings in Cebu City has affected your practice
or those others who are actively in the legal practice?
76
APPENDIX C
LOCATION MAP
APPENDIX D
Informant # 1
I. Preliminary Questions
II. What are the views of the legal practitioners on the incidence of
killings in Cebu City?
a. Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in Cebu
City?
I am, judges are killed, murdered, lawyers are also
murdered
b. What can you say about these series of killings that happened in Cebu
City?
It is very unfortunate, whether it is state sponsored or
somebody else, the fact is unfortunate that this incidents
are happened.
c. In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and learned,
do you think that these series of killings were inspired by the President
Duterte's previous statements that he will kill those who are involved in
drugs?
Could be, we cannot say conclusively
d. Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the war
81
III. What are the insights and challenges of the informants arising from
the murders and homicide cases occurring in the city?
a. Most media reports, particularly in Cebu City, say that many deaths that
were reported to be drug-related are not solved by the police, meaning,
their investigations did not lead to identification of suspects. As a legal
practitioner, what can you say about police efficiency in handling death
investigations in Cebu City?
Well, if they are unable to solve it, probably incompetent
b. As you may have observed and probably experienced in handling cases,
can you describe police competence in handling murder and homicide
cases in Cebu City?
Well, they have to back to school. Well, if you cannot solve
it, then you are part of the problem, if you are part of the
problem, then that's critical
82
d. The series of killings in Cebu City and other parts of the Philippines
from 2016 until at present is continuously rising, will you please
describe the effects of this state killings to the rule of law and overall
public order in the city?
Well, it says chilling effect to the people, well people do not
believe the institution of governments, the pillars of justice?
Why? because people resort to killing as ultimate solution
and the other parts of justice system will no longer be
working like people will no longer trust the police, because
there is no arrest on the killing, like people will no longer
trust the prosecutors because there will be no prosecution
to be done the killing like people will no longer trust the
justice system because it will no longer go to the court, it is
only about killing like people will no longer trust penology
because no inmates will be detained so there is no
conviction, only killing ,so, meaning to say there is a
shortcut of the proceedings now, if there is a shortcut of the
proceedings who will judge the judges, who will judge the
executionist, who will judge those who will implemented on
what is believe to be on what they are trying to implement,
so, meaning to say it really affects on our belief on our
justice system, it affects the pillars of justice, if there is a
shortcut then there is a danger and the pillars will
collapsed and there is chaos and if there is chaos there is
anarchy
83
g. Do you think we are experiencing a legal crisis with regard to the current
administration's policies and the current state of war on drugs?
There is no crisis because there is no law to follow, it is
only killing. Crisis will appear when there is contradicting
points of law, if none, it is only death.
IV. How did the state of killings have an effect or influence on the lives
of informants and of the members of the legal community?
a. As a legal practitioner, can you describe how this state of killings in
Cebu City affect your life as a legal practitioner or the lives of other
legal practitioners?
A lot of lawyers will no longer handle drug related cases if
they will handle, probably there will be an increase of
acceptance fee because our life will be in danger.
f. In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe that the
state of killings in Cebu City has affected your practice or those others
who are actively in the legal practice?
There is always the advantage and disadvantage in
everything, and I must say that with our current situation, it
has greatly affected us in terms of our workloads, risks, and
also certainly with our personal lives.
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APPENDIX E
Informant 6- . I am aware since most killing appears on the Awareness of the killing incidents is through publication in the
newspaper newspapers. –FM6
Lawyers are now being killed especially when handling drug related
Informant 2- Yes, I am aware, judges are slaughtered, cases. – FM2
killed, legal counselors are too killed
Informant 3- I am aware considering that I listen to the news Awareness of the killing incidents is through watching the news in the
every day. Not just with the news, but since I am government television and the perks of being government employed. –FM3
employed, I think I know some of the killings
b. What can you say about these series of killings that happened in Cebu City?
Informant 1-It is very unfortunate, whether it is state sponsored Killing incidents happened whether it is state sponsored or not, it is very
or somebody else, the fact is unfortunate that this incidents are unfortunate for them who handle drug related cases. –FM1
happened.
Informant 4-What I read from the newspaper about the killings, The killing incidents happened in Cebu City are most likely drug related
if it is not about politics, it is related to drugs. cases and less it is about politics. –FM4
Informant 3- Well, this is really a transgression of what is legal Anyone who are being alleged in the involvement of drug related
activities are not given such rights to be heard, thus the constitutional
considering that there is a constitutional presumption of
rights of a person are now violated since they are immediately killed. –
innocence. The constitution provides that all persons must be FM3
presumed innocent until proven otherwise. Now these killings,
they have been saying that these are personalities related or
with drug involvement. Sure if there is an involvement in
drugs, but we have to put them into trial. And now its injustice
that they are taking matters into their own hands by killing
these people. So, to be very blunt about it if you’re asking me,
are these killings sponsored by the police? My answer is a
resounding yes.
c. In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and learned, do you think that these series of killings were inspired by the
President Duterte's previous statements that he will kill those who are involved in drugs?
Informant 5-Maybe, maybe not, when you say inspired, it If the series of killing incidents happened in Cebu City are inspired by
depends on the audience, persons and of course as a police the statement of our current administration, then they are just following
officer, they have to follow orders by their superior like their the order of their superior. –FM5
chief but if it is committed by individual, then they really have
an intentions.
d. Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the war on drugs has something to do or has connection to the series of
killings that has happened in Cebu City?
Informant 1- Well, those who are killed are connected with People who are involved in drug related activities are being killed as
drugs so you read between the lines. inspired by our current administration. – FM1
The community have always put in their mind that every time they heard
Informant 2 - Well, those who news about killing in Cebu City by an unknown person, they will already
87
are slaughtered are associated with drugs so conclude that that person is associated with drug related activities. –FM2
you examined between the lines.
Informant 8-yes, definitely because the illegal problem is not Police actions are needed since the series of killing that had happened in
only scripted has affected in Cebu City and even if the Cebu City is now being prevalent. Not just police actions but community
president has made known his stands involving illegal participation may take part to solve this problem especially this war on
activities, his war on drugs, you can still see that the problem drugs. –FM8
of drugs are still prevalent in our city, that we have to do is to
maybe more police actions and then community participation.
If we have relatives, friends, we can ask help we can help them
in rehabilitation and convince them to stop the use of illegal
drugs so this is not only to police matter, it is also health
problem because majority here are not sellers, they are users
so, if there is a way how to give them alternative from these
and giving them jobs, so the approach here is not only in law
enforcement but also give them livelihood, giving them help to
rehabilitation, maybe we can improve the situation.
Informant 3- Well it’s hard of me to express my thoughts, publicly, Police officials who are just following the order of their superior are the
because if I am merely a private litigator or private practitioner, I can one who are responsible behind these killing that had happened in Cebu
express those thoughts. Considering the fact that I am also with the lately and for the upcoming days since they are involved of such drug
government, there’s somewhat of a hindrance for me to express my related activities. -FM3
thoughts. I say that these are sponsored killings by the police officials.
Informant 8-I do not think that this is just now that the during the
administration of president Duterte, even before during the previous The series of killings that had happened in Cebu City is not new to the
administration there are also killing but, these are highlighted now because residents because even before killings are being prevalent and it is just
the president is very vocal in his anti-illegal drugs campaign, so sometimes today that these incidents are highlighted because the current
it is a question of perception and media attention. If you recall inquirer or administration is very vocal and serious of his war on drugs campaign. –
some social media sites like Rappler they have close death counts and these FM8
were not or they have no death counts before, not so much on illegal drugs
but there are also killings, the problem now is the media because, they are
focused on killings and connect it to illegal drugs, that is really the problem
because you’ll never know if these persons involved in illegal or maybe if
ever they are involved in illegal drugs, who are targeted, we’ll never know
if its drugs syndicate who are doing this and usually police will face a blank
wall in solving these drug related killings for lack of a operation among the
community, you all know that accusation or allegation is not always the
truth because you need evidence, you need testimonies of witnesses so even
if you changed somebody with those incident, if you lack witnesses you
don’t have credible witnesses. You cannot get on conviction and we can
never have answer to our questions. We go to court to seek answer to know
88
the truth.
g. Do you believe that many of the killings were assassinations of drugs users with police complicity?
Informant 1- Well, whether or not that is state initiated, when there is The government must not only take part during the series of killing but
killing, even if it is just one, two or more than that, so the government must also if it just one or two killing incidents because this will create fear,
or should be responsible. panic and chaos to the society or the community. –FM1
All of these killings are in the hands of our current administration and it
Informant 3- Do I believe? Yes, that is in the hands of the president. is because that they are involved in illegal drugs activities. –FM3
The murder and homicide cases that had happened in Cebu City are state
initiated and the City government must take part of these incidents. –
Informant 2- Well, whether or not that's state initiated, FM2
when there's murdering, indeed on the off chance that it is fair one, two or
more than that, so the government must or ought to be responsible.
II. What are the insights and challenges of the informants arising from the murders and homicide cases occurring in the city?
a. Most media reports, particularly in Cebu City, say that many deaths that were reported to be drug-related are not solved by the police,
meaning, their investigations did not lead to identification of suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can you say about police efficiency in
handling death investigations in Cebu City?
Informant 1-Well, they have to back to school If they are incompetent during investigation, they have
to attend more trainings in order for them to be efficient
as a police investigator.-FM1
Informant 5- If we will try to look at, even before police complicity is already a
problem before until now, it is always a big question, police officers are
highlighted now because they are motivated by the president to such things
b. As you may have observed and probably experienced in handling cases, can you describe police competence in handling murder and
homicide cases in Cebu City?
Informant 1-Well, if they are unable to solve it, probably incompetent They are likely incompetent because they are behind of
these killings, they will left hanging those cases and that
makes them inefficient police officers.-FM4
Informant 4-Well, most of my experience in cases of murder and homicide, the
police participation of arresting the alleged suspect, there efficiency is base on
how they arrest or they only rely on eye witness or material witness so There are police officers who are competent but there
physically the police will merely rely on that. are some who are not, they need to study more and
undergo trainings to solve cases during investigations.-
Informant 5- Of course, they are competent, they have taken their oath, they FM5
have enrolled, they have studied and there is their profession. However, when
we talk about competent, it is a case to case basis we cannot generalize, it
depends upon the particular place
c. Do you think people have this feeling of hopelessness in murder and homicide cases due to the existing issues of police complicity in the
aforementioned cases?
Informant 5- In a sense, I could say in most cases, some people feeling that way or some Due to the existing issues of police complicity in the
other people might say it is a good impact but some people might say, it is not and it depends murder and homicide cases, most of the people felt this
upon the political opinion of constituents. way because these incidents is not normal in our
society and there are so many constitutional rights
violated.-FM5
Informant 1- Well, that will be the result if the situation will continue, meaning to say, people
will no longer trust the police, people will lost trust of the institutions. The logo of the police These incidents is more likely continuously rising and
is to serve and protect now, if people no longer feel served and protected then that institution aggravated, people will totally felt of hopelessness
which all to serve and protect must probably been abolish because the justice system today are now controlled
by our current administration and somehow it is not
Informant 6- Maybe if it comes the accused but for the offended party, it is not beneficial for working.-FM1
them
Informant 5-Maybe, it is because of specific reason, because of lack The factors affecting police officers in handling death
of personnel, their technology, sometimes leadership skills, they are investigations are lack personnel, leadership skill, and
not really advance unlike the highly industrialized country in US lack of communication. In this matter, investigations
and also communication. Even with the war on drugs and the high will not likely solve due to this matter. Police officer
rate of killings these days, allegedly committed by some law must be competent to be more efficient officers.-FM5
enforcers, we can’t deny their increased presence on the streets has
also increased the feeling of security for us civilians…
Informant 1-. At the end of the day, there will be a chaos because they can no longer have the
moral ascendancy of implementing the law because what is law after all, the criminals and The factors affecting police officers in handling death
the police are place on the same level, well, they believe that some police committing it investigations can create of having no moral ascendancy
making shortcuts so what are their difference from the common criminals? They are just of implementing the law Criminals and police officers
criminals, so, if there is no distinction then there is anarchy in government. are on same level of action.-FM1
Informant 2- Because on the off chance that there's a conclusion of this lawful emergency at
that point particularly this is often since of the components, issues emergency that have been
raised by our display organization and each organization encountering legitimate crisis.
e. The series of killings in Cebu City and other parts of the Philippines from 2016 until at present is continuously rising, will you please
describe the effects of this state killings to the rule of law and overall public order in the city?
Informant 1-Whether it is state sponsored, in a commission of crime, there is The killing incidents continuously rising and some of
what we call the commission by omission and commission by negligence or these cases are not being solved, it is literally and insult
crime by omission if the act is happening and continue to happen and abated, to the rule of law, thus it will create of having no public
order.-FM1
then in all prospective state is committing a crime, and if state commits a crime,
then they should responsible and they have to answer that.
Informant 5-Yes, the effect is the widespread panic to the people or ordinary people that is
why we are trying to be vigilant.
The continuous rising of killing incidents happened in
Cebu City create fear to the community because people
Informant 8-I have to get the exact numbers compare it to previous year, if there are really an who are behind in the drug related cases are
increase, if you based it on what particular year until present, so I don’t have any data on that, immediately killed without the due process of law.-FM5
assuming that there is an increase or continuous killings that continuously rising. Well it is a
concern because that is not a normal in a society. We do not see people being killed on the
streets or the public or this perpetrator responsible for this killing are not go to justice, so this There is really an increase number of killings and it is
is a public safety concern. Now as to the rule of law, whether it is an insult to the rule of law, one of the main concern to our society because in the
I could say yes because the reason is the faith in our justice system. A delay justice system, first place it is not normal and there are so many rights
there is a perception and it could be better to have this person killed as a form of revenge to be claim are violated.-FM8
instead of going to court and secure the conviction of this person, so not necessarily drugs
cases, the police right now are really prosecuting, they are investigating the arresting people
in illegal drugs so I don’t think it’s a question to police that they are, or do not have trust
anymore, maybe it is a perception of how long, how it take for justice to be served so that is
an insult because of that
f. In your experience as a legal practitioner, do you consider these series of killings as an insult to the rule of law? Do you think these are state-
sponsored?
Informant 1-Well, it says chilling effect to the people, well people do not believe the The community are no longer have their trust to the
institution of governments, the pillars of justice? Why? because people resort to killing as police officer who are the enforcer of the law because
ultimate solution and the other parts of justice system will no longer be working like people they themselves are violator and to some effect people
will no longer trust the police, because there is no arrest on the killing, like people will no will no longer trust the pillars of our justice system
longer trust the prosecutors because there will be no prosecution to be done the killing like because the integrity are now vanished.-FM1
people will no longer trust the justice system because it will no longer go to the court, it is
only about killing like people will no longer trust penology because no inmates will be
detained so there is no conviction, only killing ,so, meaning to say there is a shortcut of the
proceedings now, if there is a shortcut of the proceedings who will judge the judges, who will
judge the executionist, who will judge those who will implemented on what is believe to be
on what they are trying to implement, so, meaning to say it really affects on our belief on our
justice system, it affects the pillars of justice, if there is a shortcut then there is a danger and
the pillars will collapsed and there is chaos and if there is chaos there is anarchy
Informant 8- Now as to the rule of law, whether it is an insult to the rule of law, I could say
yes because the reason is the faith in our justice system. A delay justice system, there is a
perception and it could be better to have this person killed as a form of revenge instead of
going to court and secure the conviction of this person, so not necessarily drugs cases, the
police right now are really prosecuting, they are investigating the arresting people in illegal
drugs so I don’t think it’s a question to police that they are, or do not have trust anymore,
maybe it is a perception of how long, how it take for justice to be served so that is an insult The incidents of killings in Cebu City are definitely
because of that state sponsored.-FM6
90
Informant 3. It somehow builds a culture of impunity. That it’s okay to be violent. That
somehow it’s becoming a norm that it’s okay or it would be normal that someone would be The series of killing build a culture impunity to the
dead. extent that the moral standard of the behavior and in the
implementation of law are not followed.-FM5
Informant 5-. It has double impact of negativity. If it is a negative, it is an insult of the law.
You can never question the public opinion of other cause because we have the right of The implications entail to the government is the double
freedom. impact of negativity to the state and to the community.-
FM5
h. Do you think we are experiencing a legal crisis with regard to the current administration's policies and the current state of war on drugs?
Informant 4- I don't think there is no a legal crisis, putting the law in the hands of the people There is no legal crisis because it is still the same fact,
whom performs the killing. There is only legal crisis if the culprit was brought to justice penalty, and it is the same law. We are not experiencing
system and the justice system did not served for the victim, so far it is not yet happens. legal crisis.-FM4
Informant 2- There's no crisis since there's no law to take after, it is only
killing. Emergency will show up when there's negating focuses of law, on the off chance
that none, it is as it were death. There is no legal crisis after all because it is still the
Informant 6-No legal crisis, having different penalty but the same of fact. No legal crisis same law being followed. -FM2
because there is no implications but same of concept
president.
Informant 3- Right here I’ll tell you that think of the drug problem as a plant.
You will never kill the plant if you don’t go after its roots. Even you go after the
Drug related cases is one of the most problem in the
roots ,if you don’t kill the main roots the plant will still be alive. Even if you cut
society right now but for the current administration, he
the small roots, it will grow again. The government are just cutting the roots by
is just taking the leaves by killing those criminals who
killing these criminals, they’re merely taking away the leaves.
are involved in drugs but leaving behind those roots
who are main problem and the source of all illegal
activitites.-FM3
III. How did the state of killings have an effect or influence on the lives of informants and of the members of the legal community?
a. As a legal practitioner, can you describe how this state of killings in Cebu City affect your life as a legal practitioner or the lives of other
legal practitioners?
Informant 1-A lot of lawyers will no longer handle drug related cases if they will handle, The informant says that considering the degree of
probably there will be an increase of acceptance fee because our life will be in danger. danger they’ll get into, they will demand a larger sum
of acceptance fee from the prospective client. –FM1
Informant 2- A parcel of attorneys will not handle sedate related cases in the event that they
will handle, likely there will be an increment of acknowledgment expense since our life will be The informant, a private attorney, stated that certain
in danger. compensation will be charged upon the client for the
risks they take in handling drug-related cases. –FM2
Informant 3-Well it affects our lives, because number one I had no longer handle drug cases. If
I am given, I refer it to my colleagues. I still value my life more. I don’t want to see my name in The informant says that he totally avoids handling
their list. I don’t handle drug cases anymore. Well, also for proprieties sake, there are also many drug-related cases to ensure his safety. –FM3
arguments.
b. As a lawyer, are you sometimes deterred from pursuing politically charged cases of murder?
Informant 1-Our profession as a lawyer, there is always a danger, even if there was this kind of The informant says that he is not stopped from
happening, when I was handling criminal cases before, I received a lots of death threats but handling these cases because the threat to life or the
because that is a part of profession since we take an oath then we are here to follow our oath of corresponding dangers are normal parts of their job as
office as a lawyer. lawyer. –FM1
Informant 4-Maybe, if I have a family but if there's no one who could help the victim then why
not if I am a private lawyer but as for government, we are obliged to serve people as long as The informant stated that the option of not pursuing
they will prove that it is meritorious and they are indigent. those cases are only available for private practitioners.
For him, a public attorney, he is obliged to take all the
Informant 8-As long as there is no outside pressure, we will prosecute cases regardless of who cases handed to him. –FM4
are involved because it is mandated of our office as prosecutors either drugs, homicides,
murders, we cannot choose our cases. The informant, as a prosecutor, stated that as long as
no outside interventions are given to him, he shall be
willing to prosecute any cases that is provided for
whether it be murders, drugs, etc. –FM8
c. Do you believe that the recent targeting of lawyers is unattractive to many young Filipino lawyers because of the dangers?
Informant 8-Well, it will give a second thought who are involved in criminal litigation, to thin The informant said that lawyers handling criminal
that it will discourage them of being lawyers because in the field of law, we can choose our cases are more susceptible to the dangers, and an
profession so in criminal litigation, again you can choose in handling cases but if you can’t, you aspiring lawyers can avoid that by choosing other
can refer him/her to other lawyer. I don’t think it has effect. fields to pursue in the practice of law. –FM8
Informant 2-Like all challenges comes into your life, they buckled down or
fight quality, attorneys are expanding, thousand of bar passes all over, The informant says that the profession is still in high
so there's continuously diminish in number. In the event that one fizzled, hundred will come demand considering that there are thousands of Bar
takers every year. –FM2
Informant 3-You say unattractive? Not necessarily. They still got, uh I went to my alma mater
at USC law two to three weeks ago, and they said that their population reached over a thousand
law students. During my time, mine just reached over 600 students. It almost doubled. I The informant expressly stated that lawyering is still a
remembered my batch roughly, almost 300 mi first years and 60 of us who graduated. I don’t very lucrative profession and not in any way
think it’s unattractive, being lawyer is still a lucrative profession. diminished just by the dangers presented to the job. –
FM3
d. Is it true that the current administration's refusal to thoroughly investigate the spate of killings across the country have undermined many
lawyers' faith in much of the government?
Informant 6- It doesn’t undermined many lawyers faith and I didn’t remember that the The informant states that there is no evidence of state-
government refuse to investigate the killing sanctioned refusal to investigate the killings by the
92
Informant 8- I will disagree because there is investigation made as long as there is a complaint, government. –FM6
so there is no complainant, there is no investigation too, how to investigate without witness,
strong evidence. I cannot agree on this refusal to thoroughly investigate The informant says that the investigation of cases is
Informant 4- I cannot answer this because I don’t have the knowledge that the government highly dependent also with the participation of the
refuse to investigate, the police officer must investigate especially to the death of lawyers. people in the community who’ll file a complaint and
stand as a witness in criminal litigation. If they are not
available, the police or the prosecution cannot proceed
with the cases. –FM8
Informant 2- So distant, it isn't regular, there will be a modern case coming on, as long as
they don't concur among themselves. The lawyer means that people seldom or are reluctant
to seek help legally at present due to existing issue of
ineffectiveness of our CJS. Its not regular, considering
that people most often do depend on the law to have
their grievances settled. –FM3
Informant 3- I can’t say that, I work for the government. If you’re going to ask me if I have Politically, the informant is inclined to think that the
faith in the government, the answer is yes. But if you’re going to ask me about faith with the people who run the government has dwindled the faith
people running the government, it’s dwindling. The government and the people running the of the people in them due to the issues surrounding the
government are two different things. The government and the president are two different things. present administration. On the other hand, he, in a
conservative statement as a public employee, has
much faith for the future of the government, but not
the people running it. –FM3
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APPENDIX F
Emergent Themes
Formulated Meanings Cluster Themes
I Awareness of the killing incidents is through publication in the Killings can comprise of anyone i. Blue Bloods in View
newspapers. –FM6 involving lawyers, political
figures, and any persons, ii. Power with impunity
Lawyers are now being killed especially when handling drug related especially drug-related.
cases. – FM2 iii. If it no go so, it go near
so
Awareness of the killing incidents is through watching the news in the
television and the perks of being government employed. –FM3 iv. Practical Fear
Killing incidents happened whether it is state sponsored or not, it is very The campaign against drugs of v. Lawyering a lucrative
unfortunate for them who handle drug related cases. –FM1 the present administration plays a profession
huge role of the increase in the
The killing incidents happened in Cebu City are most likely drug related rate of killings. vi. Diminished moral
cases and less it is about politics. –FM4 ascendancy
Anyone who are being alleged in the involvement of drug related vii. Morning through the
activities are not given such rights to be heard, thus the constitutional Shadows
rights of a person are now violated since they are immediately killed. –
FM3
The series of killing incidents happened in Cebu City are inspired by the The beliefs of the legal
statement of our current administration, then they are just following the practitioners of the perpetrators of
order of their superior. –FM5 killings are either private persons
or law enforcement officer, for
Yes, it is inspired but we cannot say this conclusively since which most informants are
investigations is ongoing. –FM1 inclined with the latter.
The person behind the killings is either drug syndicates or certain police
officer who are just following order from their superior. –FM4
People who are involved in drug related activities are being killed as Almost every killing in the city
inspired by our current administration. – FM1 are presumed to be drug-related.
The community have always put in their mind that every time they heard
news about killing in Cebu City by an unknown person, they will already
conclude that that person is associated with drug related activities. –FM2
The current administration is the responsible of these killing so the The current administration is
government must take an action for this to stop or to minimize. –FM2 assumed as the main factor of the
surge of killings in the country,
Police actions are needed since the series of killing that had happened in knowing that they can control
Cebu City is now being prevalent. Not just police actions but community state actors such as policemen.
participation may take part to solve this problem especially this war on
drugs. –FM8
The current administration’s statement that he will kill those who are
involved in drugs are not only being pronounce when he is now the
president but it was during his candidacy, thus all of these killings are
inspired by him. –FM3
The government itself must be responsible in stopping or minimizing the Most killings are presumed to be
killing incidents because later on this will create anarchy to the state or to initiated basing on the lack of
the community. –FM2 credible investigation results of
police officers or other agencies
Police officials who are just following the order of their superior are the of the government.
94
one who are responsible behind these killing that had happened in Cebu
lately and for the upcoming days since they are involved of such drug
related activities. -FM3
The series of killings that had happened in Cebu City is not new to the
residents because even before killings are being prevalent and it is just
today that these incidents are highlighted because the current
administration is very vocal and serious of his war on drugs campaign. –
FM8
The government must not only take part during the series of killing but Police complicity is prevalent in
also if it just one or two killing incidents because this will create fear, murder and homicide cases that is
panic and chaos to the society or the community. –FM1 happening in the city as well as in
the whole country.
All of these killings are in the hands of our current administration and it
is because that they are involved in illegal drugs activities. –FM3
The murder and homicide cases that had happened in Cebu City are state
initiated and the City government must take part of these incidents. –
FM2
The killing incidents continuously rising and some of these cases are not
being solved, it is literally and insult to the rule of law, thus it will create
of having no public order.-FM1
The continuous rising of killing incidents happened in Cebu City create Lack of due process of law can
fear to the community because people who are behind in the drug related spread fear to the community, it is
cases are immediately killed without the due process of law.-FM5 not normal, and a huge insult to
the rule of law.
There is really an increase number of killings and it is one of the main
concern to our society because in the first place it is not normal and there
are so many rights to be claim are violated.-FM8
The community are no longer have their trust to the police officer who Killings committed either by
are the enforcer of the law because they themselves are violator and to private individuals or by police
some effect people will no longer trust the pillars of our justice system officers of the very law they
95
because the integrity are now vanished.-FM1 implement, shows a big insult to
the rule of law and affects the
The incidents of killings in Cebu City are definitely state sponsored.- integrity of our CJS.
FM6
The series of killings totally insult to the rule of law because aside from
constitutional rights that are being violated, it lessen our faith to the
justice system because not all offended party claim justice.-FM8
In the eyes of the international community, it really the state who are
responsible for these incidents that is why the government reactivated an
inter agency task force who are composed of NBI, DND, Police and
DILG to solve this extra legal killings.-FM8
We are creating a culture of
The series of killing build a culture impunity to the extent that the moral impunity if these issues are not
standard of the behavior and in the implementation of law are not resolved.
followed.-FM5
To suppress the killing incidents, the barangay in the community as form The government has a huge role
part of the community must be responsible and help to have an easy in the implementation of law, and
apprehension of those who are involved in drug activities.-FM8 their weak hold has drove us to
the pressing issues of drug-related
The role of the government is very broad and the government itself killings we are facing.
cannot solve this cases without the assistance of the community. Police
actions, community participation and the government must work together
to solve this incidents.-FM2
Dug related cases are no longer being handled by the lawyers because of
The effectiveness of the
the risk they may encounter, government must take part so that the
government is largely dependent
accused must be punished on whatever illegal activities he/she may
upon the participation of the
involved and the offended party can claim justice.-FM1
people or the community.
Drug related cases is one of the most problem in the society right now
but for the current administration, he is just taking the leaves by killing
those criminals who are involved in drugs but leaving behind those roots
who are main problem and the source of all illegal activitites.-FM3
The informant says that considering the degree of danger they’ll get into,
they will demand a larger sum of acceptance fee from the prospective
client. –FM1
The informant, a private attorney, stated that certain compensation will There is an increase of attorney’s
be charged upon the client for the risks they take in handling drug-related fees in the acceptance of drug-
cases. –FM2 related cases.
The informant says that he is not stopped from handling these cases
because the threat to life or the corresponding dangers are normal parts
of their job as lawyer. –FM1
The informants are not deterred of
The informant stated that the option of not pursuing those cases are only pursuing politically charged cases
available for private practitioners. For him, a public attorney, he is of murder as well as drug-related
obliged to take all the cases handed to him. –FM4 cases for a public prosecutor and
with the right compensation for
The informant, as a prosecutor, stated that as long as no outside private attorneys.
interventions are given to him, he shall be willing to prosecute any cases
that is provided for whether it be murders, drugs, etc. –FM8
The informant said that lawyers handling criminal cases are more The risks or dangers associated
susceptible to the dangers, and an aspiring lawyers can avoid that by with the legal profession does not
96
choosing other fields to pursue in the practice of law. –FM8 deter law students or aspiring
lawyers.
The informant says that the profession is still in high demand considering
that there are thousands of Bar takers every year. –FM2
The numerous cases they have to handle that are drug-related has
affected their personal lives with regard to the risks that they are
exposing themselves as well as the system to which they work when
courts are bound to surrender due to pile ups. –FM1
The lawyer means that people seldom or are reluctant to seek help
legally at present due to existing issue of ineffectiveness of our CJS. Its The killings in the country has
not regular, considering that people most often do depend on the law to affected the personal and
have their grievances settled. –FM3 professional lives of the legal
practitioners.
Politically, the informant is inclined to think that the people who run the
government has dwindled the faith of the people in them due to the
issues surrounding the present administration. On the other hand, he, in a
conservative statement as a public employee, has much faith for the
future of the government, but not the people running it. –FM3
97
APPENDIX G
DIAGRAM OF COMMON THEMES
Positive Negative
Views Views
Motivated
to Pursue No Moral
Justice Ascendancy
98
CURRICULUM VITAE
CLEOJEAN G. PIA
Poblacion, Dalaguete,Cebu
cleojeanp@gmail.com
09058183742
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : May 11, 1999
Age : 19
Place of Birth : Cebu City
Height : 5’2”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Father : Cleto Quindao Pia
Mother : Jeaneve Genobiagon Pia
Parent’s Address : Poblacion, Dalaguete, Cebu
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in Criminology
University of Cebu- Main
Cebu City
2015- present
SECONDARY Dalaguete National Hish School
Poblacion, Dalaguete, Cebu
Year Graduated: 2015
PRIMARY Dalaguete Central Elementary School
Poblacion, Dalaguete, Cebu
Year Graduated: 2011
99
CURRICULUM VITAE
AILENE I. CARUNGAY
Sanciangko St., Cebu City
ailene10carungay@yahoo.com
09420114158
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : September 10, 1998
Age : 19
Place of Birth : Cebu City
Height : 5’2”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Father : AmeritoCarungay
Mother : Perpetua Carungay
Parent’s Address : Calin-ay, Samboan, Cebu
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in Criminology
University of Cebu- Main
Cebu City
2015- present
SECONDARY Saint Pius X School of Samboan Inc.
Poblacion, Samboan, Cebu
Year Graduated: 2015
PRIMARY Basak Elementary School
Basak, Samboan, Cebu
Year Graduated: 2011
100
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in Criminology
University of Cebu- Main
Cebu City
2015- present
SECONDARY Father Saturnino Urios College of Bayugan Inc.
Lawaan St. Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur
Year Graduated: 2015
PRIMARY Father Urios High School
Bayugan, Agusan Del Sur
Year Graduated: 2011