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A.TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Manufacture solution
B.AIM OF EXPERIMENT
1.College of student learn the making of solution with a certain polarity of
soluters and crystals
2.Colleng of student also learn the manufacture of solution with a certain polarity
of solutes from solutios that ha a greater concertain.
C.Theoretical basis
Dissolved substances interact strongly with solvents when the particles of these
substances are ionic or polar and the solvents are also polar. If the substance is an
ion, then an ion-dipole force occurs between the solute ion and the solvent.
Finally, solvation occurs, namely the confinement of solute particles by solvent
molecules. A substance can dissolve in liquid even though the attraction between
particles of matter and solvents is very weak. This can happen if the molecules of
both substances are non-polar. Between solute molecules and solvents there is
only a relatively weak london force. Actually there is no absolute substance that is
insoluble in a liquid, only a solubility is so small that it is considered insoluble if
the solubility of a substance less than 0.1 g or 1,000 g of solvent is called
insoluble.
Polarity (m) is the number of moles of solute in every 1,000 g of pure solvent.
The value can be determined if the mole of the substance and the mass of the
solvent is known. The influence that affects a solubility is the influence of
temperature and pressure. For a saturated solution dynamic equilibrium applies.
The equilibrium will be able to shift when the temperature is raised. Generally the
solubility of solids in solution increases when the temperature is raised. Air
pressure over a liquid has very little effect on the solubility of solids and liquids in
liquid solvents. However, the solubility of a gas increases in solution when the
partial pressure of the gas increases on the surface large.
Besides the composition of the solution there are also known properties of the
solution. There are four properties associated with dilute solutions or in more
concentrated solutions, which depend on the amount of dissolved particles
present. So these properties do not depend on the type of dissolved. These four
properties are the decrease in vapor pressure, increase in boiling point, decrease in
freezing, and osmotic pressure, which are all called colligative properties. The
practical uses of the colligative properties are many and varied. Also, research
into colligative properties plays an important role in the method of determining
molecular weights and developing the theory of solutions, as well as in the
synthesis of compounds.
The compounds that are synthesized in a chemical reaction are usually impure,
but the fact that the solubility of most solids rises with increasing temperature
provides the basis for a simple purification method. Typically, impure solids
consist of the desired compound in large proportions and impurities in smaller
proportions. Suppose the compound and impurities can dissolve in certain
solvents and we prepare the concentrated solution on high temperature. Then, we
let the concentrated solution cool. At lower temperatures, the solution becomes
saturated with the desired compound. This method of purifying solids, which is
called recrystallization or crystallization fractional.
A saturated solution is usually made by making a saturated solution at a higher
temperature, the solute must be more soluble in hot solvents than in cold solvents.
An unsaturated solution is less concentrated (thinner) than a saturated solution,
and a saturated solution is more concentrated than a saturated solution. If the
remaining solute is not dissolved, the rest is removed. A saturated solution is a
stabilizing system. This solution can be transformed into a saturated solution by
adding a small "seed" crystal. The crystal is a nucleus around which excess
solutes which dissolve can crystallize.
There are several events during the synthesis of compounds, one of which is
where all the solutes remain in a dissolved state. This is because the quantity of
solute in this case is greater than the normal saturated solution at a certain
temperature, such a solution is called a saturated solution. At the time of
dissolution and deposition that occurs at the same rate or speed, the quantity of
dissolved dissolved in a number of solvents remains the same at all times. This
process is one dynamic equilibrium and the solution is called a saturated solution.
2. Chemicals
E. Work procedures
F. Observation result
Preparation of 2 M NaOH solution from NaOH solid crystals
Changes occur when the temperature rises (becomes hot) and there are gas
bubbles and the solution is clear.
Dik : M NaOH : 2 M = 2 Ml
V NaOH : 100 mL
Settlement:
= 8 grams
Dik : M1 = 6 M
M2 = 2 M
V2 = 50 mL
Dit : V1 …….?
Settlement: M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
6 M x V1 = 2 M x 50 mL
100 M.mL
V1 = 6M
V1 = 16 mL
Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 2 M 50 mL HCl from 6 M HCl is
16.67 mL. 2 M HCl to be used to make 50 mL 1 M HCl
Dik : M1 = 2 M
M2 = 1 M
V2 = 50 mL
Dit : V1 …….?
Settlement: M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
2 M x V1 = 1 M x 50 mL
50 M mL
V1 = 2M
V1 = 25 mL
Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 1 M 50 mL HCl from 2 M HCl is
25 mL.
Dik : M1 = 1 M
M2 = 0,1 M
V2 = 50 mL
Dit : V1 …….?
Settlement: M1 . V1 = M2 . V2
1 M . V1 = 0,1 M . 50 mL
5 M mL
V1 = 1M
V1 = 5 mL
Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 0.1 M 50 mL HCl from 1 M HCl
is 5 mL.
H.DISCUSSION
The activities in this experiment are the manufacture of 2 M NaOH solution from
the crystal and the manufacture of 1 M, 2 M HCl and 0.1 M 50 mL volume from
the solution 5 M.
Where, n is the number of moles of NaOH and Mr is the relative atomic mass
of NaOH, so a NaOH mass of 8 grams will be obtained. After adding distilled
water then stir until dissolved. Stirring is done to speed up the reaction, in this
case so that NaOH can quickly dissolve in distilled water. NaOH can dissolve in
aquades because they are polar in nature so that the molecular attractions between
polar and polar occur because the solute interacts strongly with the solvent if the
particle is ionic or polar and the solvent is also polar .
The next step NaOH solution in a beaker is transferred into a measuring flask.
The beaker used is then rinsed with distilled water and the rinse is put into the
measuring flask so that there is no remaining NaOH solution in the beaker. Then
dripping with distilled water with a pumpkin before the boundary mark then
dropping the dropper until it coincides with the boundary mark. NaOH solution in
a 50 mL measuring flask was shaken. Shaking is done so that the solution can be
homogeneous. A solution is called homogeneous if the arrangement is so uniform
that no parts can be observed, even with an optical microscope (Keenan, 1984).
The equation for the reaction that occurs in the solution, namely:
(HCl) gas in water. The color varies from colorless to light yellow. This
vapors can cause eye irritation, while direct contact can cause eye injury
and can cause blindness. If in contact with the skin will cause burning
(Yurida, 2013).
This experiment has the principle of making a solution with a certain
will change (reduce) the concentration of the solution without changing the
A ctivities in this experiment are making 2 M, 1 M, and 0.1 M HCl solutions from
6 M HCl solution. The first activity is to make 2 M HCl solution, HCl concentration
measuring pipette so that the volume matches the volume that has been calculated and
put into a 50 mL measuring flask. Aquades are added by using a pumpkin before the
boundary mark and with a dropper until it coincides with the boundary mark. HCl
flask is done so that the solution can be homogeneous and perfectly mixed. Chemical
reactions that occur when the HCl solution is dissolved in water, namely:
HCl(aq) + H2O(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(aq)
A. CONCLUSIONS
B. SUGGESTIONS