Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Cµ Io
+
Iin rπ Vπ Cπ gmVπ
I o = g m V π – V π jωC µ
Kirchhoff’s current law at the input node:
Vπ
Z π = r π -------------
1
I s = ------ + V π jωC µ where
Zπ jωC
π
Io
Iin
βo = gmrπ
Cµ
Cπ + Cµ
1 gm gm ω
rπ(Cπ + Cµ) Cπ + Cµ Cµ log scale
(a)
I
∠ o
Iin
−45
−90
−135
−180
1 gm ω
log scale
rπ(Cπ + Cµ) Cµ
(b)
1 Cπ + Cµ g m τ F + C jE + C µ
τ T = ------- = -------------------- = ------------------------------------------
ωT gm gm
C jE + C µ V th
τ T = τ F + ---------------------- = τ F + -------- ( C jE + C µ )
gm IC
■ If the collector current is increased enough to make the second term negligible,
then the minimum τT is the base transit time, τF.. In practice, the ωT decreases at
very high values of IC due to other effects and the minimum τT may not be
achieved.
■ Numerical values of fT = (1/2π)ωT range from 10 MHz for lateral pnp’s to 10
GHz for oxide-isolated npn’s
Note that the small-signal model is not valid above fT (due to distributed effects
in the base) and the zero in the current gain is not observed
■ CS amplifier has a non-infinite input impedance for ω > 0 and we can measure
its small-signal current gain.
Cgd
Io
+
Iin Vgs Cgs gmVgs
−
■ The transition time is the inverse of ωT and can be written as the average time for
electrons to drift from source to drain
L L
τ T = ---------------------------------------------- = ----------
2 ( V GS – V Tn ) v dr
µ n --- ------------------------------
3 L
■ Common-emitter amplifier:
V+
iSUP
iOUT
RS
+
+ RL vOUT
V
− s
−
+
V
− BIAS
V−
■ “Exact” analysis: transform into Norton form at input to facilitate nodal analysis
RS Cµ
+
+
Vs + Vπ gmVπ ro roc RL Vout
rπ Cπ
−
−
−
(a)
Cµ
+
+
Is R'in Vπ Cπ gmVπ R'out Vout
−
−
( r o r oc R L ) ( r π R S )C µ C π
–1
ω 2 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( r π R S ) ( C π + ( 1 + g m r o r oc R L )C µ ) + ( r o r oc R L )C µ
■ The “exact” analysis is not particularly helpful for gaining insight into the
frequency response ... consider the effect of Cµ on the input only
It Cµ
+
Vt gmVt R'out = ro roc RL Vout
−
+ Avo Avo
+ + +
Vi Vo Vi Zeff Vo
− − − −
■ The Miller capacitance is lumped together with Cπ, which results in a single-
pole low-pass RC filter at the input
RS
+
+
Vs + Vπ Cπ CM gmVπ R'out Vout
rπ
−
−
−
CM = Cµ(1 + gm R'out)
Transfer function has one pole and no zero after Miller approximation:
–1
ω 3dB = ( r π R S ) ( C π + C M )
–1
ω 3dB = ( r π R S ) [ C π + ( 1 + g m r o r oc R L )C µ ]
–1 –1
ω 3dB ≈ ω 1 from the exact analysis (final term R out ′C µ is missing)