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DESIGN
1. URBAN DESIGN
2. URBAN SPACE
• open Space vs. Urban
• Types of public spaces
• Types of urban space : streets,squares,precincts
3. Theory of kelvin Lynch
4. Elements of urban design
• Building
• Transport
• Landscape
• Streets
• Public spaces
5. Prehistorical cities in Urban Spaces:
• Greek cities
• Roman cities
• Medieval cities
• Contemporary citites
WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?
• It involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and
towns.
WHAT IS ‘URBAN SPACE’ ?
• ‘Urban Space’ –Public Spaces within cities, created through
arrangement of buildings and other built elements.
• Related to concept of ‘Public Realm --Public Spaces, available
for free use.
• Focus of ‘Urban Activity’
• Self contained Island
• Either related to neighboring spaces or may be interconnected. India Habitat Centre, New Delhi
Sector-17 Plaza, Chandigarh Rajiv Chowk, New Delhi Fatehpur Sikri square
INTERNAL 'PUBLIC' SPACE or public institutions such as libraries, museums, town halls, train or bus
stations, hospitals and post offices.
The Oberoi Udaivilas Udaipur, Rajasthan Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
TYPES OF ‘URBAN SPACE’ : STREETS,SQUARES,PRECINCTS
STREETS (Roads,Paths,Avenues,Lanes,Alleys) :
Corridors of Space, Channels (Paths); A public thoroughfare in the built environment, a public parcel of land
adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact, and move about.
‘street’ denotes a
delimited surface
characterized by an
extended area lined with
Jaipur City buildings on either side.
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TYPES OF ‘URBAN SPACE’ : STREETS,SQUARES,PRECINCTS
QUTUB COMPLEX
TYPES OF ‘URBAN SPACE’ : STREETS,SQUARES,PRECINCTS
What is a ‘Precinct’ ?
General usage: Area around a place or a building, which is enclosed by a wall
British usage: Area in a town/city, which is closed to traffic
American usage: One of the districts into which a city is divided for election purposes
A well-defined large urban zone that includes several urban spaces but has certain consistent
visual or use characteristics
Linkages between various urban spaces, and, linkage of the space to a special building
placed within or around the space plays in establishing the movement pattern within the
space.
TYPES OF ‘URBAN SPACE’
• Urban thinker Kevin Lynch was able to establish a notation of city
elements that matched peoples perception.
• They are identified as:
• Districts
• Paths
• Edges
• Nodes
• Landmarks
ST.PETERS,ROME
Districts/zones
paths
Nodes
landmarks
Edges
• Importance:
• They organise the mobility.
• pattern of street network is what
defines a city and makes it unique.
• Characteristics of Paths
• They are defined by their physical dimension, size ,shape
and character of the buildings that line them.
• They range from grand avenues to intimate small paths.
NODES
• Definition: A common point where two or more roads meet to form
a junction or square.
• The strategic focus points for orientations of squares and
junctions.
• spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are
the intensive foci from which the person is travelling.
• Importance:
• to increase the perception of an active, urban corridor and to
encourage more walking.
• Strengthen the emphasis on alternative mode use in the corridor.
• Contribute to the overall vibrancy, safety, and desirability of the area.
• Characteristics of nodes:
• These nodes should occur where single uses or a combination of
uses lead to higher levels of pedestrian activity,
• Pedestrian nodes should include such furnishings as drinking
fountains, trash cans, and benches to increase the users’ sense of
comfort. Seating should be arranged to accommodate groups of
people
• Careful thought should be given to the amount of seating
provided because too much unused seating may detract from the
goal of creating an active area
EDGES
•Definition: They are boundaries between two phases,
Bodies of water (such as an ocean, river, or lake)
Landforms (such as mountains and hills)
Manmade structures (such as buildings, railroad tracks, walls, or
highways)
•Importance:Functionality and usage of the spaces are clearly
defined by edges..
•Characteristics of edges:
• Acts in a space by stopping it,more or less penetrable,or
they may be seams, lines along which two regions are
related and joined together.
• Street edges need to be oriented and/or adjusted for
maximum light on the space between buildings, and not
just for interior penetration, in order to encourage active
street life
Edges that are seen from building to street
DISTRICTS
• Definition: Areas characterized by common characteristics,
these are the medium to large areas, which have some
common identifying character.
• Characteristics:
• Distinctive physical characteristics might include
‘thematic continuities’, such as texture, space, form,
detail, symbol ,function and building.
• The presence of these and other similar attributes
reinforce a district’s fabric, cohesiveness, and identity
• Good planning makes for liveable neighbourhoods, a safe
and healthy community, and a sustainable economy
IMPORTANCE OF ZONING
• BUILDINGS
• PUBLIC SPACES
• STREETS
• TRANSPORT
• LANDSCAPE
BUILDING
IDENTIFICATION:
• Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design.
• They shape and articulate space by forming the street walls of
the city.
• Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together
to create a sense of place.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Variation in building height,
volume and the way in
which buildings are
grouped together
• Contour
• Facade Design-main doors
/openings, other
fenestration, material, etc.
ROLE:
• Height & Contour define sense of enclosure and visibility
• Openings lead to spatial structuring
• Facade Designs animate & personalize urban space
• Building forms are guided by specific uses of buildings.
• As they have an impact on the streetscape, it is important that their
forms respond to their surroundings.
EXAMPLE:
Developments along Orchard Road,
however, have shopping podiums
with high-rise towers set further
away from the road. This gives a
sense of openness to the tree-lined
pedestrian mall, that has become a
signature feature of Orchard Road.
PUBLIC SPACES
IDENTIFICATION:
• Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the
place where people come together to enjoy the city and
each other.
• Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible -
they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life.
• Public spaces range from grand central plazas and
squares, to small, local neighborhood parks.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Promotes human contact and social activities.
• Is safe, welcoming, and accommodating for all users.
• Has design and architectural features that are visually
interesting.
• Promotes community involvement.
• Reflects the local culture or history.
• Relates well to bordering uses.
• Is well maintained.
• Has a unique or special character.
ROLE:
• Open spaces can be grand central
plazas and squares, or small, lush
pocket parks. They can also be soothing
sanctuaries amid the urban hurly-burly
or packed with people.
• These spaces let you soak in the sun,
enjoy the lush greenery and interact
with fellow city dwellers at these open
spaces.
• These open spaces also act as
landmarks and unique setting for events
and celebrations.
EXAMPLE:
Parks like Gardens by the Bay and
the plaza in front of Cathay Building
and School of the Arts (SOTA)
provide respite in our high-rise city
environment.
STREETS
IDENTIFICATION:
• These are the connections between spaces and places, as well
as being spaces themselves.
• Other pedestrian networks include pedestrian malls,
promenades, covered walkways and link-ways, through-block
links and overhead linkages.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• They are defined by their
physical dimension and
character as well as the size,
scale, and character of the
buildings that line them.
• The pattern of the street
network is part of what
defines a city and what
makes each city unique.
ROLE:
• Well-connected pedestrian networks to
allow people to move easily and
comfortably within the city, and facilitate
the use of public transportation.
• It connects open spaces, points of
interest and parks, and can be at
different levels, allowing you to
appreciate the city from different
perspectives.
EXAMPLE:
Walking to the Esplanade from City Hall MRT takes only about 15
minutes via the City Link underground pedestrian network. The
link-way is also lined with shopping and dining options.
TRANSPORT
IDENTIFICATION:
• Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and
enable movement throughout the city.
• They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together
form the total movement system of a city.
• The best cities are the ones that elevate the
experience of the pedestrian while
minimizing the dominance of the private
automobile.
CHARACTERISTICS:
The balance of these
various transport systems
is what helps define the
quality and character of
cities, and makes them
either friendly or hostile to
pedestrians.
ROLE:
• The location of car parks and drop-off points affect the way vehicles
navigate their way around the city.
• It also influences how pedestrians experience the city.
• It is important to separate pedestrians from vehicular traffic to avoid
causing danger and conflict to pedestrians.
EXAMPLE:
The drop-off point at Mandarin Gallery used to be located in front of the
buildings along the main Orchard Road pedestrian mall. This mix of
vehicular and pedestrian traffic was not ideal, and caused disruptions to
pedestrians. After Mandarin Gallery was refurbished , the drop-off point
was relocated to the side, along Orchard Link. This opened up the front of
the development for activity generating uses and also provides
pedestrians with a safer and more pleasant environment.
LANDSCAPE
IDENTIFICATION:
• It is the green part of the city that weaves
throughout, in the form of urban parks, street trees,
plants, flowers, and water in many forms.
• Green spaces in cities range from grand parks to
small intimate pocket parks.
• The landscape helps define the character and
beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces
and elements.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Levels, Flat or Sloping
• Pattern
• Surface texture
ROLE:
• Level moulds scale, give directionality, focus,
emphasis.
• Texture suggests (supports / prohibits) nature of
activity – pedestrian, vehicular / slow, fast
• Pattern moulds movement paths, gives direction
• Landscape plays an important role in our urban
design, and developments are encouraged to
provide greenery (on the ground or skyrise) in
the city.
• Other than its environmental benefits—
helping to clean the air and mitigating
the urban heat island effect—greenery
can help shape the streetscape,
reinforce the character of a place, and
make the public spaces more
comfortable by providing shade
EXAMPLE:
The sky terraces at Parkroyal Hotel at
Pickering Street allow hotel guests to enjoy
greenery at new ‘heights’.
URBAN SPACE :CITIES
The phenomenon of urbanization is due to the growth of cities, both because it has
increased the number of inhabitants and the new economic activities conducted
there.
URBAN SPACE : GREEK CITIES
Greek City Planning and Design Planning and Design Principles
The ancient Greek civilization had established
principles for planning and designing cities. PATTERN OF
•City form were of two types: ATHENS
•Old cities such as Athens had irregular street plans
reflecting their gradual organic development.
•New cities, especially colonial cities established
during the Hellenistic period, had a grid-iron street
plan
•Certain things were common among cities:
The overall division of spaces in 3 parts: acropolis,
agora and the town .
The fortification etc.
PATTERN OF
MESSENE
GREEK CITIES: THE ATHENS
Greek Cities:
• The greek city-state was called as a ‘Polis.’
• Syracuse and Akragas which had over 20,000
people.
• Most of the city grow around the citadel.
• The Greek City was usually divided into three
parts; the acropolis, the agora and the town.
• •Site planning and design was centered on the
appreciation of buildings from the outside.
The Agora:
• •The location of buildings was therefore such
that it could command a good viewto it. • The Agora was the most important
gathering place in a Greek city.
The acropolis: • It started as an open area where the
The acropolis in Athens was a council of the
religious precinct located on one of city met to take
the hills of the city. decisions.
• It was usually
located on a
flat ground for
ease of
communication
.
The Town:
The town was where the people lived.
•This was the domain of women, who did not have any
public role.
•Early Greek towns had an irregular street pattern, resulting
from its organic growth.
•Later Hellenistic towns such as Priennehad a formal
rectilinear pattern.
•The town was made up of only residential houses.
The New Town (Miletos) Hippodamus:
• The new city of Milotos was designed by
Hippodamus.
• He was the first person to introduce the grid-iron
pattern of road system.
• The grid iron pattern road system generally
designed towards Peninsula river rather than
orienting into the cardinal points.
• He divided the city into three distinct zones- to
the North was residential area, Agora at the
center, other residential area towards the South Characteristics of the Greek Cities:
of larger blocks. • They haven’t a regular layout, and the streets
• Only missing area is the Temples. were narrow and winding.
• Later on it was used a layout of streets cutting
off perpendicularly, with spaces and public
buildings (Agora)
URBAN SPACE : ROMAN CITIES
Characteristics of the Roman Cities:
• The typical Roman city had more public places and
a more obviously public character than other cities.
• The Forum was the epicenter of intense religious,
economic political and social activity
• The urban layout of Pompeii and Herculaneum
reflect , not only its historical development but the
central role played by the Forum and the towns
relationship with the hinterland.
• They had a regular form, with two principals
streets.
• They had water pipes, bridges, buildings for shows,
roads…
SHAPE
SPAIN geometric shapes; yet simple, geometric plans were
adopted
ITALY GREECE
FRANCE CLASSIFICATION
Medieval towns can be classified according to function
e.g.:
Farm Towns - especially in Scandinavia and Britain
Fortress Towns - Toledo, Edinburgh, Tours, Warwick
Church Towns - York, Chartres
Merchant Prince Towns - Florence, Siena
Merchant Guild Towns - Hanseatic League towns
URBAN SPACE : MEDIEVAL CITIES
• Strategic sites were selected for forts to protect from enemy attacks. THE WALLED TOWN
• The church became strong during these turbulent years. SECURITY WAS A MAJOR
• The forts was surrounded by its own walls as final protection against
attacking enemy.
FACTOR.
PLAN OF NOERDLINGEN(GERMANY)
URBAN SPACE : MEDIEVAL CITIES
PIRAEUS 460 BC
URBAN SPACE : CONTEMPORARY CITIES
Pre-independence period: (before 1947)
• When the Britishers first settled in India, they found most of the towns are
unhygienic. So they built independent colonies on the outskirts of existing
towns. These extensions were called “Cantonments” and “Barracks” for
military occupied areas and “Civil lines” for the residents of civilians. Hence
they created these cantonments:
• Delhi cantonment known as British colonies.
• Agra cantonment.
• Bangalore cantonment.
• Ahmadabad cantonment.
Reasons for the shifting of the capital: • 1911-foundation stone for new delhi
Controversial partitioning of Bengal in at delhi darbar
1905 – right to vote between Bengali
On December 15, 1911, King George
Hindus and Muslims.
V and Queen Mary laid the
Delhi’s geographical position at the foundation stone for New Delhi, at a
centre of north India (roughly Darbar under a purposely built Shah
equidistant from Bombay and Calcutta) Jahani dome. The message was clear
: the British were legitimate
Delhi’s historic importance (important successors of the Mughals and their
seat of the Mughal empire; for Hindus- new capital was intended to express
Mahabharata-era city of Indraprastha) the power of the Raj, just as Shah
Perceived political need to rearticulate Jahan’s capital had expressed the
british power. authority of the Mughals.
• THE INITIAL DESIGN FOR NEW DESIGN PATTERN IN SETTLEMENT
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
BUNGLOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
• IMAGEABILITY OF A CITY
Edges:
• They are linear elements not used or
considered as paths. They maybe the boundary
between two phases, linear breaks in
continuity, an area or an element. E.g. shores,
railroad cuts, edges of developed areas, walls.