INTEGRATED MUSIC THEORY

MUSIC – organized art of sound expresses emotions and ideas in forms

of melody, rhythm, dynamics, form, timbre, and harmony.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

RHYTHM – The flow of music through time.

BEAT – The recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.

TEMPO – The speed of the beat.

o Syncopation – Putting accents “off-the-beat” (Between the

counted numbers)
o Andante – Moderately slow
o Moderato – Moderately
o Lento – Slow
o Vivace – Lively
o Presto – Very fast
o Accelerando – Gradually SPEEDING UP the tempo
o Ritardando – Gradually SLOWING DOWN the tempo
o Polyrhythm – More than one independent rhythm or meter
happening simultaneously

METER – Organized into recurring accent patterns.

o Simple Meter – The division of time where the pulses subdivided

into groups of two, four, etc.
o Duple Meter – Two pulses per group
o Triple Meter – Three pulses per group
o Quadruple Meter – Four pulses per group

DYNAMICS – The loudness and the softness of a sound.

 o pianissimo [pp] – Very quiet
o piano [p] – Quiet
o mezzo-piano [mp] – Moderately quiet
o forte [f] – Loud
o fortissimo [ff] – Very Loud

MELODY – Horizontal presentation of pitch

o Pitch – The highness or lowness of a sound

o Conjunct – Smooth
o Disjunct – Disjointedly ragged or jumpy
o Timbre – The quality or tone color of each
 Soprano
 Alto
 Tenor
 Bass
 Orchestral Instruments
 Rondalla Instruments

TEXTURE – Refers to the number of individual musical lines (melodies)

and the relationship these lines have to one another (thickness or
thinness, lightness or heaviness)

o Monophonic – Single melodic line

o Polyphonic – Two or more melodic lines
o Homophonic – Accompanied by chords (triad)

HARMONY – The VERTICALIZATION of pitch, accompanying chords

simultaneously in instrumental or vocal.

o Chord – Three or more tones sounded

o Triad – Consists of three notes.

FORM ALTERNATION – Of musical structure called verses.

 o Strophic Form – A structural design created whenever the same
music is used over and over for several different verses (strophes)
of words.
o Chorus Song Form (Verses) – Is a type of binary-strophic created
by the alternation of a story-telling verse.
o Tone – Smallest unit of a composition.
o Figure – Smallest characteristic group of a tone
o Motive – Is a tone group that may be identified with a particular
composition
o Phrase – Is a succession of tones arranged in such a way as to
give a musical thought
o Period – A complete musical thought consisting of two phrases in
Question and Answer.
o Section – A combination of periods.
o Unitary – Consists of one part
o Binary – Two-part form (A and B)
o Ternary – Consists of three parts
o Rondo – Consists of more than three parts

CONDUCTING AND CHORAL WORKS

CONDUCTING – art of a leading of ensembles/ orchestra/ instrumental/

vocal or any groups through the use of body movements, facial
expressions to interpret the emotion and nature of the sounds in the
compositions.

THE ESSENTIALS OF CONDUCTING

PREPARATORY BEAT – usually the beat before the attack beat,

preparation of singer to attack the beat and breathe at the same time.

ATTACK BEAT – start of phrase.

RELEASE BEAT – end of the phrase or section-should be clearly seen by
the choir members so that the cessation of the sound will be done
altogether.

CUEING – used for entrances of voices parts, and softness and loudness
and speed of rhythm.

VOCAL ENSEMBLES

CHAMBER ENSEMBLE – eight or more voices with or without

accompaniment.

LARGE VOCAL ENSEMBLES

o Women’s choruses – Soprano 1, Soprano 2, Alto 1 and Alto 2.

o Men’s choruses – Tenor 1, Tenor 2, Bass 1 and Bass 2.
o Mixed Chorus – Four grouping of soprano, alto, tenor, and bass
o A Capella Choir – Sung without instrumental accompaniment.

INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLES

SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA – composed of string instruments,

woodwinds, brass and percussion.

SYMPHONIC WIND ENSEMBLE – composed of a woodwind instruments,

brass instruments and percussions.

CHAMBER ORCHESTRA – composed of string instruments, organ or

keyboard and percussion instruments.

JAZZ ENSEMBLE – composed of piano, saxophones, clarinets, flutes,

bassoon, oboe, trumpets, trombones, guitar, string bass and percussion
instruments.

STRING ORCHESTRA – composed of violins, cellos and basses.

BASS ENSEMBLES – composed of trumpets, cornets, flutes, tuba, and
bassoons.

WOODWIND ENSEMBLES – oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and flutes.

PERCUSSION ENSEMBLES – combinations of various percussion

instruments.

CHAMBER MUSIC ENSEMBLES

SOLO – one player

DUO OR DUET – two players

TRIO – three players

QUARTET – four players

QUINTET – five players

SEXTET – six players

SEPTETS – Octets, nonettes, etc., can be made up of various

ASIAN MUSIC

INDONESIA

TWO INDONESIAN MUSICAL SCALE

o Slendro – five equidistant tones in octave

o Pelog – seven tone (heptatonic) scale with semi-tone.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDONESIAN MUSIC

o Polyphonic – stratification kind of melody.

o Irama – is an Indonesian term for tempo.
 o Gamelan – is the most popular form of music in Indonesia it
contains a variety of instruments such as xylophones, kendang and
gongs, bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings.

VOCAL MUSIC OF GAMELAN

o Gerong – refers to the unison male chorus that sings with the
gamelan.
o Pesidhen – refers to the soloist singer who sings with a gamelan.

THE PUPPETRY OF INDONESIA

Wayang Kulit – Shadow puppet theatre, music and dance of puppets

made from the skin of animals in colourful designs.

THE GAMELAN INSTRUMENTS

SARON – plays the skeletal part of the gamelan composition, which

consists of metal bars placed on top of box resonator. A wooden mallet is
used to strike the bars.

REBAB – is similar to the mandolin. It has two strings played.

CHELEMPUNG – has twenty-six strings, one pair of which is set to one

tone. This way, only tones are heard.

SULING – bamboo flute

GENDER – made up thin bronze plated suspended over resonating tubes.

It has loud and brilliant tones.

BONANG – a set of bronze metal kettles which plays the melodic and
rhythmic variations of a composition. Two long

GONG AGENG – the most sacred and the most honoured instrument of
the gamelan. It is played with a soft, padded wooden

GAMBANG – wooded xylophone, it doubles or anticipates the

KEMPUL – a small gong that plays in syncopation with the kenong. It
punctuates short musical phrases.

MALAYSIA

Folk music or Classical music – emerged during the pre-colonial period.

And still in the form of vocal, dance, and theatrical music.

Acculturated music – develop during the post Portuguese period.

MUSICAL ENSEMBLES AND TYPES OF PERFORMANCE IN

MALAYSIA

Kulintang and Agung – gong based musical elements commonly used in

the funerals and weddings in East Malaysia

Dikir Barat – musical form that is important to Malaysia’s national culture.

It is performed in singing competitive manner.

Kertok – musical ensemble consist of xylophones played swiftly and

rhythmically in traditional Malay.

Silat Melayu – form of martial art, dance and music accompanied by

PHILIPPINES

PRE-SPANISH ERA

Du-mu-ra – love song with long verses

Talbun – sung in festive occasions or when there are visitors

Pag pag – sung while pounding rice during wedding ceremonies

Nan-a-an-to-o-ay – Igorot funeral song and expresses grief over the
death

Ayoweng – sung in social gathering

Sua-sua – courthship dance and song of Sulu

Canao – ceremonial occasion drinking fermented rice

SPANISH ERA

Liturgical Music – impact of Spanish colonization to the Philippines,

Christian Mass in different Western forms of music.

Kyrie – Lord have mercy

Gloria – Glory to God

Credo – Apostles Creed or Nicean Creed

Agnus Dei – Lamb of God

CLASSIFICATION OF SONGS

Art Song – is one that meets the requirements of the musical and

Folk Song – is a song of the people and consists of simple melodic,

harmonic, and metric fundamentals

National Song – is one that belongs to the nation. The national anthem or
hymn, with a martial theme, is a national song.

Popular Song – is a song of trivial musical and poetic value, usually

written by laymen for popular mass appeal. It is a song

Strophic Song – is a folk art or art song consisting of two or more

stanzas, each of them set to an identical tune.
Ballad – is a class of song particularly common in England and derived
from balata, a song with dance

Plain Song – is a piece of unisonous vocal music popularly used in

Christian church rituals.

Devotional Music – impact of Spanish colonization to the Philippines,

Christian worship in different Western forms of music, e.g. Pasyon,
Salubong, Alay (Flores de Mayo) etc.

o Pasyon – Philippine narrative of Passion, Death and Resurrection

of Jesus Christ in a form of singing.
o Salubong – religious ritual that re-enacts the meeting of the Risen
Christ with his Mother on the dawn of Easter Sunday.
o Flores de Mayo – a Catholic festival held on the month of May. It is
one of devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary (Alay)

Secular Music – refers to any music that is not religious in nature

Kumintang – song is in triple meter with themes of love and courtship

Harana – a serenade traditional sung by a man to express his love to a

lady

Pandanggo – is a dance form that can be found in different islands of

Luzon. It is a courtship dance but it can also refer to a type of a song
entertain the farmers in the rice field.

Polka – it was performed in elegant evening gatherings at the height of its

popularity during the Spanish colonial period

Kundiman (Art Song) – came from words “kung hindi man”. It is

expressive singing, it conveys a selfless and spiritual attitude, intense
love, longing, caring devotion, and oneness.
Balitaw – a dialogue or courtship in triple meter, mostly in 2 and 3 parts
form and arranged with counter melodies.

FILIPINO COMPOSERS

Juan Felipe – composer of National Anthem (Marcha Nacional Filipina)

Nicanor Abelardo – Father of Kundiman (Mutya ng Pasig)

Lucio San Pedro – National Artist 1991 (Sa Ugo’y na Duyan)

Francisco Santiago – Composer of “Pilipinas kong Mahal” and

“Pakiusap”

Antonio Molina – “Hatingggabi” – violin solo – impressionistic style, “Ang

Batingaw”, “Misa Antoniana Grand Festival March.”

Dolores Paterno – Composer of “La Flor De Manila 1897 (Sampaguita)”

Alfredo Buenaventure – Conductor, teacher and composer of “Piano

Conerto in C minor”, “Kayumanggi Symphony

George Canceso – Composer of “Kapantay ay Langit”, “Kailangan Kita”,

“Ngayon at Kailanman”, “Kastilyong Buhangin”

Ryan Cayabyab – Conductor, musical director, teacher and composer of

“Isang Dipang Tao”, “Magandang Gabi sa Inying Lahat”, “Kay Ganda ng
Ating Musika”

Jose Mari Chan – Singer and composer of “Christmas in Our Hearts”,

“Beautiful Girl”, “Please Be Careful with My Heart”, and “Constant
Change”

Willy Cruz – “Araw-Araw, Gabi-Gabi”, “I’ll Never Ever Say Goodbye”,

“Kung Mahawi Man ang Ulap”, and “Pahiram ng Isang Umaga”

Ogie Alcasid – Singer, songwriter, television presenter, comedian,

parodist, actor, entrepreneur and composer of “Nandito Ako”, “Bakit
Ngayon Ka Lang” , “Hanggang Ngayon”, “Pangako”, and “Kung
Mawawala”

Freddie Aguilar – “Anak”, “Magdalena”, “Bulag, Pipi at Bingi”,

“Ipaglalaban Ko” and “Estudyante Blues”

APO Hiking Society – Jim Paredes, Buboy Garrovillo and Danny Javier’s
“Pumapatak ang Ulan”, “Salawikain”, “Mahirap Magmahal ng Syota ng
Iba”, “American Junk”, and “Yakap sa Dilim”

Joey Ayala – Singer, poet and composer of “Panganay ng Umaga”, “Mga

Awit ng Tanod-lupa”, “Lumad sa Siyudad” and “SaBundok ng Apo”

WESTERN MUSIC

Music of the Medieval Period (700-1400)

 Also known as the Middle Ages or “Dark Ages” that started with the
fall of the Roman Empire.
 Christian Church Influenced Europe’s culture and political affairs.
 Monophonic plainchant was named after Pope Gregory I, who
made this approved music of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Gregoriant Chant sacred music monophonic in texture and based
on Latin Liturgy
 Neume symbols representing one to four notes used as notation
during the medieval period

Sacred Music – music that was composed for purposes other than
religious

 Kyrie – Lord have mercy

 Gloria – Glory to God
 Credo - Apostles Creed or Nicean Creed
 Agnus Dei - Lamb of God

Secular Music – music outside the church

 Troubadours and trouveres music outside the church during the
middle ages by French nobles
 Adam de la Halle he was the oldest secular composers whose
literary and musical works include chansons and jeux-partis

Music of the Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

 Renaissance comes from the word renaitre which means rebirth

 Invention of printing paved the way for wide distributions of the
renaissance compositions
 The “Golden Age of A cappella choral music”
 Polyphony in texture
 Mass is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the
Eucharistic liturgy on music
o Kyrie Lord have mercy
o Gloria Glory to God
o Credo Apostles Creed or Nicean Creed
o Agnus Dei Lamb of God
 Madrigal a secular vocal polyphonic music composition and written
and expressed in a poetic text and during courtly social gatherings
o Sung in a cappella 3 to 6 voices

Music of the Baroque Period (1685-1750)

 Barroco means “Pearl of Irregular Shape”

 Melodies a sound elaborate and ornamental
 Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft
 Orchestra consists of string and continuo
 Singel Vocal Forms

 Recitative free form for solo voice with accompaniment

 Aria song for solo and accompaniment, the vocal part are written
fairly complex style
 Chorale sung by a group in unison

Movements of Vocal Forms

 Opera instrumental accompaniment with scenery (sung drama)

 Oratorio is a composite of soloist vocal form, orchestra and
choruses
 Cantata is a vocal form in several movements for solo voice and
accompaniment

Composers

 George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

 English orotarios, anthems and organ
 Mesiah
 Water Music
 Johanne Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
 Toccata and Fugue in D
 Branderburg Concerto
 Air on G-string
 Organ Mass
 Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
 Priest, Italian composer and virtuoso violinist
 La Stravaganza
 The Four Season
 Music of Classical Period (1750-1820)

 The beauty, elegance, balance, freed and dignified

 It is also called “Age of Reason”
 The dynamics of loud and soft was clearly shown through the
extensive use of crescendo and diminuendo
 Alberti Bass a broken chord accompaniment was practiced

VOCAL AND INTRUMENTAL MUSIC

 Sonata multi movement work for solo instrument

 Came from the word “Sonare” which means “to make a sound
 Variation in key mood, or tempo
 Concerto form of music intended primarily to emphasize the
individuality of the solo instrument and to exhibit the virtuosity and
abilities of the performer
 Symphony multi movement work for orchestra, a harmonious
sounding together, generally in four movements
 Opera a drama set to music where the singers and musicians
perform in theatrical setting
 Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drma
that employs mythological characters
 Opera Buffa (comic opera) use of everyday characters and
situations, and typically employed spoken dialogues, lengthy aria
and spiced with sights of gags.

Composers of the Classical Period

 Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

 Most prominent composers of the Classical Period
 His life is described as a “rags to riches” story
 Father of the Symphony
 Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as “Surprise
Symphony”
 He also wrote chamber piano music and choral works
 The Clock
 The Military
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
 He is a child prodigy and the most amazing genius in musical
history
 At the age of five, he was already playing the violin and the
harpsichord
 At the age of seven, he was already composing excellent music
 At the age of thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos,
symphonies, religious works, and operattas
 Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
 Sonata no. 11 in A Major K311
 Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)
 He was composer who bridged the late Classical era and the early
Romantic era
 He was a talented pianist and composer
 The deaf musician
 32 piano sonatas
 21 set of variations
 5 concertos for Piano
 16 string quartets and choral music
 His music veered toward larger orchestras
 Moonlight Sonata
 Fur Elise
 The Music of Romantic Period (1820-1910)

 Described as a cultural movement that stressed emotions,

imaginations, individualism, freedom and expression
 Nationalism
 Colourful Harmony and Expressive tone color

Composers of the Romantic Period

 Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) genius composer created a

distinctive and uniqueness in piano/keyboard style
 Polonaise in A flat Major
 Nocturne in E flat Major
 Etude in C Minor
 Franz Liszt is virtuosity. He was known as the virtuoso pianist,
composer and busiest musician during his time.
 La Campaella
 Liebestraume no. 3
 Sonata in B minor
 Transcription of Lieber by Schubert
 Arrangement of 9 Symphonies of Beethoveen
 Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Known for his ballet music
 He composed haunting melodies and used a great deal of folk
music in his symphony works
 Tchaikovsky’s Famous Compositions
 Swan Lake
 The Nutcracker
 1812 Overture
 Sleeping Beauty
 Pathetique
  Rome and Juliet

The 20th Century Music and Beyond

 Expressionism revealed composer’s mind, instead of presenting

an impression of the environment
 Impressionism applied suggested than depicted reality, it created
mood rather than mood a definite music
 Neo classicism it is a partial return a classical form of writing
music with carefully modulated dissonances
 Modern nationalism style was associated with electronic music
and dealt parameters or dimension of sound in space
 Electronic Music uses synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders and
loud speakers to create different sounds
 Chance Music style in which the piece sounds at every
performance because of the random techniques of production.
Including the use of ring modulators of natural elements that
become

TERMINILOGIES IN MUSIC

A cappella – without musical accompaniment

Accelerando – with increasing speed

Accent – a diacritical mark used for stress or special pronunciation

Accidental – musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or

Accompaniment – a musical part that supports other musical parts

Accordion – a portable box-shaped free-reed instrument

Adagio – slowly

Aeolian – of or pertaining to Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds

Allegro – in a quick and lively tempo

Alto – the lowest female singing voice

Amplify – increase the volume of

Analog - having an output that is proportional to the input

Andante – at a moderately slow tempo

Annotation – the act of adding notes

Aria – an elaborate song for solo voice

Articulation – the manner in which things come together and are

connected

Atonal – characterized by avoidance of traditional diatonic scales

Attack – a decisive manner of beginning a musical tone or phrase

Audition – perform in order to get a role

Augmented – added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

Bagpipe – a tubular wind instrument

Ballad – a narrative poem of popular origin

Ballet – a theatrical performance of a story by trained dancers

Banjo – a stringed instrument that has long neck and circular body

Bar – musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats

Baritone – the second lowest adult male singing voice

Baritone – the second lowest brass wind instrument

Baroque – relating to an elaborately ornamented style of art and music

Bass – the lowest part of the musical range

Bass drum – a large drum with two heads

Bass guitar – the guitar with six strings that has the lowest pitch

Bassoon– a double-reed woodwind instrument that makes low sound

Beat – the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music

Binary – of or pertaining to a number system having 2 as its base

Bluegrass – any various grasses of the genus Poa

Blues – a state of depression

Brass instrument – a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube

(usually of variable length that is blown by means of a cup-

Brusque – rudely adrupt or blunt in speech or manner

Bugle – a brass instrument without valves

Cadence – the close of a musical section

Cadenza – a solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music

Calando – gradually decreasing in tempo and volume

Canon – piece of music in which a melody is imitated in other parts

Cantabile – smooth and flowing

Cantata – a musical composition for voice and orchestra

Carol – a joyful song

Castrato – a male singer who was castrated before puberty and retains a
soprano or alto voice

Cello – a large stringed instrument

Chamber music – serious music performed by a small group of

musicians

Chime – a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tunes bells that are

struck with a hammer; used as an

Choir – a chorus that sings a part of a religious ceremony

Chorale – a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune

Chord – a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously

Chordophone – a stringed instrument of the group including harps, lutes,

lyres, and zithers

Chromatic – based on a scale consisting of 12 semitones

Clarinet – a single-reed instrument with a straight tube

Classical – traditional genre of music conforming to an established form

Clavichord – an early stringed instrument like a piano but with more

delicate sound

Clavier – a stringed instrument that has a keyboard

Clef – a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes
following it

Coda –the closing section of a musical composition

Composer – someone who writes music as a profession

Composition – musical work that has been created

Concertina – free-reed instrument played like an accordion by pushing its
ends together to force air through the

Concertise – give concerts; performs in concerts

Concerto – a composition for orchestra and a soloist

Concerto grosso – a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of

solo instruments

Conductor – the person who leads a musical group

Conga – a Latin American dance of 3 steps and a kick by people in single

file

Conjunct – progressing melodically by intervals of a second

Conservatory – a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine arts

Consonance – the property of sounding harmonious

Contrabass – largest and lowest member of the violin family

Contralto – the lowest female singing voice

Copyright – the exclusive right to sell a work

Cornet – a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone

Country music – a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the

Southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments

Courante – a court dance of the 16th century

Crescendo – a gradual increase in loudness

Cymbal – a percussion instrument consisting of concave brass disk

Dance – taking a series of rhythmical steps in time to music

Decrescendo – (music) a gradual decrease in loudness

Development – section of a composition where major themes are

elaborated

Diatonic – based on or using the five tones and two semitones of the
major or minor scales of western music

Diction – the articulation of speech to be intelligible to an audience

Digital – of a circuit or device that represents magnitudes in numbers

Diminished – reduction by a semitone of any perfect or minor interval

Diminuendo – (music) a gradual decrease in loudness

Diphthong – a sound that glides between two vowels in a single syllable

Disjunction – progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major

second

Dissonance – disagreeable sounds

Dominant – (music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale

Dorian – of or relating to the ancient Greek inhabitants of Doris, to their

Doric dialect of Greek, or to their culture

Drone – make a monotonous low dull sound

Drumbeat – the sound made by beating a drum

Duet – two performers or singers who perform together

Duple – consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs

Duration – the period of time during which something continues

Dynamics – mechanics concerned with forces that cause motions of

bodies
Eight note – a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole
note

Embellish – make more beautiful

Embouchure – aperture of a wind instrument into which the player blows

directly

Encore – an extra performance in response to audience demand

English horn – a double-reed woodwind instrument similar to an oboe but

lower in pitch

Ensemble – a group of musicians playing or singing together

Episode – a brief section of work forming part of a connected series

Etude – a short, technical composition for a solo instrument

Exposition – section of a movement where major musical themes first

occur

Expressionistic – of or relating to expressionism

Falsetto – a male singing voice with artificially high tones

Fandango - a provocative Spanish courtship dance in triple time

Fanfare – a short lively tune played on brass instrument

Fermata – (music) a prolongation of unspecified length on a note or chord

or rest

Finale – the closing section of a musical composition

Flag – a conspicuously marked or shaped tail

Flamenco – guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco

Flat – lowered pitch by one chromatic semitone

Flute – a high-pitched woodwind instrument

Folk – the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression

of the life if people in a community

Form – an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse

Forte – used as a direction in music; to be played relatively loudly

Fortemente –chiefly a direction or description in music; loud and strong

Fortissimo – a direction in music; to be played very loudly

Fugue – a musical form consisting of a repeated theme

Gavotte – an old formal French dance in quadruple time

Genre – a kind of literary or artistic work

Glee – great merriment

Glissando – a rapid series of ascending or descending noted on the

musical scale

Gospel – genre of a cappella music featuring call and response

Grave – dignified and somber in manner or character

Gregorian chant – a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church

Guitar – a stringed instrument usually having six strings

Half note – a musical note having the time value of half a whole note

Harmonica – a small rectangular free-reed instrument having a row of

free reeds set back in air holes and played by blowing into the desired
hole

Harmonious – exhibiting equivalence or correspondence among

constituents
Harmonium – a free-reed instrument in which air is forced through the
reed by bellows

Harmony – compatibility in opinion and action

Harp – a chordophone with strings between the neck and the soundbox

Harpsichord – a clavier with strings that are plucked by plectra mounted

on pivots

Hymn – a song of praise, especially a religious song

Impressionistic – of or relating to or based on an impression rather than

on facts or reasoning

Impromptu – with little or no preparation or forethought

Improvise – perform without preparation

Inharmonic – lacking in harmony

Interlude – an intervening period or episode

Intermission – a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation

of something

Interpretation – the act of expressing something is an artistic

performance

Interval – the difference in pitch between two notes

Intonation – the act of singing in monotonous tone

Ionian – of or pertaining the ancient Ionians who lived in Attica and related
territories, to their Ionic dialect of Greek, or to their culture

Jazz – genre of American music that developed in the 20th century

Jingle – a comic verse of irregular measure

Kazoo – a toy wind instrument that has a membrane that makes a sound
when you hum into the mouthpiece

Key – diatonic scale providing tonal framework for a musical piece

Keyboard – device consisting of a set of keys on a piano or organ or

typewriter or typesetting machine or computer or the

Largo –slowly and broadly

Leading tone – (music) the seventh note of diatonic scale

Ledger line – a short line

Legato – connecting the notes; in music

Leitmotif – a melodic phrase that accompanies a person or situation

Lento – (of tempo) slow

Libretto – the words of an opera or musical play

Light opera – a short amusing opera

Loudness – the magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction)

Lute – a stringed instrument with a pear-shaped body

Lydian – an Anatolian language

Lyre – a harp used by ancient Greek for accompaniment

Lyric – relating to or being musical drama

Lyrical – suitable for or suggestive of singing

Madrigal – an unaccompanied part-song for several voices

Maestro – an artist of consummate skill

Major – of a scale or mode

Mandolin – a stringed instrument related to the lute

March – genre of music written for walking with regular steps

Marimba- a percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a

chromatic scale and with resonators; played with small mallets

Masterpiece – the most outstanding work of a creative artist of craftsman

Measure – musical notation for repeating pattern of musical beats

Median – the third note of diatonic scale

Medley – a musical composition consisting of a series of songs

Melodic – containing or characterized by a pleasing tune or sound

Melody – a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence

Meter – rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration

Mezzo – a soprano with a voice between soprano and contralto

Mezzo-soprano – a soprano with a voice between soprano and contralto

MIDI – a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical

instruments and computers

Minor – of a scale or mode

Minuet – a stately court dance from the 17th century

Modal – relating to or expressing the mood of a verb

Mode – a particular functioning condition or arrangement

Moderato – (of tempo) moderate

Modern – characteristic of present-day art and music and literature

Modulation – a musical passage moving from one key to another

Monophonic –consisting of a single melodic line

Monotone – an unchanging intonation

Motif –theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music

Musette – a small bagpipe formerly popular in France

Music – an artistic form of auditory communication

Musical – characterized by or capable of producing music

Musical – a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with

singing and dancing

Musician – someone who plays a musical instrument (as a profession)

Musicianship – artistry in performing music

Musicology – the scholarly and scientific study of music

Natural – a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat

Nocturne – pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)

Notation – a technical system of symbols to represent special things

Note – a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound

Obbligato – a part of the score that must be performed without change or

omission

Oboe – a slender double-reed instrument

Ocarina –egg-shaped terra cotta wind instrument with a mouthpiece and

finger holes

Octave – a musical interval of eight tones

Octet – eight performers or singers who perform together

Opera – a drama set to music

Opus – a musical work that has been created

Oratorio – musical composition for voices and orchestra

Orchestra – a musical organization consisting of instrumentalists

Organ – a structure in an animal specialized for some function

Ornament – something used to beautify

Ostinato – a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition

Overture – orchestral music at the beginning of an opera or musical

Pan – make a sweeping movement

Partita – (music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century

Pastiche – a musical composition consisting of a series of song

Pastoral – devoted to raising sheep or cattle

Pentatonic – relating to a pentatonic scale

Performance – the act of presenting a piece of entertainment

Phrase – a short musical passage

Phrygian – a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient

inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct preserved only in a few inscriptions

Pianissimo – a direction in music; to be played very softly

Piano – a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that

cause hammer to strike tuned strings and produce sounds

Pianoforte – a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that

cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds
Piccolo – a small flute; pitched an octave above the standard flute

Pipe organ – wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of

pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from
a large complex musical keyboard

Pitch – the high or low quality of a sound

Pizzicato – with a light plucking staccato sound

Play – perform music on (a musical instrument)

Playback – the act of reproducing recorded sound

Pluck – pull lightly but sharply

Polyphonic – of or relating to or characterized by polyphony

Pop – new and of general appeal

Postmodern – of or relating to postmodernism

Posture – the arrangement of the body and its limbs

Practice – learn by repetition

Progression – a movement forward

Pulse: expand – and contract rhythmically

Quadruple – having four units or components

Quarter note – amusical note having the time value of a quarter of a

whole note

Quartet – a musical composition for four performers

Quintet – a musical composition for five performers

Ragtime – music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)

Range – the limits within which something can be effective

Recapitulate – repeat an earlier theme of a composition

Recital – performance of music or dance especially by soloists

Recitation – systematic training by multiple repetitions

Recorder – equipment for making records

Reed instrument – a musical instrument that sounds by means of a

vibrating reed

Reed organ – a free-reed instrument in which air is forced through the

reeds by bellows

Refrain – part of a song or poem that recurs at regular intervals

Register – timbre characteristic of a certain range of the human voice

Release – let go as from one’s grip

Renaissance – period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages

Reprise – repeat an earlier theme of a composition

Requiem – a song or hymn of mourning as memorial to a dead person

Resolution – (music) a dissonant chord is followed by a constant chord

Resonance – having the character of a loud deep sound

Resonate – produce a deep, clear sound

Rest – musical notation indicating silence of a specified duration

Rhythm – an interval during which a recurring sequence occurs

Rhythm and blues – a combination of blues and jazz that was developed
in the United States by Black musicians; an important
Ritardando – gradually decreasing in tempo

Rock and roll – a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s

Rococo – having excessive asymmetrical ornamentation

Romantic – expressive of or exciting love

Rondo – a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata

Root – the place where something begins

Round – a part song in which voices follow each other

Rubato – a flexible tempo; not strictly on the beat

Sackbut – a medieval musical instrument resembling a trombone

Sacred – concerned with religion or religious purposes

Salsa – spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chilli peppers to

accompany Mexican foods

Saxophone – a single-reed woodwind with a conical bore

Score – a written form of musical composition

Secular – not concerned with or devoted to religion

Septet – a musical composition written for seven performers

Sequence – several repetitions of a melodic phrase in different keys

Sextet – six performers or singers who perform together

Shanty – a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors

Sharp – raised in pitch by one chromatic semitone

Sing – produce tones with the voice

Sitar – a stringed instrument of India

Sixteenth note – a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a

whole note

Sixty-fourth note – a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth

of a whole note

Skip – bypass

Slur – play smoothly or legato

Snare – a small drum with wires stretched across the lower head

Softness – the property of giving little resistance to pressure and being

easily cut or molded

Solfege – singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of
C major

Solo – a musical composition for one voice or instrument

Song – a short musical composition with words.

Soprano – the highest female voice; the voice of a boy before puberty

Sousaphone – the lowest brass wind instrument

Spiritual – religious song originated by Blacks in the southern U.S

Staccato – separating the notes; in music

Staff – five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written

Steel drum – a concave percussion instrument made from the metal top
of an oil drum; has an array of flattened areas that produce different tones
when struck (of Caribbean origin)

Stem – cylinder forming a long narrow part of something

Step – a musical interval of two semitones

Strophe – one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek

drama

Subdominant – (music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale

Submediant – the sixth note of a major or minor scale

Subtonic – (music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale

Supertonic – (music) the second note of the diatonic scale

Swing – a jauntry rhythm in music

Symphony – a long and complex sonata for an orchestra

Syncopation – a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat

Synthesizer – (music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a

keyboard) that generates and modifies sound electronically and can
imitate a variety of other musical instruments

Tablature – a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used

Tempo – the speed at which a composition is to be played

Tenor – the adult male singing voice above baritone

Ternary – having three units or components or elements

Texture – the musical pattern created by parts being played together

Theme – melodic subject of a musical composition

Thirty-second note – a musical note having the time value of thirty-

second of a whole note

Timbre – the distinctive property of a complex sound

Time – rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration

Time signature – a musical notation indicating that number of beats to a

measure and kind of note that takes a beat

Tom-tom – any of various drums with small heads

Tone – the distinctive property of a complex sound

Tongue – articulate by using the fleshy organ of the mouth

Tonic – (music) the first note of the diatonic scale

Triad – a three-note major or minor chord

Triangle – a percussion instrument consisting of a metal bar bent in the

shape of an open triangle

Trio – a set of three similar things considered as a unit

Triple – having three units or components or elements

Trombone – a brass instrument with a long tube and a U-shaped slide

Troubadour – a singer of folk songs

Trumpet – a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone

Tuba – the lowest brass wind instrument

Twelve-tone system – a type of serial music introduced by Arnold

Schoenberg

Ukulele – a small guitar having four strings

Unison – two or more sounds or tones at the same pitch or in octaves

Variation – a repetition of musical theme in which it is modified

Verse – a line of metrical text

Vibration – the act of moving back and forth rapidly

Vibrato – (music) a pulsating effect in an instrumental or vocal tone

produced by slight and rapid variations in pitch

Viola – a bowed stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, tuned a

fifth lower

Violin – bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin
family; this instrument has four strings and a hollow body and an unfretted
fingerboard and is played with a bow

Vivace – lively, in music

Vocal – music intended to be performed by one or more singers, usually

with instrumental accompaniment

Voice – the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds

Volume – the magnitude of sound, usually in a specified direction

Waltz – music composed in triple time for waltzing

Whistle – the sound made by something moving rapidly

Whole note – a musical note having the longest time value

Wood block – engraving consisting of a block of wood with a design cut

into it; used to make prints

Woodwind – any wind instrument other than the brass instruments

Xylophone – a percussion instrument with wooden bars played with

mallets

Zither – a musical instrument with strings over a flat sounding board

 THE VISUAL ARTS

ART – the expression or application of human creative skill and

imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture,
producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or

ELEMENTS OF ART

LINE – many forms such as thick or thin, wavy or straight. It can be

horizontal, diagonal and curved. Operates in terms of the visual field e.g.
as an edge, as the meeting areas, or to suggest space.

 Straight lines suggest rigidity

 Diagonal lines suggest oppositions
 Vertical lines suggest strength
 Horizontal line suggest stability and repose
 Curve line suggest movement

COLOR – reflection and absorption of light

 Hue distinguished colors

 Value lightness and darkness of the hue
 Intensity refers to the strength of the hue
 Primary Colors – Red, Yellow, Blue
 Secondary Colors – Orange, Green, Violet
 Tertiary Colors – produced by mixing unequal amounts of two
primary colors

Artists usually use color harmonies. These are combinations of colors

which the artist uses to convey his or her message through the element of
color.

Monochromatic – the use of a single color tint in different values or

shades

Analogous – 3 to 4 neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures

Complementary – any two opposite colors on the color wheel

Split complementary – any three colors wherein two of which are beside
the complement of the third color

Double split complementary or tetradic – this color scheme uses four

colors arranged into two complementary pairs

Triad – three colors that form an equilateral triangle in a color wheel

PROPERTIES OF COLOR

 Hue – identity or the quality by which we distinguish colors

 Cool colors – colors which possess the dominance of blue
 Warm colors – colors which possess the dominance of red or
yellow
 Value – lightness or darkness of a hue
 Intensity or saturation – refers to the strength of a hue

TEXTURE

 The suggestion of how something feels to the touch, ranging from

silky smooth to rough
 Sometimes unique to the medium: by using a crayon, ink,
watercolour, or oil paint

SPACE

 Is defined as the representation of the depth and the relative

positions of objects
 Is manipulated through the use of such elements as color, line,
value, and perspective
 Types of perspective:

 One-point – a representation of distance by means of

converging lines
 Two-point – there are two points in line with each other in a
horizontal position. All lines converge on these two points.
 Foreshortening – the modification of an established scale in a
drawing of the human figure to represent perspective.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Balance – is defined as the harmonious arrangement of elements in a

composition

Symmetry – used of unequal elements, with no axis or central point.

Associated with dynamics, expressive qualities.

Asymmetry – achieved through the use of unequal elements with no axis

or central point. Associated with dynamics, expressive qualities.

Repetition – is defined as the recurring element in a composition. Creates

rhythm, unity, and balance.

Contrast – is defined as differences in form, line, texture, and color.

Increases viewer featured point and other elements.

Dominance – is defined as the emphasis of a featured point. Uses

contrast between featured point and other elements.

SELECTED STYLES AND MOVEMENTS IN WESTERN ART

 Realism – a naturalistic approach to subject matter

 Impressionism – a style wherein painting are usually done
  Expressionism – art movement that centers on the expression of
inner emotions. Colors used are vibrant and distortion.
 Abstract – non-representational or non-figurative imagery. It could
also be a distortion or simplification of forms.
 Dada or Dadaism – an aggressive reaction against conventional
art. Dadaists produced (anti) art objects using unconventional.
 Surrealism – an art movement where artists gathered inspiration
from the depths of the subconscious mind.
 Pop Art – an art movement which is centered on, or inspired from
familiar images of popular culture, such as advertisements, comics,
and commercial products.
 Social Realism – an art movement which portrays social and racial
injustice and economic hardship, marked by its realistic depiction of
social problems.

NOTABLE PHILIPPINE PAINTERS AND THEIR WORKS

19TH CENTURY

Jose Honorato – known for paintings of letras y figures

Damian Domingo – He headed the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in

1821. He is known for his paintings of tipos del pais.

Juan Luna – His work Spolarium won the gold medal in the 1884
Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes.

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo – Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al

Populacho won the silver medal in the 1884 Exposicion Nacional de
Bellas Artes.

20th CENTURY

GENRE PAINTERS
Fabian dela Rosa – Women working in a Rice Field (1902)

Fernando Amorsolo – Fruit Gatherers (1950), Sunday Monday going to

Church (1953) The “Triumvirate of modern art”

Victorio Edades – The Builders (1928)

Galo Ocampo – Brown Madonna (1938), The River of Life (1954)

Carlos “Botong” – Francisco – Harana (1957)

OTHER MODERNISTS

Hernando Ocampo – Homage to Tandang Sora (1977)

Diosdado Lorenzo – ilog ng Cabiao (1970)

Vicente Manansala – Madonna of the Slums (1950)

Cesar Legaspi – Gadgets II (1949)

Anita Magsaysay-Ho – Fruit Vendors (1975)

Jose Joya – Pagdiriwang (1976)

Arturo Luz – Black Form, White Space (1976)

SELECTED CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS

Antipas Delatavo – Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan (1977)

Benedicto Cabrera – EDSA Event (1986)

Danilo Dalena – Komedya sa Pakil

Onib Olmedo – Mother and Child

Brenda Fajardo – Baraha ng Buhay Pilipino (1989)

NOTABLE PHILIPPINE SCULPTORS

Mariano Madrinian – a santero from Paete, Laguna

Guillermo Tolentino –Bonifacio Monument, UP Oblation

Napoleon Abueva – Judas’ Kiss (1955), Allegorical Harpoon (1964)

Lamberti Hechanova – Crucifix

Abdulmari Imao – Sarimanok (1975)

Eduardo Castrillo – Pieta (1966)

Solomon Saprid – Tikbalang (1971)

Ramon Orlina – Venus V(2006)

Robertp Feleo – Tau-Tao (1994)

TERMINOLOGIES IN ART

Academic art – literally, belonging to an Academy of art. Also: derogatory

term meaning conventional, stereotyped, derivative.

Acrylic Painting – uses a fast-drying, synthetic, water soluble paint that

can be used on most surfaces. Made from color pigments and a synthetic
plastic binder, acrylic paint looks like oil and can be used in a variety of
painting techniques.

Aerial perspective –a way of suggesting the far distance in a landscape

by using paler colors (sometimes tinged with blue), less pronounced
tones, and vaguer forms in those areas that are farthest from the viewer.
By contrast objects in the foreground are painted in sharply outlined,
brilliant, and warm colors, and background objects are shown in muted,
cooler colors.
Aesthetics – philosophy applied to art, which attempts to formulate
criteria for the understanding of the aesthetic (rather than utilitarian)
qualities of art.

African Art – guide to classical African sculpture, religious and tribal

artworks and more.

Airbrush – instrument for spraying paint, propelled by compressed air.

Invented in 1893, it has been much used by commercial artists, whether
for fine lines, large areas, or subtle gradations of color and tone.

Alabaster – in Antiquity, a carbonate of lime used in Egyptian sculpture,

especially for small portable pieces. Also: modern alabaster, a lime sulfate
which can be highly polished but is easily scratched, popular in 14 th-
century Europe for tomb effigies.

Alla prima – technique, commonly used in painting since the 19th century,
whereby an artist completes a painting in one session without having
provided layers of under painting.

Allegory – an allegory is the description of a subject in the guise of

another subject. An allegorical painting might include figures emblematic
of different emotional states of mind, for example envy or love, or
personifying other abstract concepts, for example sight, glory, or beauty.
These are called allegorical figures. The interpretation of an allegory
therefore depends first on the identification of such figures, but even the
meaning can remaining elusive.

All-over space – Jackson Pollock was the first artist to use all-over space
in his “drip” paintings. It refers to paintings where there is no focal point
but where everything on the canvas has the same degree of importance.

Altarpiece – in Christian church architecture, the picture or decorated

screen behind the altar. It may consist of a single painting or an elaborate
group of hinged panels.
Animal style – type of nomad art originating with the Celts in the 7 th
century BCE in southern Russia and the Caucasus; it was characterized
by the predominance of animal motifs (zoomorphs), frequently distorted,
ornamenting all kinds of portable objects including metalwork, textiles,
wood, and bone.

Animation Art – the creation of a motion picture from a series of still

drawings.

Applied Art – the designing and decorating of functional objects or

materials to give them aesthetic appeal, e.g. printing type, ceramics,
glass, furniture, metal work, and textiles. The term is frequently used to
differentiate this type of work from the fine arts (painting, drawing,
sculpture) whose value is primarily aesthetic.

Architecture – science or art of building. Also: the structure or style of

what is built.

Arts and Crafts Movement – mid-19th-century artistic movement in

England, inspired by John Ruskin and William Morris; it attempted to raise
the standards of design and craftsmanship in the applied arts, and to
reassert the craftsman’s individuality in the face of increasing
mechanization.

Asian Art – architectures, arts and crafts from China, Japan, Korea, SE
Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

Assemblage Art – modern form consisting of objects collected and

assembled together; the components are pre-formed, not made by the
artist, and not intended originally as “art material”

Avante-garde – artists whose work is ahead of that of most of their

contemporaries; unconventional, experimental, innovative. Also
descriptive of the work produced by such artists.
Bacchanal – mythological scene popular in paintings of the Renaissance
and 17th century depicting the revels Bacchus, Roman god of wine.

Background – scene in painting which provides setting for main figures or

design; sometimes used synonymously with ground.

Baroque classicism – classical style – exemplified in the paintings of

Nicolas Poussin and the architecture of Carlo Fontana which flourished
during the Baroque period.

Bas-relief – form of sculpting characterized by only a slight projection

from the surrounding surface.

Batik – an art form which employs wax resistant designs on dyed textile
fabrics

Body Art – a type of contemporary art in which the artist’s body is the
“canvas”

Body color – watercolour made opaque by mixing with white. Also: term
used in painting to describe solid, definitive areas of color which are then
completed or modified with scumbles and glazes.

Body Painting – ancient art of decorating the body

Bronze – alloy of copper and tin, used for cast sculpture. Bronze sculpture
is made from this alloy. Hence bronzist, a maker of bronze sculpture,
plaques, etc.

Brush – implement for applying paint, usually of hog or sable hair set in a
wooden handle.

Brush stroke – the individual mark made by each application of paint with
a BRUSH, usually retaining the mark of the separate brush hairs.
Brushwork – general term for manner or style in which paint is applied,
and often considered by art historians as an identifying characteristic of a
particular artist’s work.

Burin – metal tool used for engraving

Bust – portrait sculpture showing the sitter’s head and shoulders only.
HYPERLINK “http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/portrait-bus

Byzantine Art – of the eastern Roman Empire centered on

Constantinople, formerly Byzantium, from the 4th century AD

Cabinet picture – small or medium-sized painting executed at an easel,

and designer for collectors, especially popular from the 17th century.

Calligraphy – the Oriental fine art of drawing/writing

Camera obscura –device that uses a lens to project a reduced image of

an object on to a flat surface so that the outline may be traced. Popular
with artists from the Renaissance to the 18th century

Canvas – the fabric support used for an oil or acrylic painting, usually
made of linen or cotton, stretched tightly and tacked onto a wooden frame.
Linen is regarded as superior to heavy cotton in a canvas.

Caravaggism – tendency to follow the style of Caravaggio (1571-1610),

exhibited by the Caravaggisti (17th-centuy painters working in Rome), who
made particularly dramatic use of chiaroscuro.

Caricature – painting or drawing, usually a portrait that exaggerates

features for humorous or satirical effect.

Carolingian art – European art of the period covered by the reign of

Charlemagne (CE 768-814) and his successors until CE 900; usually
regarded as the foundation of medieval art.
Carpet page – in manuscript illumination, a page totally filled with
decorative design.

Cartoon – full-sized drawing for transferring design to painting, mural, or

tapestry. Also: comic drawing; caricature,

Casting – the duplication of a model in metal or plaster by means of mold;

the model thus formed is a cast.

Catholic Art – usually refers to the style of Catholic Counter-Reformation

Art (c.1560-1700) which

Ceramics – the general term used since the 19th century for pottery and
porcelain i.e. fired clay

Chalk – the common name for calcium carbonate, which is found as a

natural deposit all over the world, and is composed of the remains of tiny
crustaceans.

Charcoal – traditionally used in painting and drawing

Chiaroscuro – form of carbon used for drawing. The contrasting use of

light and shadow, artists who are famed for the use of chiaroscuro include
Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio and Rembrandt. Leonardo used
chiaroscuro to enhance the three-dimensionality of his figures, Caravaggio
used it for drama, and Rembrandt for both reason.

Chinese Art – one of the most ancient artistic traditions, noted for its
calligraphic, ink and wash, ceramic and bronze artworks.

Chip carving – early primitive carved decoration of Northern European

oak furniture, executed with a chisel and gouge, until about the 16th
century.
Chi-Rho – a monogram (the Sacred Monogram) formed by the first two
letters – X and P (chi and rho) – of the Greek word for Christ. In religious
art it may refer to the Resurrection of Christ.

Christian Art – church architecture, painting, sculpture or decorative art

associated with a Christian message.

Cinquecento – Italian for the 16th century. Traditionally refers to Italian

fine art (1500-1600)

Cityscape – painting or drawing of city scenery.

Classicism – the quality of classic or classical art. The term is applied in

particular to the type of art that was the antithesis of Romanticism during
the 18th and 19th centuries, when it was held to represent the virtues of
restraint and harmony, in contrast to dramatic individual expression.

Collage Art (“pasting”)–technique originating with Cubism in which

paper, photographs, and other everyday materials were pasted on to a
support, and sometimes also painted.

Colorism – term applied to various periods of painting, e.g. 16th-century

Venetian, in which color was emphasized, rather than drawing. “colorist” is
an artist who specializes in, or is famed for, his/her use of color.

Color wheel – a diagrammatic chart showing the placement of colors in

relationship to each other.

Computer Art – visual images either computer-generated or computer-

controlled using software or hardware tools. Also referred to as Digital art.

Conceptualism/Conceptual Art – form in which the concepts and ideas

are more important than tangible, concrete works of art.

Concrete Art – term coined in 1930 when Theo van Doesburg became
editor of the magazine art Concerete; it is sometimes used as a synonym
for abstract art, though the emphasis is not just on geometric or abstract
form, but on structure and organization in both design and execution.

Contemporary Art – a rather loose term, used by museums to describe

post-war art, and by art critics to refer to art since 1970.

Crafts – a category embracing most decorative arts

Curvilinear – design or patternwork (eg. Etruscan/Celtic interlace) based

on pattern of curved lines; sinuous.

Cycladic art – type of Aegean art from the Cyclades – a group of Greek
islands – c.2800 BCE to 1100 BCE.

Dark Ages–period of the Middle Ages from 5th century CE to 10th century,
considered a phrase in which philosophy and the arts were ignored or
actively hindered.

Decalcomania – American term for lithography

Decorative art – collective name for art forms like ceramics, tapestries,
enamelling, stained glass, metalwork, paper art, textiles, and others, which
are deemed to be ornamental or decorative, rather than intellectual or
spiritual.

Design (artistic) – the plan involved in making something according to a

set of aesthetics.

Diptych – pair of painted or sculptured panels hinged or joined together;

especially popular for devotional pictures in the Middle Ages; see
altarpiece.

Direct carving – method of stone sculpture where form is carved

immediately out of the block, and not transferred from a model.

Disegno – literally, “drawing” or “design”, but which during the

Renaissance acquired a broader meaning of overall concept.
Dome – architectural feature found on top of building like the Pantheon in
Rome, the Cathedral in Florence (Brunelleschi), Saint Peter’s Basilica in
Rome (Michelangelo and others)

Drawing – refers to the monochrome use of pencil, charcoal, pen, ink, or

similar mediums on paper, card or other support, producing line work or a
linear quality rather than mass. When used of a painting, it refers more
specifically to the artist’s method of representing form by these means,
rather than by the use of colour and paint.

Drypoint –copper engraving technique

Easel painting (or picture) – small or medium-sized painting executed at

an easel. These were usually intended for collectors and connoisseurs,
although the term may also be used generally for any portable painting, as
opposed to mural painting.

Ecce homo (Latin, “Behold the man”) – the pictorial representation of

Christ’s presentation to the people by Pontius Pilate before the Crucifixion.

Emboss – the mould, stamp, or carve a surface to produce a design in

relief.

Enamelling – the process of fusing a vitreous substance (usually

lead/potash glass) to metal at high temperature (about 800 degrees Cent)
– as used in decorative metalwork and goldsmithing; see Cloisonne and
Champleve

Engraving –the technique of incising lines on wood, metal etc. Also: the
impression made from the engraved block.

Etching – process in which the design is drawn on a metal plate through a

wax ground; the design is cut into the plate with acid, and printed. Also: a
print produced by this method.
Ethnographic art – art inspired by a particular racial culture, especially of
the primitive type.

Extender – inert pigment used to bulk a paint or to lower the tinctorial

strength of another pigment.

Figurative art – synonym for representational art

Figure drawing – drawing or painting in which the human figure

predominated, usually full length.

Figurine – small model or sculpture of the human figure, like prehistoric

Venus Figurines, such as Venus of Willendorf.

Fine art – art whose value is considered to be aesthetic rather than

functional, i.e. architecture, sculpture, painting and drawing, and the
graphic arts. Compare applied art and decorative art.

Flower painting – still-life painting of flowers, associated chiefly with

Oriental art and the Dutch painters of the 17th

Folk art – traditional art of peasant societies, which includes utilitarian,

decorative and applied arts and crafts.

Foreground – refers to the area of the picture space closest to the viewer,
immediately behind the picture plane. The next distant area is the middle
ground; the most distant is the background.

Foreshortening – the use of the laws of perspective in art to make an

individual form appear three dimensional.

Form – describes the elements in a work of art which are independent of

the emotional or interpretative significance of the work: for example, the
medium, scale, shape, colour, dimensions, line, mass, texture, and their
mutual relationships.
Formalism – the tendency to adhere to conventional forms at the
expense of the subject matter.

Fresco Painting – mural painting on fresh plaster; sometimes called buon

fresco (“true fresco”) to distinguish it from painting “a secco”, on dried
plaster.

Fresco Secco – misleading term synonymous with painting “a secco”.

Frottage (Fr. “rubbing”) the technique of placing paper over textured
objects or surfaces and rubbing with a was crayon or graphite, to produce
an image. Invented by Max Ernst.

Functionalism – the artistic theory that form should be determined by

function, especially in architecture and the decorative arts, and that this
will automatically produce objects that are aesthetically pleasing.

Genre-Painting – type of picture featuring an everyday scene containing

human subjects.

Geometric Style – Greek style of decoration, flourishing from c. 900 to c.

725 BCE, based on linear and angular shapes.

Georgian art – refers to the styles prevalent through the reigns of the four
King Georges in Britain from 1714 to 1830. Usually refers to architecture,
furniture, silver and like, rather than painting.

Gesso – generally used for any mixture of an inert white pigment with
glue, used as a ground for painting; strictly, a mixture in which the inert
pigment is calcium sulfate.

Gestural painting – a term that originally came into use to describe the
painting of the abstract Expressionist artists Jackson Pollock, Willem de
Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Hans Hofmann and others.
What they had in common was the application of paint in free sweeping
gestures with the brush.
Giclee Prints – fine art printing process using inkjet printers.

Giormata – the area of work in mural or mosaic that could be finished in

one day. In fresco painting, it refers to the area of intonaco applied each
day. In true fresco, the joins of the giornate are usually visible.

Glass Painting – technique of decorating glass, not very clearly

distinguished from glass enamelling, although it may be more transparent
and smoother. Early glass painting was not fired, and therefore not
permanent.

Graffiti Art – a contemporary art form which first appeared in Philadelphia

and New York during the late 1960s/early1970s

Grand Tour – a cultural trip around Europe, taking in the painting,

sculpture and architecture of Paris, Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples,
Vienna and other important centers of classical, Renaissance and
Baroque art

Graphic design – derived from the German word graphik. Describes the
applied art of formulating/arranging image/text to communicate a
message. It can be applied in any media, such as print, digital media,
animation, packaging, and signs.

Grattage (“scraping”)–technique used by 20th-century artists, like Max

Ernst (1891-1976), in which an upper layer of paint is partially scraped
away to reveal the contrasting under-layer.

Greek Art – the foundation of Western painting and sculpture in general

and Renaissance art in particular.

Greek Sculpture – sculptors from ancient Greece pioneered the

development of statues and reliefs.
Greek Vases – range of pots of sizes, used for different purposes, most of
which were often decorated if not painted. The two main styles were
black-figure and red-figure techniques.

Grisaille – technique of monochrome painting in shades of gray, used as

underpainting or to imitate the effect of relief.

Ground – layer of preparation on a support to receive paint. Also: in

etching, the acid-resistant material spread over the metal plate before the
design is etched. Also: in pottery, the clay forming the body of a vessel on
which a design is executed.

Hand Stencils – prehistoric negative images of hands (made by spray-

painting through a tube): c.f. positive handprints.

Happenings – type of performance art. Spontaneous artistic event or

display.

Hatching–drawing technique that uses closely spaced parallel lines to

indicate toned areas. When crossed by other lines in the opposite
direction it is known as cross-hatching.

Haut-relief – form of sculptural relief characterized by a prominent

projection from the surrounding surface.

Hellenic – Greek culture of the 11th century BCE to 323 BCE

Hellenistic – Greek culture after Alexander the Great (from 323 BCE) to
the late 1st century BCE

Hieroglyphs – pictorial form of writing, as used by the Egyptians

High art – art that strives to attain the highest aesthetic and moral
qualities in both content and expression

History of Art – guide to the origins, evolution and development of the

fine and visual arts.
History of Art Timeline – chronological list of dates about the evolution of
painting, sculpture and pottery

History Painting – painting whose subject is some significant historical

event, preferably Classical, mythological, actual or literary. From the 16 th
century to the 19th, history painting was more highly esteemed than other
forms of painting, especially by the academies.

Holocaust Art – includes Nazi propaganda works, images created by

victims and postwar concentration camp memorials of the Shoah

How to Appreciate Paintings – explain how to analyses painterly skills

and narrative content

Ice Sculpture – a contemporary form of plastic art which uses blocks ice
as material

Icons (Icon Painting)–in Byzantine, Greek and Russian Orthodox church

art, the representation of Christ or the Virgin, or saints, in mosaic or
painting; tending to be stereotyped or hieratic; hence iconic.

Iconography – recognizable emblematic motifs and symbols in works of

art

Ideal art – painting of various periods that is based on the artist’s

conception rather than visual perception, e.g. the art of the High
Renaissance or of 17th-century classicism.

Illumination – the decoration of manuscript texts which may have started

from the simple addition of minimum to the script, the general part being
written in black. From this grew quite extraordinary elaboration, fantastic
interwoven strap patterns, decorative motifs, zoomorphic imagery, plant
forms, miniature portraits of religious figures. It was one of the most
important arts of the Middle Ages. Whenever there were monasteries the
art seems to have been practiced. The monastic scribe worked about six
hours a day. After he had finished the work was proof-read. Then the
sheets went to a rubricator who put in title and headlines, then to the
illuminator. The last worked miracles of miniature presentation with the
materials at his command. The oldest known illumination is an Egyptian
papyrus, the ‘Book of the Dead’

Illuminated Manuscripts – handwritten book on vellum or parchment,

usually medieval, decorated with miniature painting, borders, and
decorative capital letters; hence illumination. Exemplars: Book of Kells,
Lindisfarne Gospels, Book of Durrow

Illusionism – the use of optical and perspective principles to create the

illusion of painted object being three dimensional; hence illusionist,
illusionistic

Illustration – a method of enhancing written text by providing an

illustration (pictorial explanation) of the written

Impasto – thick mass of paint or pastel; hence impasted, or impastoe

India Ink – in fine art, a drawing ink made from black pigment consisting
of lampblack and glue

Ink and Wash Painting – Japanese and Chinese painting technique,

using ink in the same way as watercolor

Installation Art –this typically employs mixed media (e.g. sculpture and
video), which typically fills an entire space, such as a room or gallery. It is
commonly site-specific.

Intaglio – decoration produced by cutting into a surface, used in

engraving, etching, gem carving

Intarsia – the decoration of wood with inlay work, especially in 15th-

century Italy
Interiors – a style of genre-painting perfected by Dutch Realists of the
later 17th century; later taken up by Danish artists like Peter Vilhelm Ilsted
(1861-33) and Vilhelm Hammershoi (1864-1916)

Islamic art – includes architecture, pottery, faience mosaics, lusterware,

relief sculpture, drawing, painting, calligraphy, manuscript illumination,
textile design, metalwork, gemstone carving, and other crafts.

Italianate Style – in an Italian manner. Also: in architecture, the

adaptation of Italian Renaissance palace styles, especially so in America
c. 1840-65.

Italian Primitives – artists and their works in Italy prior to 1400

Ivory Carving – form of sculpture made using animal tusks and teeth,
notably from elephants, whales and walruses

Jade Carving – sculpture of extremely hard stone, which may be blue,

green, white, or brown; highly prized in Chinese art.

Japanese Art – Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-e painting, Buddhist Temple art and
Zen ink-painting

Japonism – the craze for Japonaiserie – Japanese imports e.g. prints and
furniture brought to Europe in the id-19th century – and its effect on
European painting and decorative art

Jasper Ware–type of stoneware pottery introduced by Josiah

Wedgewood in 1774. Originally pure white but sometimes stained with
cobalt oxide to produce “Wedgewood blue”

Jewelry Art – decorative art typically crafted from precious metal (gold,
silver, platinum, etc.) and gemstones like diamonds, sapphires, rubies,
pearls and the like.
Junk art – A sub-species of “found art” , typically sculpture or assemblage
, sometimes also called “funk art” or “trash art”

Kaolin – also known as China clay; used in the manufacture of hand –

paste porcelain and sometimes in the GROUNDS of paintings .
Chemically it is hydrated silicate of aluminum

Key design – geometrical pattern of repeated horizontal and vertical

straight lines, found in ancient Greek and Celtic art.

Kinetic art – most commonly sculptures (eg. Mobiles , Stabiles) designed

to move and thus produce optical effects; first made in the 1920’s but most
popular from 1950 onwards

Kitsch – mass- produced vulgar craftwork articles of the kind

manufactured for souvenirs; the word has now become a pejorative term
for whatever is thought to be in falmboyant bad taste.

Kouros – Archaic Greek statue of standing youth (pl. Kouroi).

Krater- ancient Greek storage vessel; different shapes we’re used for
water and wine

Kufic script- angular , square type of Arabic script (the more flowing
script is NASHKI); sometimes found in decorative Romanesque and
Gothic art.

Land art- A form of contemporary art dating from the 1960’s and 70’s
created in the landscape, either by using natural forms, or by enhancing
natural forms with man-

Landscape painting – Composition and which the scenery is the principal

subject. Also: scenic areas of a painting or drawing .

Lapis Lazuli - deep-blue semiprecious stone, used for jewelry and from
which the pigment ultramarine is extracted.
La Tene Style – style of decorative art that appeared c.5th century in
Europe and was fully developed in Celtic art for the pre-Roman period; the
name is derived from a site in Switzerland where metal objects and
weapons in the style have been found

Life drawing – drawing from live human model.

Linear – artistic style that emphasizes lines and contours; hence linearity
and linearism

Linear perspective- method of indicating spatial recession in a picture by

placing objects in a series of receding planes; parallel lines receding from
the onlooker's viewpoint will appear to meet at a vanishing point. Pioneers
included Renaissance painters Masaccio and Andrea Mantegna

Lino cut- print produced by carving a design into a block of linoleum.

Lithography- printing method in which a design is drawn on stone with

agreasy crayon and then inked. Lost Wax Method, see: Cire Perdue.

Luminism- Style of light – related 19th century American landscape

painting

Maniera- according to the writings of Georgio Vasari (1511-74), the

“stylishness” associated with the art of 16th century Italy, epitomized in the
work of Raphael and Michelangelo. Known as Mannerism.

Maquette- model made on a small scale by ansculptor or a stage

designer as a preliminary three-dimensional “ sketch” for the final work.

Marble Sculpture- Made from limestone. It occurs in various colors , from

pure white to black, often veined.

Marine art- painting or drawing of a sea subject

Masterpiece – originally a test piece of work done by the medieval
apprentice in order to quality as a Master of his Guild. The term is now
used more freely to mean a work of obtunding importance or quality.

Medieval art- church architecture, illuminated, stone sculpture, murals,

metalwork and goldsmithery from the period of the Middle Ages (c.450-
1450)

Medium- the means or material with which an artist expresses himself. In

painting, the medium is the liquid in which pigment is mixed and thinned,
e.g. linseed oil.

Metalwork- Decorative precious metals art developed in sumer, Egypt

and Crete, before being refined by Celtic, Byzantine and Romanesque
artists in Belgium.

Mezzotint- method of copper engraving, Also: a print produced by this

method.

Mimesis- is a term which describes the artistic imitation of nature, rather

than it’s interpretation: in order words, the showing of things as opposed to
the telling of things (diegesis).

Miniature painting- very small piece of work, such as a Medieval

Manuscript illumination. During the Renaissance and the 18th and 19th
centuries, the term was more specifically applied to small portraits painted
on ivory.

Minimalist art- modern art that rejects texture, subject, atmosphere, etc
and reduces forms and colors to the simplest.

Mixed media- the combination of different materials in the same work,

sometimes including performance.

Mobile- kinetic sculpture probably originated by Alexander Calder in 1932;

the sculpture is hung from wires so that it is moved by air currents.
Mobiliary art- Prehistoric portable artworks.

Modeling- three- dimensional representation of objects.

Modernism- the theory of modernist art that rejects past styles, and
promotes contemporary art as the true reflection of the age, hence
modernist.

Modern art- Traditionally starts with impressionism, from about 1874

onwards, until the early post- world war ll period. Late Pop-art then ushers
in contemporary or post- modern art.

Monotype- printing process that takes an impression from a metal or

glass plate, producing only one print of each design, which must then be
redrawn.

Monumental- connected with, or serving as, a monument. Also: used

figuratively of paintings and other art forms to mean imposing or massive.

Mosaic Art- design formed from small pieces of stone,glass, marble , etc.

Motif- a repeated distinctive feature in a design.

Mughal art- art and architecture of the courts of the Muslim rulers in
india,1526-1707, as exemplified by Mughal paintingand by the Taj Mahal
in agra, uttar Pradesh.

Mural painting- pictures painted on walls or ceilings, traditionally in

fresco.

Mythological painting- Pictures of subjects chosen from Greek and

Roman classical mythology, popular from the 15th century to the 19th.
Also called History painting.

Nail art- A from of body painting

Naïve – The work, style, or art of untaught artists, usually crudely
naturalistic.

NASHKI – The flowing from of Arabic calligraphic script (compare kufic).

Natularism- Accurate, detailed representation of objects or scenes as

they appear, whether attractive or otherwise.

Non-objective art- A 20th century term applied to visual art which is not
based on existing, observable forms, but rather on abstract or idealized
forms, such as geometric, mathematical, imaginary , etc. An early pioneer
of non-abstraction is Piet Mondrian.

Non-representational art- also called non-objective, this style consisted

of works which had no reference to anything outside them. In practice , it
was mainly goemetrically abstract.

Nude genre- For a brief survey of nudity is painting and sculpture

Oceanic art- from the South Pacific , including australasia.

Offset litho- lithrographic technique in which ink is transferred from a

plate to a rubber roller, and then onto the paper

Oil painting- A medium where pigments are mixed with drying oils, such
as linseed, walnut, or poppy seed, which found great favor due to its
brilliance of detail, its rich cilor, and its wider tonal range. Popularized
during the 15th century in Northern Europe (whose climate did not favor
fresco works), foremost poineers of oil paint techniques included (in
Holland) Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, and (in Italy) Leonardo Da Vinci.

Oils- there are various types of oil which are used as binders and drying
agents (oil plus pigment dries by a process of oxidation by absorbing
oxygen from the air) by oil painters. Linseed oil, made from flax seeds,
add gloss and transparency to paints and dries very thoroughly (within 3-5
days), making it ideal for under painting. Stand oil is a thicker type of
linseed oil, with a slower driving time (7-14 days), which is often diluted
with (eg) turpentine, and use for glazing to produce a smooth, enamel-like
finish with minimal traces of brush marks. Poopy seed oil, much paler,
more transparent and less likely to yellow than linseed, is often employed
for white or lighter colors. Poppy seed oil takes longer to dry than linseed
oil (5-7days), so it is perfect for working wet on wet. Walnut oil is thin, pale
yellow -brown oil (dries in 4-5days) which is commonly used to make oil
paint more fluid.

Origami paper folding- Reputedly invented in Japan around 1600, the

Chinese version known as “zhezhi” may be older.

Ottonian art- Murals, illuminated manuscript and architectural sculpture of

the period 919 to early 11th century, under the Ottonian emperors.

Outsider art- Refers to works by those outside of mainstream society.

Outsider art Broadly includes folk art and ethnic art as well as by
prisoners, the mentally ill and others neither trained in art nor making their
works to.

Over painting- The final layer of paint that is applied over the under
painting or under layer after it has dried. The idea behind layers of painting
is that the under painting is used to define the basic shaped and design so
that the piece

Paintbrush- Bristles may derive from a variety of animals including boar,

wolf, squirrel and badger as well as synthetic. Red sable hair is
considered the finest. Different shapes are employed for different types of
painting tasks: larger, more indistinct areas of painting such as the sky in
in landscape were typically done with flat or round-tripped hogs hair
brushes, while specific detail was painted with fine pointed sable brushes.
In addition, feathers were sometimes employed to smooth out areas of
paint to remove visible brushwork. Badger Brushes were used to blend
adjacent areas of different tones.
Painterly- a term coined by the art historian Heinrich Wolfflin to decribes
one of two contrasting styles in tone; hence process of applying paint.
Also: object produced by applying paint to a flat

Painting – support , e.g. a wall or canvas. For history and famous painters

Palette- slab of wood, metal or glass used by the artist for mixing paint.
Also: figuratively: the range of colors used by the artist

Panorama- painting of a view or landscape; especially large-scale

painting around a room, or rolled on a cylinder.

Peppier Colle- (“pasted paper”) collage of paper/card , first used in 1912

by George’s Braque

Parietal art- Prehistoric paintings, engravings or relief sculptures on cave

walls and ceilings

Pastel -Crayon made from pigment mixed with gum and water and
pressed into a stick -shaped form, or work executed in this medium.
Because pastel tends to be light and chalky in tone, the word is also used
to describe pale, light colors.

Pastoral- idealized landscape painting or country scene.

Performance – Contemporary from

Perspective- A term which refers to the “depth” of a picture – that is, the
illusion of three – dimensional surface- whereby forms in the background
appear smaller than those in the foreground. The “single point” or linear
perspective system was poineered by Filipino Brunelleschi (1377-1446) in
Florence in relation to his architecture. Mathematically constructed bso
that all receding parallel lines seem to converge towards each other,
eventually meeting at a single point (the vanishing point), and this method
of perspective was employed by artists from the early 15th century
onwards. Curiously, Dutch and Flemish painters of the early 15th century
developed their own independent method of perspective.

Petroglyphs- Primitive rock carvings and engravings.

Photography- Now a fine arts medium.

Photomontage- picture combining juxtaposed photographic images.

Photorealism- a hyper-realistic style of painting in which an image is

created in such detail that it resembles a photograph.

Pictographs (Prehistoric) – Also called pictograms, they are images

typically on rock faces which express an idea on information.

Picturesque- quaint, charming. From the 18th century onwards “The

picturesque “ acquired a more specific meaning, particularly in connection
with landscape painting, and architecture ; it suggested a deliberated
roughness or rusticity of design, and was to some extent transitional
between Classicism and Romanticism

Pieta- representation of the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Christ.

Pigment- the color element in paint. Pigments can consits of a wide

variety of ingredients, including mineral, natural/ artificial dyestuff, and
other synthetic compounds.

Plains art- describe the native American Indian art practiced by the Sioux,
Comanche and Blakfeet tribes, in the Western Plains of the United States.

Plastic- used in art to describe anything that can be molded or modeled;

the opposite of Glyptic.

Plastic art- three dimensional forms of art such as sculpture, pottery, and
architecture.
Plein air painting- refers to the spontaneous outdoor method of painting
from nature- usually landscapes- as perfectly by Claude Monet among
others.

Pochade- sketch, especially one made outdoors.

Polymorphic painting- multiform painting, produced by some modern

kinetic artists. The appearance of the work changes according to the
positive of the observer.

Pop Art- Sixties movement led by Andy Worhol and Roy Lichtenstein.

Polyptych- painted work ( usually an altarpiece) of more than three

panels; see also Diptych, Triptych.

Porcelain- hard, refined ceramic stoneware, invented by the Chinese in

the 7th century.

Portait Art- Drawn or painted image of a person, usually naturalistic and

identifiable; hence portraiture, portraitist.

Poster Art- Either advertising lithographic designs, propaganda posters or

reproductions of famous paintings.

Potter's wheel- Herizontal revolving disk used to shape clay by the

ceramicist.

Pottery- A form of ceramic art, in which wet clay is shaped, dried , glazed
and fired in a kiln to create a variety of vessels, and ornaments. For
history and styles of Antiquity,

Prehistoric art- Creative expression of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and

Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. For a chronological dateline

Primary colors- red, blue, and yellow; the colors that can be mixed to
produce other colors, but cannot themselves be produced from mixtures
Primitivism/primitive art – paintings and drawings by people outside the
influence of traditional Western styles. Also: works by intuitive painters or
sculptors with a “naïve” style commonly due to their lack of formal arts
training.

Print- any image , pattern, or lettering produced on fabric or paper by a

variety of graphic processes. Also: (verb) to make an impression or image
by such a process. Usually means letter-printing; printmaking involves
producing an image that is aesthetically pleasing, or illustrative

Printmaking – A term which applies to fine art printing processes, such as

etching, engraving, lithography, woodcut, and silkscreen, in which multiple
images are replicated from the same metal plate, stone, wood or linoleum
block, or silkscreen, with monochrome or color printing inks.

Promotion- in painting, sculpture and architecture, this describes the ratio

between the respective parts and the whole work, as annunciated (for
instance) in the Canon of

Proportion , a mathematical formula establishing ideal proportions of the

various parts of the human body.

Protestant Reformation Art – A less overt, more humble, smaller -scale

type of religious art, triggered by Luther’s revolt (1517) and exemplified by
the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer.

Provenance- A term meaning the origins of a work of art, specifically it’s

history of ownership since it’s creation. Museum curators and fine art
research at auctioneers like Chritie's and Sotheby's study a work's
provenance to establish it’s authenticity.

Public art – A loose term which, in practice , means artworks financed out
of the public purse. Can also mean works (usually sculpture) sited in
public places, such as the Chicago Picasso.
Quadratura- Trompe l'oeil celling mural paintings that seem to extend the
architectural features beyond the actual space of the room.

Quattrocento- Italian for the 15th century. Traditionally refers to italian fine
art (1400-1500).

Raku- Japanese pottery used for the tea ceremony; molded, not thrown on
a wheel.

Readymade- Name given by Dadaist Marcel Duchamp to prefabricated

objects exhibited as works of art.

Realism- style of painting dating from the 19th century, typified by

Courbet, that makes a deliberate choice of everyday subject matter
(Realisme) . Also: the opposite of abstract or distorted (similar to
naturalism). Also: in Greek Classical sculpture. Work that not stylized or
idealized.

Red-figure technique- The technique of the finest ancient Greek vase-

painting in which figure we’re drawn in black and the back-ground blocked
in black so that the figure stood out in the red.

Relief sculptures- curving in which forms project and depth is hollowed

out; the type of relief is determined by the degree to which the design
stands out; thus alto rilievo (high relief) and bas relief (low relief), in which
the projection is slight.

Religious arts- typically architecture, sculpture, painting or crafts or

artifacts with a religious theme.

Renaissance (“rebirth”) – The period of Renaissance art runs from c.1400

to 1600, divided into Early Renaissance (c.1400-90), High Renaissance
(c.1490-1530), and Mannerism (c.1530-1600); as a whole it was
characterized by greater emphasis on realism, a mastery of linear
perspective, Humanism (a belief in the primary of man) and the
rediscovery of classical art. North of the Alps , the movement is known as
the Northern Renaissance.

Repousse- Technique of metalwork art, where metal is decorated by

hammering from the side not seen, so that the design stands out in relief.

Repoussoir- A method of creating or enhancing perspective in a painting ,

for instance by placing a large figure/object in the foreground. Such
repoussoir figures were common features of Dutch figure painting of the
seventeenth -century. Dutch Realist landscape artists often exploited the
dramatic effect of repoussoir to enliven their pictures of the flat and
featureless Dutch

Representational art -art that attempts to show objects as they really

appear, or at least in some easily recognizable form.

Rock art - Petroglyphs, pictographs and other forms of stone engraving or

cave painting.

Salon – French annual exhibition in Paris (held from 17th century onwards
) of painting and sculpture by members of the Academy, traditionally
hostile to

Sand art- Practiced for centuries by Navajo Indians, Australian Aborigines

, Oceanic natives and Tibetan Buddhists, it has been given a new lease of
life by contemporary artists around the world.

Scholar-painter- the Japanese equivalent of Wen -jen hua (or “literary

men’s printing “) in Chinese art; a literary-minded amateur who painted for
pleasure.

Scroll- scroll of paper or silk, popular in Oriental art. A hand scroll is about
30cm (12in) wide and up to 30m (100ft) long, and unrolls from right to
Silverpoint – A drawing method using a piece of metal, usually silver wire,
drawn on a ground prepared with Chinese white, sometimes with pigment
added.

Site-specific art- Any works of art (typically murals, or sculpture) created

for a specific place, which cannot be separated or exhibited outside it’s
intended environment.

Sketching- Typically a sketch is a rapidly executed or casual portrayal of a

subject, in pencil, charcoal, pen and ink or other portable medium, often
produced as a preliminary work in preparation for something more
detailed.

Skyscraper- a type of high – rise building design pioneered by American

architects in the Chicago school of architecture.

Sculpture- Object carved or modeled in wood, stone, etc or cast in metal

for an aesthetic, non-functional purpose; or the process of producing it;
hence sculptor. “Sculptural” is used to describe art (including painting and
drawing) that has pronounced three-dimensional qualities.

Scumble- an opaque or semi opaque layer of paint applied over another

so that the first is partially obliterated, producing a slightly broken effect.

Seascape- painting or drawing of the sea and shipping.

Self-Portraiture – Self -portraits were created as early as the Amarna

Period (c.1365 BCE) in Ancient Egypt, although the genre wasn't properly
exploited until the time of Albrecht Durer in late 15th century Germany.
Since then, other important pioneers of self-portrait painting have included
Rembrandt, Vincent Van Gogh and Egon Schiele.

Sfumato- a painting technique developed by Leonardo Da Vinci, in which

transitions from light to dark are so gradual they are almost imperceptible;
sfumato blurs lines and creates a soft-focus effect.
Sgraffito- A term meaning scratched; in painting, one color is laid over
another , and scratched with a tool the underlying color is revealed.

Silverpoint- A drawing method using a piece of metal , usually silver wire,

drawn on a ground prepared with Chinese white, sometimes with pigment
added.

Site-specific art any work of art ( typically murals, or sculpture) created for
a specific place, which cannot be separated or exhibited outside it’s
intended environment.

Sketching- Typically a sketch is a rapidly executed or casual portrayal of a

subject, in pencil, charcoal, pen and ink or other portable medium, often
produced as a preliminary work in preparation for something more
detailed.

Skyscraper- a type of high – rise building design pioneered by American

architects in the Chicago school of architecture. (c.1880-1910)

Stabile- A style of 20th century sculpture consisting of a stationary object ,

fixed to a base of some description. Contrasts with a mobile, the free-
hanging sculptural invention of American sculptor Alexander Calder (1898-
1976), Stabiles were also created by calder.

Stained Glass Art- Attained it’s apogee during the era of Gothic
Architecture.

Statue- Freestanding sculpture; life size, representational art.

Stencil art- An image created by applying ink or paint through a cut out
surface.

Still life painting- one of the major genres of Western art, it describe a type
of painting featuring inanimate everyday objects. There are four t type: (1)
flower pieces, (2) breakfast or banquet pieces , (3) animal pieces,(4)
Symbolic still life.
Stippling- a drawing technique which employs many small dots or flecks to
construct the image , or shading.

Stoneware- hard pottery made from clay plus a fusible stone (usually
feldspar) and field at 1200-1400°C so that the Stone is vitrified.

Stone Sculpture- includes carvings from metamorphic , sedimentary and

igneous rocks.

Support- Canvas , paper, panel, wall, etc on which a painting or drawing is

executed.

Tapestry- wall hanging of silk or wool with a nonrepeating pattern or

narrative design woven in by hand, during manufactured.

Tempera-method of painting in which pigments are combined with an

emulsion of water and egg yolks or whole eggs (plus sometimes glue or
milk).widely used in Italian art in the 14th and 15th centuries , both for
panel painting and fresco , was then superseded by oil paint.

Tenebrism- style of 17th century painting associated with Caravaggio

Making much use of strong chriaroscuro. (Latin: “baked earth”) hard, fired
hut unglazed, brownish-red clay used for pottery, and building.

Tondo- circular picture or relief.

Trecento- Italian for the 14th century. Traditionally refers to italian fine art
(1300-1400).

Tribal art- Also called primitive native art, it embraces the traditional art of
tribal societies in the americas, Africa , Indian, the South Pacific , and
Australasia.

Triptych- picture or carving in three parts; a form of polyptych common for

altarpieces.
Trompe l'oeil – painting that “deceives the eye “; type of illusionistic
painting characterized by it’s very precise naturalism.

Ukiyo-e (woodblock prints) – Japanese, meaning “ pictures of the floating

world”. Genre painting, and later Woodblock prints, whose subjects were
actors, domestic scenes, and courtesans.

Vanishing point- point at which the receding parallel lines in a painting

appear to meet; see Linear perspective.

Vanitas painting – still life paintings, popular in 17rh century Holland,

which contain objects as reminders of the impermanence of temporal life
and of mortality .

Victorian art- British architecture, arts and crafts produced during the reign
of Queen Victoria (c.1840-1900).

Video art – Contemporary from pioneered by artists like Andy Warhol

(1928-87) and bill Viola (b.1951) . Can be either stand-alone or combined
with other media in an installation.

Viking art- Norse art mainly embraces portable metalwork and carvings .

Visual art – A broad category of artistic disciplines, encompassing the fine

arts, some of the applied arts and certain modern art forms.

Watercolor painting- Uses a water-soluble painting medium. Watercolors

are usually applied with brushes, but several other tools may also employ.
The most common painting techniques are known as wet -on-dry and wet-
on-wet, plus the dry brush techniques dry-on-dry and dry-on-wet.
Watercolors can be removed while still wet, by blotting.

Woodblock- Print produced from a design on a wooden block. See also

woodcut prints.
Wood carving – Reached it’s apogee in Late Gothic Germany, at the
hands of master wood-carvers like veit strass (1450-1533) and Tillman
Riemenschneider

Word art- Includes any test-based word painting, sculpture or graphic art.
Exponents include Barbara Kruger (b.1945), Christopher wool (b.1955)
and on kawara

Xylography – Early form of wood engraving, first seen in China in the 1st
century CE. Xylography is the oldest known engraving technique.

Yamato-e -the school of Japanese painting from the 10th to the 15th
century that preserved the native traditions.

Yellow Book – influential quarterly magazine published from 1894, of

which Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98) was art editor.

Ziggurat ancient Babylonian and Assyrian pyramid -shaped construction.

Zoomorphic- motifs based on animal forms.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

GYMNASTIC

Women’s artists gymnastics- often shortened to just “women’s

gymnastics. Athletes compete on four apparatus (vault, uneven bars,
balance beam and floor exercise )

Horse Vault – 160 cm. long 35 cm. Wide with an adjustable height of
120cm. For women.

Asymmetrical Bars- parallel bars with one bar 2.3 m. high and the other
bar 1.5 m. with an adjustable width of 86 cm.

Balance Beam- 500 cm. long, 13 cm. wide, set at a height of 120cm.
Floor- a carpeted area 12m X 12m square built on a springy base and
marked by a white line and surrounded by a wide, sloping, safety border.

Men’s Artistic Gymnastic – compete on six apparatus (floor

exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars and high bar).

Floor – a carpeted area 12m X 12m square built on a springy base and
marked by a white line and surrounded by a wide sloping safety border.

Pommel Horse – stands 120 cm. high, 160 cm. long and 35 wide.

Ring- 18cm. in diameter and hard 275 cm. above the floor

Vault – 160 cm. long 35 cm. wide and 135 cm in height.

Parallel Bars- 1.5 m. high, 320 m. long, 35 cm. wide in distance

Horizontal Bar – the bar is 240 cm. wide, set at 275 cm. from the floor.

Rhythmic Gymnastic – Gymnastic perform jumps, tosses , leaps

and other moves with different types of apparatus. This is currently a
female-only sport in the Olympics. Five different types of apparatus are
used (rope , hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon).

Rope – no handle, but must be knotted at the end. The length depends on
the height of the gymnast . A very dynamic apparatus requiring agility and
good body coordination. The fundamental requirements are jumps/leaps,
skips, and hops

Hoop – made of plastic material between 80cm. And 80 cm . in diameter.

The apparatus offers greatest variety of movements and technical skills.
The fundamental groups of body movements for hoop are jumps /leaps,
pivot, balance, and flexibility.

Ball – should be 18-20 cm. in diameter and weight 400g. This apparatus is
by tradition an elegant and “lyrical” rather than dynamic apparatus . The
fundamental movements are flexibility elements.
Clubs – made of plastic materials, a great hand game that requires
rhythmic work, psychomotor coordination, and clockwork precision.

Ribbon – is 7m long with 1m folded and sewn on one end . The actual
length of 6m is hooked on the swivel, attached on the wand. This event
requires a large and free-flowing movement that aims to create design in
space . The fundamental body movement is pivots.

Trampoline – after the bounce the gymnast will perform flips and
twist

Tumbling – a junior Olympic program that perform flips and twist

Stunts – these are activities in the form of play which test one's
strength, flexibility, balance, agility, endurance, and coordination. This
phase is suited to the lower grades

TYPES OF STUNTS

Individual stunts- these are stunts performed by only one person.

Examples: Rocking Chair, Coffee Grinder, Egg Roll, Human Ball, Dog
Walk, Lame Dog Walk, Frog Kick, Frog Jump, Inch Worm, Crab Walk

Dual stunts – are stunts performed by two .

Examples: Wring the Disk Cloth, Chinese Get-Up, See-Saw, Jump Over,
Three Partners-One Jump Over

Group Stunts – are stunts performed by 3 or more persons

Examples: Walking Chair, Merry -Go-Round, Skin the Snake

Combative stunts – are stunts where two or more fight each other showing
strength, balance, agility, and endurance.

Examples: Rooster Fight, Indian Wrestle, Tug or War

 Acrobatic Gymnastics – The events competed are men’s pairs,
women's pairs, mixed pairs, women’s groups (three gymnasts) and men’s
groups (four gymnasts).

Group Gymnastics - athletes compete together in a group of six to

16 gymnasts. The group may be all – female, all-male or mixed.

Gymnastics- introduced in early Greek civilization to facilitate bodily

development through a series of exercises.

Gymnazein- to exercise naked

Modern Gymnastic – introduced by Johann Bernhard Basedow as

forms of instruction at his school in Dessau Saxony year 1774.

Johann Basedow 1723-1790) was the first to conduct Gymnastics

as part of education. He was the first modern writer and teacher of
organized gymnastics for whom records survive.

Johann Guts Much – (1759-1839) Great Grandfather of Gymnastics

wrote many influential books including carefully chosen gymnastics
exercises for girl in 1818. He wrote Gymnastics for youth, the first beams,
climbing poles, ladders and ropes along with the balancing beam and the
swinging beam.

Franz Nachetall - (1777-1847), formed a Gymnastics club, opened

a private gymnasium and through his success encourage the government
to incorporate training into it’s school curriculum. His Gymnastics program
in Denmark emphasized mass calisthenics, mass vaulting and drills using
dumbbells and balls.

Gerhard Vieth - (1759-1839) published a book of exercises. He also

described the balance beam, jumping ropes, climbing ropes and poles, the
table and the buck. He wrote of vaulting over horizontal poles at different
heights.
 -Per Henrik Ling – (1776-1839) In Scandinavia, he was one of the
great gymnastics leaders and called the “Father of Swedish.

Johann Pestalow - (1746-1827) was noted as the founder of tree

exercise and calisthenics.

Adolph Spiess – (1810-1858) “ father of school Gymnastics “ taught

Gymnastics to his classes in Switzerland and added marching and free
exercises music.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn – (1778-1852) the father of Gymnastics,”

The American Gymnastics is largely influence by Europe as

evidence by the early Turnverein movement in their colleges. Dr. Dudley
Sargent was the first American contributor to gymnastics because he was
instrumental in including gymnastics in the school curriculum.

Gymnastics in the Philippines was started by two exponet of

Physical Education – director Candido Bartolome of the university of the
Philippines and Mrs. Francisca Aquino of the Bureau of public Schools.

• between the belly button and chest and the lead hand rests on the
opposite side of the fighter's torso.

• Strength training – a method of improving muscular strength by

gradually increasing the ability to resist force through the use of free
weights, machines, or the person’s own body weight . Strength training
sessions are designed to impose increasingly greater resistance, which in
turn stimulates development of muscle strength to meet the added
demand.

• Aerobic exercise- stimulates the heart rate and breathing rate to

increase in a way that can be sustained for the exercise session. Exercise
relies on oxygen.
• Anaerobic exercise – consists of brief intense bursts of physical
activity, such as weightlifting and sprints, where oxygen demand
surpasses oxygen supply. Anaerobic exercise is fueled by energy stored
in your muscles through a process called glycolysis.

• Cardiorespiratory endurance- typically measured by how long or

fast a person can be perform an activity and how this impacts
measurements such as heart rate and oxygen consumption.

• Muscular endurance – typically measured by how many repetitions

of an exercise a person can perform. Common tests involve push -ups
and sit-ups.

• Muscular strength- typically measured by how much weight can be

moved in relation to repetitions. Exercises involving multiple joints and
muscle groups such as squats or bench press are often used.

• Muscular power- typically measured by how much force can be

generated during a given activity. Advanced equipment used by
biomechanics are often needed to measure muscular power.

• Flexibility- typically measured by how far a muscle group can be

stretched or joint can be moved. The most common tests involve the
hamstrings and shoulders.

• Balance – typically measured by how long a particular position can

be held with or without some type of activity being performed. Simple tests
such standing on one leg can be used to assess balance more advanced
test my involve standing on an unsteady object while trying to catch a ball.

• Speed – typically measured by how quickly an individual can move

from one point to another. The 40 yard dash is often use to assess.
• Body composition- this is the amount of fat on the body versus
other tissues such as muscle, bones and skin measured using a variety of
test and device.

• Meal - consumption of two or more foods in a structured setting at

a set time.

• Team sport –A sport complete between two teams each with two or
more players.

• Yoga - yoga refers to traditionally physical and metal disciplines

originating in India. The word yoga is associated with meditative practices
in both Buddhism and Hinduism.

• Zumba – An aerobic fitness programmed featuring movements

inspired by various styles of Latin American dance and performed
primarily to Latin American dance music. Zumba covers the wide variety of
exercises like weight loss though cardio, body toning, flexibility
enhancement and refinement of your balance. This dance workout covers
all age groups effacement & will benefit anyone who performs it.

• Zumba kids – targets kids from 7 to 14 years of age. By adding

different of kids is increased.

• Zumba Kids Junior - kids from 3-5 years has a low pf energy with
this work out their energy is put to good use. One more benefit of his
workout is kids can grow up to be more athletic.

• The Zumba Gold Toning – keeps the older Generation active. The
Zumba Dance workout includes weight & Zumba sticks to make

workout more interesting and though to make their strength and posture
better.

• Hip hop – dance style – usually danced to hip-hop music that

evolved from the hip-hop culture. The first dance associated with hip-hop
was break dancing while break dancing consist s primarily of moves
executed close to the ground, the majority of hip-hop moves are
performed standing up. What is hip-hop dance, exactly? Let’s begin by
learning about the roots of this form of dance

• Cheer dance- the performance of organized routines, usually

ranging from one to three minutes, which contain the components of
tumbling, dance, jumps, cheer, and stunting to spectators.

SEPAK TAKRAW SKILLS AND TECHNIQUE

• Inside kick - Regarded as the most common and basic kick in

sepak takraw, the inside kick is used for controlling the ball. This is done
with the inside of the foot, as its name implies. Stand with your feet apart,
and bend your supporting leg a little. Hit the ball with the inside of your
other foot.

• Outside kick- Not very commonly used, the outside kick is a

defensive kick that propels the ball upwards. To executed an outside kick,
the ball as your knee bends inwards. The entire kicking leg should make a
right angle et the knee, with the calf and foot pointing outwards.

• Knee kick- The knee kick actually utilizes the thigh- the ball is hit
with the part of the thigh that is just above your knee. The stance is
reminiscent of marching, but your knees would have to be raised as high
as possible. This kick is usually done by players receiving a serve.

• Header- Not unlike a football header, a header spike in Sepak

takraw involves the use of the forehead to make the ball fly, especially
when

it’s too high in the air for your kick to reach it. This technique is used for
both serving and striking.
• Horse kick serve – A horse kick serve is difficult to accomplish, and
requires a high level of skill and flexibility. The horse need the ball to and,
using your foot , hit the ball backwards over your shoulder or head.

• Sun back spike – A sun back spike is similar to the horse kick, but
done in a jump. To master this, take off on one leg and kick the other up (a
scissor kick) while still in the air. Before finishing the jump-kick, hit the ball
over your shoulder or head with your other leg.

• Roll spike- A simple roll spike refers to jumping on one leg and
flipping in the direction that you want your ball to move, all while remaining
airborne. Using the other foot, kick the ball over your opposite shoulder.
You should perform the entire spike while still in the air, only landing after
you have made contact with the ball.

FOOTBALL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUE

• Controlling – To control the ball is to master it. Properly controlling

the ball means that a move will be successful. The control movements to
focus on are: directed control and gathering the ball while moving these
introduce speed into play.

• Juggling – If repeated regularly, juggling develops the skills of

dexterity, coordination and balance in young footballers. These skills favor
the more rapid acquisition of other Techniques.

• Running with the ball- This is how a individual moves in free space
with the ball. When a player is running well with the ball, he/she is in
control of it at all times: this requires good balance and excellent stability.
Running with the ball while keeping the head up allows a continuous flow
of information to be received and allows movement be adapted to play.

• Dribbling – This is how an individual moves with the ball when

faced by opponents/ obstacles. Dribbling allows the player in possession
of the ball to eliminate one or more opponents by:
 Making a manoeuvre and taking individual risks;

Setting up a team move;

Gaining time to allow support from team-mates;

Deceiving an opponent (the concept of the feint).

• Passing the ball – This is the action of giving the ball to a team
mate. It is an essential part of team play. As the core of the game, passing
allows a team to:

Keep possession of the ball;

Set up attacks;

Change the direction of play;

Counter – attack;

Provide a decisive or final pass;

• Shooting – This is an action with the objective of dispatching the

ball into the opponent's goal. It is the logical conclusion, the culmination of
an attack. It is what football is all about. Shooting requires technical
qualities (striking the ball well, accuracy), physical qualities (power,
coordination ,balance ) and mental ( determination, audacity,self-
confidence).

BASKETBALL

Assist – A pass that directly helps a player score a basket.

Backcourt- The portion of the court with the basket you are defending. A
foul called for moving the ball into the front court, and then crossing the
center Court line with the ball.

Baseline- The lines at the ends of the court

Block Out- To out your body between an opposing player and the ball.

Center- One of the 3 positions on a team, normally a taller player, that

stays around the basket to get rebounds.

Court- The name of the playing area for basketball. Courts can be different
sizes.

Forward- One of three positions on a basketball team. These players are

usually big enough to get rebounds, and also have the ability to dribble
and shoot from the outside.

Free throw- A shot rewarded to a player because the defense made a foul.

Front court- The area of the court away from your basket, where your
team tries to make baskets.

Guard- one of three positions on basketball team. These players are

usually smaller and very capable of dribbling and shooting from the
outside.

Jump Shot- to dribble and jump into the air. And while airborne, catch the
ball. The player must land on both feet

Key- the area under each basket marked by the ream tangle on the floor.
The offensive players may only be in that area for 3 sec. , unless the ball
is shoot.

Lay up- a type of shot where the player dribbles to the basket, and
without stopping shoots the ball.

Man to Man- the type of defense where one person plays defense against
the opposing player.

Naismith- the man who invented basketball.

Passing- throwing the ball to another player. ( baseball, bounce,
overhead, blind, chest passes)

Personal Foul- when a player physically fouls an opposing player.

Pivot- to hold onto the ball and move around, legally, by keeping one foo
tin the same spot.

Rebound- to grab and control a missed shot.

Sideline - the lines on the sides of the court.

Steal - to intercept a pass or take the ball away from an opposing dribbler.

Three Point shot - a shot taken outside the three point arc, and its worth 3
points.

Three second violation - an offensive player stays in the key for more than
3 seconds.

Travelling - when a player walks with the ball.

Turnover- when a player loses the ball to the other team.

Zone - A type of defiance where a defensive player covers a certain area

or zone, and they play defensive against the players that come into that
zone.

Volley Ball

Ace - A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a point.

Approach - Fast stride toward the net by a Spiker before he/she jumps in
the air.

Assist - Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks the ball for
a kill. This stat is normally only logged for.
Attack- The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team to
terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponents side.

Attack Block- Receiving players aggresive attempt to blocked a spiked ball

before it crosses the net.

Attack error- An unsuccesful that does one of the following :

* the ball lands out of bounds,

* the ball goes to the net and terminates play or goes into
the net

on the third hit.

* the ball is blocked by the opposition for the point or

sideout.

*the attacker is called for a center line violation or,

*the attacker is called for illegal contact ( lift, double

hit....,) on the attack.

Attacked- Also "hitter" or "spiker". A player who attempts to hit the ball
offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team's favor.

Attacked line- A line 3m from the net that separates the front row players
from the back row players, commonly refereed to as the "10-foot line".

Backcourt- the area from the end line to the attack line.

Back set- A set delivered behind the setters back, which is subsequently
hit by an attacker.

Block - A defensive play one by one or more players meant to deflect a

spiked ball back to the hitters court. It may be a combination of one, two,
or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the
spiked ball with the hands.
Bump- a common term for forearm passing.

Ball Handling Error- Any time the official calls a double hit, a thrown ball
or a lift(except on a serve reception or attack) . For our purposes, this
category also includes any blocking errors ( when an official calls a
blocker for a violation such as going into the net, centerline violation,
reaching over the net, etc.)

Bump Pass- The use of joined forearms to pass or set a ball in an

underhand manner.

Center line- Tube boundary that runs directly under the net and divides the
court into two equal halves.

.Dig- Passing a spiked or rapidly hit the ball. Slang for the art of passing
an attacked ball close to the floor.

Dink- A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.

Double block- Two players working in unison to deflect or block an

attacked ball at the netback into the hitters side.

Forearms Pass- Join your arms feom the elbows to the wrists and strike
the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion.

Foul- A violation of the rules.

Held Ball- A ball that comes to the rest during contact resulting in a foul.

Hit- To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.

Jump serve - A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the
air and jumping into and hitting the ball in it’s downward motion.

Line – The marks that serve as boundaries of a court.

Let serve – A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles over, it’s
playable just like any other ball that contacts the net on the way over. If
the ball fails to clear the net, it will become dead when it either hits the
serving teams court, or is contacted by a player on the serving team.

Mintonette- The original name of the game of volleyball, created by

William Morgan.

Overhand pass- A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the
fingers and thumbs, played just above the forehead.

Overhand serve- Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the
shoulder

Pass- see “Forearm Pass”

Ready position – The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes

before moving to contact the ball.

Serve- One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the
only skill controlled exclusively by one player.

Server- The player who puts the ball into play.

Service error- An unsuccessful serve in which one or more of the following

occurs:1) the ball hits the net or fails to clear the net, 2) the ball lands out
of bounds, or 3) the server commits a foot fault.

Set- The tactical skill in which a ball in directed to a point where a player
can spike in into the opponents court.

Setter- the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who “set” the
ball with an “Overhand Pass” for a teammate to hut. The setter normally
runs the offen

Side Out – Occurs when the receiving team successful puts the ball way
against the serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced
error, and the receiving team thus gains the right to serve.
Spike- Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the
offensive team who intends to terminate the ball on the opponents floor or
off the opponents blocker.

Underhand serve- a serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand

toss from about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed first in
an “underhand pitching” motion.

TENNIS

All – indicates the scores are level.

15 Ball boy/girl – professional tournaments use young boys or girls to

collect tennis balls during a game.

Ball change- in tournaments the balls are changed after a certain number
of games to ensure they stay as bouncy as possible.

Baseline – the line marking the front and back of tennis court

Bounce – when a tennis ball hits the ground, it goes back into the air- the
ball has bounced. During a match, the ball often becomes less bouncy
and needs changing for a new ball

Deuce- if a score gets to 40-40, the score is called deuce- at this stage,
the winner of the game is the first player to now win two points in a row

Doubles – a four – player game Down-the-line- a shot that travels parallel

to and along the sideline

Drive – a hard, straight shot often used to pass an opponent at the net

Drop shot – a gently played shot that just gets over the net so the other
player can’t reach it.

Ends – each side of the court (that begins with a baseline)

Fault – a serve which hits the net and / or lands outside the service box
Foot fault - this happens when a server's foot toucches the ground in
front of the baseline or the wrong side of the Centre mark (on the
baseline) before the player hits the ball

Game- a player wins a game if, generally, they are the first player to win
four points

Ground stroke – a shot that is made after the ball has bounced

Half-Volley – a shot hit just as the ball bounces Let- when a serve hits the
top of the net and lands within the service box, it is known as a 'let' and
the server must serve again

Lob- a shot played deliberately high into the air to land at the back of the
opponents court

Love – a score of zero points in a game or zero games in a set

Match- Usually, in men’s tennis, the first player to win three sets wins the
match. In women’s tennis, the first player to win two sets wins the match

Match point – a player who only needs one more point to win the match is
said to be at match point

Net – the piece of material down the middle of the tennis court that divides
the court in half Player -one of the people involved in playing a game, e.g.
tennis player or football player

Rally – the exchange of shots between players. A rally starts when the
receiver returns serve and ends when the points is won

Receiver – the player who hits the ball back after a serve

Serve - a point begins with a player serving the ball. This means one
player hits the ball towards the other player. (The serve must be played
from behind the baseline and must land in the service box. Players get two
attempts to make a good serve.)
Server – the player who hits the ball first for each point in a game

Service box – the area where players serve into

Set – Generally , the first player to win six games wins a set Sideline- the
left and right edges of a tennis court

Singles- a two – player game

Smash- an overhead shot hit very hard, usually before the ball has
bounced

Stop volley – a shot that slows the ball down a lot mad makes it drop just
over the net with very little bounce

Tiebreak- if both players win 6 games each then there is a tie- break. In a
tiebreak, the first player to win seven points, wins the tiebreak (note: like
deuce, if both players get to six points, then the winner is the player who
now wins two points in a row)

TABLE TENNIS

Antispin- An inverted rubber sheet that is very slick so that spin does not
take on it. It usually has a very dead sponge underneath. It is mostly used
for defensive shots. Also known as “anti”

Backhand- A shot done with the racket to the left of the elbow for a right -
hander, the reverse for a left-hander .

Backspin - A type of spin used mostly defensive shots. When you chop
the ball, you produce backspin. The bottom of the ball will move away
from you.

Baled – The racket, usually without covering

Blocker- a style of play where blocking is the primary, usually done from
well away from the table.
Chop Block – A block where racket is chopped down at contact to create
backspin.

Chopper – A style of play where chopping is the primary shot.

Closed Racket – if the rackets hitting surface is aimed downward, with the
top edge leaning away from you, it is closed.

Counter drive – A drive made against a drive. Some players specialize in

counter -driving.

Counter loop- To loop a loop

Counter-smash – To smash a smash

Crosscourt- A ball that is hit diagonally from corner to corner.

Crossover- A style of footwork that require you to cross your feet.

Dead- A ball with no spin.

Deep -A ball that will not bounce twice on the opponents side of the table
if given the chance

Default-Being disqualified from a match for any reason.

Double bounce- A ball that hits the same side of the table twice. The
person on that side loses the point.

Down the line - A ball that is hit along the side of the table, parallel to the
sidelines, is hit down the line.

Drop sheet- Putting the ball so short that the opponent has trouble
reaching the ball. Done with the opponent is a way from the table.

Flip- An aggressive topspin return of a ball that lands near the net. (A
short ball)
Forehand- Any shot done with the racket to the right of the elbow for a
right-hander to the left for a lefthander

Free hand- the hand not holding the racket.

Handicap event-An event in a tournament where points are spotted to

make the match even. Can be singles or doubles.

Hand rubber- A type of racket covering with pips out rubber but to sponge
underneath it was the most common covering for many years until the
development of sponge rubber.

High toss serve- A serve where the ball is thrown high into the air. This
increases both spin and deception.

Length- Technically, a length is once across and back. However most

coaches use the terms

Leng course- A 50 meter pool. The Olympic Games as well as all major
international competitions are conducted long.

Lycra- A stretch material used to make competitive swim suit and swim
caps.

Marks- The command to take your starting position.

Marshall- The adults or officials who control the crowd and swimmer flow
and at a swim meet.

Medals- Awards given to the swimmers at the meets. They vary in size
and design and method of presentation depending on the competition and
the host team.

Meet Director- The person in charge of the administration of the meet.

Meet- A series of events held in one program.

Mile- The land referring to the 1500 meter or 1650 yard freestyle, both of
which are slightly short of a mile.

NT - No time. Abbreviation used on a heat sheet to designated that the

swimmer has not swum that event before

Negative Split- The second half of the swim is swum faster than the first
half.

Novice- A begginer or someone who does not have

Official time- The swimmers event time recorded to one hundredth of a

second (.01)

Officials- The certified or qualified adult volunteers, who operate the many
facets of a swim competition.

Official- A judge on the poolside. Various judges that are certified through
USA swimming watch the strokes, turns and finishes or are times and
starter.

Olympic trials- The swimming sanctioned long course swim meet held the
year of the Olympic Games to decide which swimmer will present the on
our Olympic team Qualification times are faster than Nationals.

PB- Personal Best. The best time a swimmer has done so far in a
particular stroke/event.

Prelim- Short for preliminary. Those races in which swimmers quality for
the Championship and consolation finals

Qualifying- Published times necessary to enter certain meets, or the times

nieces. Preliminary , final or timed final

Referee- The head official at a swim meet.

Relay Exchange- The exchange between the swimmer in the water and
the next swimmer on the relay.

Scratch- To withdraw from an event after having declared an intention to

participate.

Seed- Assign the swimmers heats and lanes according to their submitted
times.

Session- Portion of a meet distinctly separated from other portion by time.

Shave down - The process of removing all arm, leg, and exposed torso
hair to decrease the 'drag' or resistance of the body moving through the
water. Usually used only at national level meets.

Short Course- A 25 yard course.

Split- A portion of an even, shorten than the total distance that is timed.
Example: A swimmer first 25 to 50 time is taken as the swimmer swims
the 100 race it is common to take multiple splits for the longer distances.

Starter- The official in charge of signaling the beginning of a race and

insuring that all swimmers have a fair take off.

Stroke judge- The official positioned at the side of the pool, walking the
length of the course as the swimmers race. The stroke judge is required to
determine that each

swimmer is carrying out his or her stroke within the rules and will
disqualify any who aren't

Submitted time - Time used to enter swimmers into meets , these time
must have been archived by the swimmer at previously sanctioned meets.

Swim off- In a heat/ finals competition, a race after the scheduled even to
break a tie. The only circumstances that warrents a Swim- Off is to
determine which swimmer make finals.
Time trial- An event or series of events where a swimmer may achieve or
better a required qualifying time.

Timer- The volunteers sitting behind the starting blocks/finish end of the
pool, who are responsible for getting watch times in events and activating
the backup buttons for the timing system.

Touch pad- The remoble plate (on the end of the pools) that is connected
to an automatic timing system. A swimmer much properly touches the
touchpad to register an official time in a race.

Touch- The finish of a race.

Travel fund- A sum of money set aside for a swimmer to use for travel
expenses and entry fees to specified meets.

Uniform- The various parts of clothing a swimmer wears to practice and to

meets. May include: parka warm -up jacket, team bag, team t-shirt , team
pants or shorts, team suit, team cap, etc.

Unofficial Time- The time displayed on a read our board or read over the
intercom by the announcer immediately after the.

Warm Down- The loosening a swimmer does after a race when pool
space is available. Used by the swimmer to rid the body to excess lactic
acid generated during a race

Warm up- The practice and loosening session a swimmer does before the
meet or their event. Essential to Avoid injury, loosen muscles and prepare
the body to go fast.

Striker- An attacking player whose job is to finish attacking place by

scoring a goal.
Sweeper- A defensive player whose job is to roam behind the other
defenders. A sweeper has no specific marking duties and is the last line
of defense before the goalkeeper.

Tackle- To take the ball away from the opponent using the

Through pass- A pass played past defenders into free space to allow a
teammate to run onto the ball.

Throw in - The ball is thrown in after the ball has crossed the touch line. A
player taking a throw in must have both

Toe poke- Use of the toe to strike the ball.

Touch Line- The line that defines the outer edge of the longer sides of the
field of play .

Trapping the- Controlling the ball with the sole of the foot

Volley- Striking the ball in mid-air with either foot.

Wingers- Attackers who play on the wings/flanks of the field.

Yellow card - A yellow card is held up by a referee to signal a caution for

minor infringement

Zone Defense - A defensive system where defenders mark a designated

area of the field of play instead of tracking players across the fields.

ULTIMATE LEARNING GUIDE TO MAPEH

Philippine Folk and Ethnic Dances
BASIC CONCEPT OF FOLK DANCE

• Folk dancing is the oldest form of dance probably one of the earliest
forms of communication. It is this self —expression that separates folk
dancing from the functional aspects of games and gymnastics in the
physical education program.

• Dance is the expression of oneself through rhythmic movement. dance,

which isalso theexpression of oneself, isan expression through patterned
movements. It is this patterning that traditionally separates folk dance
forms from other danceforms

• Folk dance may be defined as the traditional dance of a given country

which evolved naturally and spontaneously with everyday activities, e.g.
occupations, customs, festivals, rituals, and innumerable themes common
to all people everywhere. Genuine folk dances are handed down from
generation togeneration and are danced by everyday folk of all ages. They
are more or lessfixed in their pattern, may differ in various areas of
provinces.

The Dances of the Cordillera Groups

• The ethnic dances in the Philippines are found in the different regions
from the northern part to the southern part of the country. The Cordillera
groups composed of the Bontocs, lfugao, Benguet, Apayao, Ginga, ltneg,
Ilonggot, and Gaddang (BIBAKIIG) have their own unique customs and
traditions reflected in their dances.

Examples: Ethnolinguistic Group

• lfugao

Talip A courtship dance of the lfugaos, where a man lures a

woman with a blanket to be placed on the woman's shoulder.
Intaneg A wedding dance among the lfugao.
Bumayah A festival dance for thanksgiving in their gods.
MonghimongA festival dance among the lfugaos where men turn up in a
mass at the burial of a murdered tribal member.
Dinuya A festival from Lagawe, lfugao performed by men and
women during major feasts.

• Kalinga

Pattong A dance of revenge vowed for the death of the slain warrior.
Salip A courtship dance where the rooster— like male’s swoops
around the maiden.
RagragsakanA work -- dance of Kalinga women where they carry basket
on their heads.
Takiling A victory dance after successful head hunting.
Tadjok Kalinga's most famous village dance.
Idaw A mock battle dance ensues between two tribes.
Lumagen A dance performed at Kalinga festivals to celebrate
thanksgiving.
Palok A festival dance performed by Kalingas in any social
gathering.

Dances of the Countryside

• Dances that typically characterize the nature and kind of work of the
people. Commonly performed by ordinary groups of people depicting daily
activities.
• Dances were light and more informal.

Some Examples of countryside Dances and their Descriptions:

• Binasuan —a dance which requires a skill in balancing glasses of wine
on the top of the head and one on each hand.
• Bulaklakan —a dance using arches festooned with flowers.
• Karatong— bamboo noisemakers played by Cuyunen men to
accompany gaily dressed ladies in a boisterous street parade.
• Maglalatik—a playful dance of young men beating coconut shells,
reflective of a mock battle over the "latik" or coconut residue.
• PandangosaIlaw—a dance which requires a skill in balancing glasses of
Tinghoy lamps, one on top of the head and one on each hand.
• Oasiwas—a dance using lighted glasses wrapped in scarves and
swayed like beacons for the homecoming of the fisherman.
• PasikatsaBaso—a Pangasinan dance that requires skill in balancing
glasses of wine on the head and hands while on top of a bench.
•Salakot—a wide brimmed hat used to protect Filipinos from the heat and
rain.
• Subli —a dance from the province of Batangas that reveals the
reverence given by the performers to a wooden cross.
• Tinikling— derived from the long-legged Philippine bird called "tiklin
'trapped from the bamboo poles.
• Bati —a dance performed during Easter Sunday
• Gayong-gayong—a game dance.
• Binislakan —which means sticks, is a Pangasinan dance that bears the
Chinese influence.
• Pabirik—depicts the stages of gold panning.
• Kalapati —depicts the movements of doves.
• Inalisan —a lively festival dance from Nangalisan, Laoag, Ilocos Norte.
Innalis means to transfer from one place to another.
• Pantomina —very popular wedding dance in the Bicol regions.
• Sinalampati —dance from Tanjay, Negros Oriental depicts the actions
of mother doves fondling, caressing, and feeding their young.
• Katsutsa —very interesting courtship dance from San Pablo, Laguna.
• Sayaw Ed TapewnaBangko —dance which means "Dance of a
• Biniganbigat— courtship dance from Bangued, Abra portraying a story
ofa boy who is very much in love with a girl.
COMMON DANCE TERMS
1. Arms in Lateral Position —both arms are at one side, either right or
left; at shoulder, chest, or waist level.
2. Brush —weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of
the other foot, and lift that foot from the floor to an direction.
3. Bilao —to turn palms of hands up and down alternately, hands at
waist level in front, elbows close to waist.
4. Cabeceras - the couples occupying the width of the hall when the
dancers are in square formation (head couple).
5. Clockwise —like the motion of the hands of the clock. R shoulder is
toward the center of an imaginary circle.
6. Counterclockwise —the reverse direction of clockwise, L shoulders
toward the center. Movement is toward right when facing center of
7. Costados —the couple occupying the length of the hall when
dancers are in square formation (side pairs).
8. Crossed Arms — Partners facing each other or standing side by side
join their L hands together and the R hands together; either R over Lor L
over R hands.
9. Cut—to displace quickly one foot with the other.
10. Do- si- do (Dos-a-Dos) —Partners advance forward, pass each
other's right (or left) side, step across to the right (or left) move backwards
without turning around, pass each other left (or right) side to proper
places.
11. Free Foot—the foot not bearing the weight of the body,
12. Free Hand —the hand not placed anywhere, or not doing anything
13. Hayon —Hayon —to place one forearm in front and the other at the
back of the waist.
14. Hop—a spring from one-foot landing on the same foot in place or
inany direction.
15. Inside Foot—the foot nearer the partner when partners stand side by
side.
16. Jaleo —partners turn around clockwise (with R elbows almost
touching) or counterclockwise (with L elbows touching) using walking or
any kind of dance step.
17. Jump—a spring on one foot or both feet landing on both feet in any
direction.
18. Kumintang moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise or
counterclockwise direction.
19. Leap—a spring from one foot, landing on the other foot in any
direction.
20. Outside Foot —the foot away from one's partner, when partners
stand side by side.
21. Outside Hand —the hand away from one's partner when partners
stand side by side.
22. Place —to put foot in a certain position without putting weight on it; the
sole of the foot rests on the floor.
23. Pivot—to turn with the ball, heel, or whole foot; on fixed place or point.
24. Point-touch the floor lightly with the toes of one foot, weight of the bod
on the other foot.
25. Salok— swinging the arm downward —upward passing in front of the
body as if scooping; the trunk is bent forward following the movement of
the arm doing the salok.
26. Saludo — partners with feet together bow to each other, to the
audience, opposite dancers, or the neighbors.
27. Sarok— cross the R (or L) foot in front of the L (or R) bend the body
slightly forward and cross the hands down in front with the R (or L) hand
over the L (or R).
28. Set—a dance formation like a square ora unit formation composed of
two or more pairs.
29. Slide—to glide foot smoothly along the floor.
30. Stamp —to bring the foot forcibly and noisily on the floor.
31. Step —to advance or recede by moving one foot to another resting
lace with a complete transfer of weight from one foot to another.
32. Supporting Foot— the foot that bears the weight of the body.
33. Tap —to rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot keeping weight
of the body on the other foot. There is no transfer of weight.
34. Whirl —to make fast turns by executing Small steps in place, to right,
or to left.

HISTORY
BASKETBALL
A game that started with eighteen men in a YMCA gymnasium in
Springfield, Massachusetts, has grown into a game that more than 300
million people play worldwide, the man who created this instantly
successful sport was Dr. James Naismith.
Under instructions from the head of physical education at the School for
Christian Workers, Naismith was given two weeks to invent an indoor
game that would provide an "athletic distraction" for a rowdy class through
the brutal New England winter. His creation didn't come easily. His first
intention was to bring outdoor games such as soccer and lacrosse
indoors. These games proved to be too physical and cumbersome.

After brainstorming some new ideas, Naismith developed basketball's

original 13 rules and, consequently, the game of basketball. the new
indoor game was played with a soccer ball, peach baskets, and nine to a
side. This first contest is believed to have been played on December 21,
1891.

The 13 Original Rules of Basketball

1. The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball can be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but
never with the fist.
3, A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot
on where he catches it.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must
not be used forholding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping an opponent.
6. Afoul is striking the ball with the fist. If a side makes three consecutive
fouls, it counts as goal for the opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground
into the basket and stays there.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and
played by the first person touching it.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and
notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made.
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play
in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time.
12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves with a five-minute rest
between.
13. The side scoring the most goals in that time shall be declared the
winner.

VOLLEYBALL
The history of volleyball began in the mind of a man named William G.
Morgan. The original name for the sport was "Mintonette" but changed to
"Volleyball" very early on. Like the name the rules of the game have
transformed and developed over the years. However, the spirit that
volleybaII was created in has been carried on through over a century.
It remained solely an American sport for a few years until it began
crossing oceans to become one of the most exciting and popular sports
played worldwide. Volleyball had humble beginnings, created by a teacher
to be a unique and challenging game for his students. Now it is an
Olympic sport played and watched by millions of people inspiring fitness,
skill and teamwork. The tools of volleyball were taken into careful
consideration. History of volleyball first world championships prague 1949.
Morgan liked the idea of a net, like the one used in tennis, but rose it to 6
feet 6 inches above the floor. Then there was the matter of the ball. The
game required something larger than a tennis ball but lighter than a
basketball. Created especially for this game was a light leather covered
ball that could easily be 'buoyed above the net. It was a spectacular fit for
the object of the game, which was to keep the ball in movement back and
forth between teams. Rules were made, the name was changed and a
wonderful new sport was born. The game of volleyball has experienced a
wide variety of rules changes throughout the early years. Also, various
parts of the world have been using different rules
before the standardization.

One of the big milestones on the rule’s timeline is the introduction of a

specifically for volleyball designed ball in 1900. In 1912 the amount of
players in a team was set at six, which is the same as today. Also the
rotation before serve was introduced. 1915 the number of players in a
team varies between 2 to 6. Official game time was introduced.

In 1915 volleyball arrives to France and French beaches with American

Soldiers who were fighting in the First World War. The popularity of
volleyball grows rapidly. Volleyball expands especially to the Eastern
Europe, where the indoor games are popular due to cold climate. In 1916
the scoring changed to a form which reminds of today's scoring system.
The scoring changed from 21 to 15 points anå the sets were introduced.
The winner was determined with the best of two of three, which means
two games are needed to win the match. In FIG the consecutive contacts
per player were limited to one. A player commits a foul if he holds on to
the ball. Also the ball was allowed to be played With feet (, which is
interesting because FIVB allowed it again in the recent rules changes in
1995.)

In 1920 the set and spike "the Filipino Bomb", which made the game more
dynamic, were established in the Philippines. One major rule change was
the allowing the team to play maximum of three contacts before sending
the ball over. The first attempts of block occurred even if the block was not
identified by the rules yet. Until the early 1930 the game of volleyball was
more a recreational sport with only few international competitions on it.
Despite the fact the rules of volleyball were different all over the world, the
sport started to become a more and more competitive as its nature.

International volleyball rules were standardized in 1964 when indoor

volleyball became an official Olympic sport in Tokyo

TENNIS
Tennis, original name lawn tennis, game in which two opposing players
(singles) or pairs of players (doubles) use tautly strung rackets to hit a ball
of specified size, weight, and bounce over a net on a rectangular court.
Points are awarded to a player or team whenever the opponent fails to
correctly return the ball within the prescribed dimensions of the court.
Organized tennis is played according to rules sanctioned by the
International Tennis Federation (ITF), the world governing body of the
sport.

Tennis originally was known as lawn tennis, and formally still is in Britain,
because it was played on grass courts by Victorian gentlemen and ladies.
It is now played on a variety of surfaces. The origins of the game can be
traced to a 12th—13th-century French handball game called jeu de paume
("game of the palm"), from which was derived a complex indoor racket-
and-ball game: real tennis. This ancient game is still played to a limited
degree and is usually called real tennis in Britain, court tennis in the
United States, and royal tennis in Australia. The modern game of tennis is
played by millions in clubs and on public courts. Its period of most rapid
growth as both a participant and a spectator sport began in the late 1960s,
when the major championships were opened tb professionals as well as
amateurs, and continued in the 1970s, when television broadcasts of the
expanding professional tournament circuits and the rise of some notable
players and rivalries broadened the appeal of the game. number of major
innovations in fashion and equipment fueled and 'ed the boom.

Wingfield in 1873. He published the first book of rules that year and took
out a patent on his game in 1874, although historians have concluded that
similar games were played earlier and that the first tennis club was
established by the Englishman Harry Gem and several associates in
Leamington in 1872. Wingfield's court was of the hourglass shape and
may have developed from badminton. The hourglass shape, stipulated by
Wingfield in his booklet "Sphairistiké, or Lawn Tennis," may have been
adopted for patent reasons since it distinguished the court from ordinary
rectangular courts. At the time, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was
the governing body of real tennis, whose rules it had recently revised.
After J.M. Heathcote, a distinguished real tennis player, developed a
better tennis ball of rubber covered with white flannel, the MCC in 1875
established a new, standardized set of rules for tennis.

Meanwhile, the game had spread to the United States in the 1870s. Mary
Outerbridge of New York has been credited with bringing a set of rackets
and balls to her brother, a director of the Staten Island Cricket and
Baseball Club. But research has shown that William Appleton of Nahant,
Massachusetts, may have owned the first lawn tennis set and that his
friends James Dwight and Fred R. Sears popularized the game.

An important milestonein the history of tennis was the decision of the All
England Croquet Club to set aside one of its lawns at Wimbledon for
tennis, which soon proved so popular that the club changed its name to
the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. In 1877 the club decided
to hold a tennis championship, and a championship subcommittee of three
was appointed. It decidedon rectangular court 78 feet (23.8 metres) long
by 27 feet (8.2 metres) wide. They adapted the real tennis method of
scoring—15, 30, 40, game—and allowed the server one fault (i.e., two
chances to deliver a proper service on each point). These major decisions
remain part of the modem rules. Twenty-two entries were received, and
the first winner of the Wimbledon Championships was Spencer Gore. In
1878 the Scottish Championships were held, followed in 1879 by the Irish
Championships.

There were several alterations in some of the other rules (e.g., governing
the height of the net) until 1880, when the All England Club and the MCC
published revised rules that approximate very closely those still in use.
The All England Club was the dominant authority then, the British Lawn
Tennis Association (LTA) not being formed until 1888. In 1880 the first
U.S. championship was held at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball
Club. The victor was an Englishman, O.E. Woodhouse. The popularity of
the game in the United States and frequent doubts about the rules led to
the foundation in 1881 of the U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association, later
renamed the U.S. Lawn Tennis Association and, in 1975, the U.S. Tennis
Association (USTA). Under its auspices, the first official U.S. national
championship, played under English rules, was held in 1881 at the
Newport Casino Newport, Rhode Island. The winner, Richard Sears, was
U.S. champion for seven consecutive years.
Tennis had taken firm root in Australia by 1880, and the first Australian
Championships were played in 1905. The first national championships in
New Zealand were held in 1886. In 1904 the Lawn Tennis Association of
Australasia (later of Australia) was founded.

The first French Championships were held at the StadeFrancais in 1891,

but it was an interclub tournament that did not become truly international
until 1925; the French Federation of Lawn Tennis was established in
1920. Other national championships were inaugurated in Canada (1890),
South Africa (1891), Spain (1910), Denmark (1921), Egypt (1925), Italy
(1930), and Sweden (1936). In 1884 a women's championship was
introduced at Wimbledon, and women's national championships were held
in the United States starting in 1887.

Outstanding players
Tennis in the 1880s was dominated by the remarkable twin brothers
William and Ernest Renshaw. William won the Wimbledon singles
championship seven times, on three occasions defeating his brother in the
final. Ernest was victorious once, and in partnership they won the doubles
championship, first played at Oxford in 1879, seven times.

In the 1890s public interest began to wane. The Wimbledon

Championships showed a financial loss in 1894 and 1895; the All England
Club committee turned back to croquet to revive its flagging fortunes. The
popularity of Wimbledon and tennis were reestablished by two more
brothers: Reginald and Laurie Doherty. Reginald won the Wimbledon
singles from 1897 to 1900. Laurie won from 1902 to 1906, took the US.
championship in 1903, and won a gold medal in the Olympic Games in
1900
 TABLE TENNIS
The game was invented in England in the early days of the 20th century
and was originally called Ping-Pong, a trade name. The name table tennis
was adopted in 1921—22 when the old Ping-Pong Association formed in
1902 was revived. The original association had broken up about 1905,
though apparently the game continued to be played in parts of England
outside London and by the 1920s was being played in many countries.
Led by representatives of Germany, Hungary, and England, the
FédérationInternationale de Tennis de Table (International Table Tennis
Federation) was founded in 1926, the founding members being England,
Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria,
and Wales. By the mid-1990s more than 165 national associations were
members.

The first world championships were held in London in 1926, and from then
until 1939 the game was dominated by players from central Europe, the
men's team event being won nine times by Hungary and twice by
Czechoslovakia. In the mid-1950s Asia emerged as a breeding ground of
champions, and from that time the men's team event has been won by
either Japan or China, as has the women's event, though to a lesser
extent; North Korea also became an international force. In 1980 the first
World Cup was held, and GuoYuehua of China won the $12,500 first
prize. Table tennis became an Olympic sport in 1988, with singles and
doubles competition for men and women.

SWIMMING
Archaeological and other evidence shoes swimming to have been as
ready as BCE in E3Pt and thereafter in Assyrian, Greek, and Roman
civilizations. in Greece and Rome swimming was a pan of martial Training
and was, with the alphabet, also part of elementary education for Males. In
the Orient swimming dates back at least to the 1st century BCE, there
being some evidence of swimming races then in Japan. By the 17th
Century an imperial edict had made the teaching of swimming compulsory'
in the schools. Organized swimming events were held in the 19th century
Before Japan was opened to the Western world. Among the preliterate
Maritime peoples of the Pacific, swimming was evidently learned by
children About the time they walked, or even before. Among the ancient
Greeks there Is note of occasional races, and a famous boxer swam as
part of his training. The Romans built swimming pools, distinct from their
baths. In the 1st century' BCE the Roman Gaius Maecenas is said to have
built the first heated swimming pool.

The lack of swimming in Europe during the Middle Ages is explained by

some authorities as having been caused by a fear that swimming spread
infection and caused epidemics. There is some evidence of swimming at
seashore resorts of Great Britain in the late 17th century, evidently in
Conjunction with water therapy. Not until the 19th century, did the
Popularity of swimming as recreation and sport begin in earnest. lee-ten
the first swimming organization was formed there in 1S7, London had
indoor pools with diving boards. The first swimming championship was a
440-Yard (400-metre) race, held in Australia in 1S46 and thereafter. Tre
Metropolitan Swimming Clubs of London, founded in le, ultimately Became
the Amateur Swimming Association, the governing body of British amateur
swimming. National swimming federations were formed in several
European countries from 182 to In the United States swimming was first
nationally organized as a sport by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) on its
founding in 1888. The FédérationInternationale de Natation Amsteur
(FINA)

SEPAKTAKRAW
'Sepak Raga' was the name of an ancient game played in the Way states
and in the neighbouring countries of Singapore and Brunei. 'Separ is way
for "kick" and 'Raga' is the "rattan ball" used in the game, which involved
players standing in a circle keeping the 'Raga' in the airfor as long as
possible without using their hands. Variations of this were played in other
Southeast Asian countries too; in Thailand it was called "Takrawn; in the
Philippines, "Sepa Sepal', in Myanmar, "Ching Loong", in Indonesia,
"Pago" and in Laos, "Kator'.

Earliest evidence shows that the game was played in Malacca (Pvklaka),
Waysia's most historical city, in the 15 century, for it is mentioned in the
famous Way historical text, "The SejarahWayu'j Way Annals). However,
the game had undergone a significant change by the mid-193C. In 1935,
in the Waysian State of Negeri Sembilan, during the Silver Jubilee
celebration of King George V, 'Sepak Raga' was played on a badminton
court overthe net with players on both sides. Both badminton and ISepak
Raga' rules were combined to form a new, very exciting game. Because
the game was introduced during the Jubilee celebration, it was known as
'Sepak Raga Jubilee'.

It is not clear, but most probably: the game then gained popularity in
Negeri Sembilan and spread to the other states. During World War II, the
game developed rapidly in Penang. In the years after World War II right up
to the early 'fifties', it was possible to see the game played in rural areas
and towns all over the country - especially in areas where the Way
population was quite large.

It is believed that the development of modem Sepaktakraw is mainly due

to three persons from Penang. In February, 1945 a net (Jaring) and rules
similar to volleyball Was introduced by Hamid t&idin. He had invited
bhamad Abdul Rahman (the best player with Raga Bulatan - or Circle
Game) and Syed Yaacob to try his new twist on 'Net Sepak Raga'. They
loved it because of the faster pace, the different styles of kicking and the
higher standard of athleticism that it demanded.

The first official competition was held at a Swim Club on May 16, 1945.
Teams from Malay villages in Penang were among those that competed
for the Nyak Din Nyak Sham Trophy. The game, at this juncture, became
known as " Sepak Raga Jaring". From that point on, the game spread
quickly throughout the rest of the Malay Peninsula and South East Asia.
By the late 'fifties' the game was popular in most schools that had
badminton Courts. Soccer players usually played it since they could easily
master the skills involved, which are similar to those used in soccer.
Sepak Naga associations had formed in various Malaysian states by this
time as well.

The Malaysian Sepak Raga Federation was founded at a conference held

at the Community Hall in Penang, June 25, 190. Delegates from Kedah,
Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Penang attended. The first President was
Mr. MohdKhirJohari. Later the same year, representatives from various
Southeast Asian counties met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's capital city, to
establish a standard set of rules and regulations for the game. To promote
the game further in Waysia, an inter-state competition was organised in
1962. Penang became the first holder of the khirJohari Gold Cup. By then,
Sepak Raga Jaring (Sepak Raga Net) had become one of the more
popular games in the country, and today modern Sepaktakraw is
Malaysia's national sport.

The prime opportunity to create more international recognition for the

game came when Malaysia hosted the 1965 South East Asia Peninsular
Games (SEAP Games, inaugurated in 1959). For the first time in the
SEAP Games, this new sport was included as a medal event, but not
before a lengthy discussion between Malaysian and Singapore delegates,
on the one hand, and Laos and Thai delegates, on the other, with regard
to the official name of the sport. The SEAP Games Committee eventually
agreed that the sport would be known as "SEPAK TAKRAW'. Sepak
means "KICK" in Malay and Takraw means "WOVEN BALL" in Thai. Also,
in 1965, the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF) was formed to
govern the sport in Asia, then in 1992 the International Sepaktakraw
Federation (ISTAF) was formed as the world governing body for the sport.

Sepaktakraw has been on the move, being a medal event in the larger
"Asian Games" held in Beijing, 1990, in Hiroshima, 1994and in Bangkok,
198. Women's events were introduced for the first time in an international
tournament in 1997 at the XIII King's Cup Sepaktakraw World
Championships in Thailand. "CircleSepakTakraw" (where 5 players who
stand in a circle receive different levels of points for each successful
passing kick - actually a modification of an earlier game that was popular
in Thailand called Hoop Takraw), was introduced for the first time in the
1998 Asian Games. Also, making history in 1998, SepakTakraw was
introduced as a demonstration event in the Commonwealth Games held in
Kuala Lumpur- seen for the first time in a non-Asian, international sporting
event! Nowthere are enthusiasts in some 20 countries around the world
that are playing SepakTakraw

FOOTBALL
The contemporary history of the world's favorite game spans more than
100years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and
association football branched off on their different courses and the
Football Association in England was formed - becoming the sport's first
governing body.

Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and
intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at
least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees, and to
which the historical development of football has been traced back.
Whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable.
Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball
about for thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to consider
it an aberration of the more natural form of playing a ball with the hands.
On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough
tussles for the ball, often without any laws for protection, it was recognized
right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was not
easy and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The very earliest
form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise
from a military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in
China.

This Han Dynasty forebear of football was called Tsu' Chu and it consisted
of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an opening,
measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long bamboo
canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player was not
permitted to aim at his target unimpeded, but had to use his feet, chest,
back and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents.
Use of the hands was not permitted.

Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the
Japanese Kemari, which began some years later and is still played today.
This is a sport lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no
struggle for possession involved. Standing in a circle, the players had to
pass the ball to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it
touch the ground.

The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much
livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a
smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines
and a centre line. The objective was to get the ball over the opposition's
boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was
the order of the day. The game remained popular for years, but, although
the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of feet was so small as to
scarcely be of consequence.

FOUNDATION OFPHYSICAL EDUCATION

THE LEGALITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Article 1, International Charter of Physical Education and Sports,
UNESCO, Paris, 1978 and Recommendation 1, International Disciplinary
Regional Meeting of Experts on Physical Education, UNESCO, Brisbane,
1982— 'The practice Of physical education and sport is a fundamental
right of all..." "And this right should not be treated as different in principle
from the right to adequate food, shelter, and medical care."

Article XIV, Section 19, 1986Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines' 'The state shall promote physical education and
encourage sports programs, league competitions and amateur
sports including training for international competition to foster self-
discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a
healthy and alert citizenry."
"All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities
throughout the country and in cooperation with athletic clubs and other
sectors."

MEANING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1. With new understanding of the nature of human beings in which
wholeness of the individual is the outstanding fact, physical education
becomes according to Jesse Fei ring Williams (1977) "education through
the physical"
2. Stressing the total educational experience, John E. Nixon and Ann E.
Jewett, as restated by William Freeman (1977) defined physical education
as "that phase of total process of education which is concerned with the
development and utilization of the individual's movement potential and
related responses, and with the stable behavior modifications in the
individual which results from these responses".
3. According to Robert P. Pangrazi (1998), "physical education is that
phase of general educational program that contributes to the total growth
and development of each child through movement experiences".

THE OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Physical Fitness Development Objective - The development of the
various organic system of the body is necessary for an individual to have
the ability to sustain adaptive efforts, to recover and to resist fatigue.

• Motor Skill Objective - concerned with developing body awareness,

making purposeful physical movement with a little expenditure of energy
as possible, and being proficient, graceful, and aesthetic in this
movement.

• Cognitive Development Objectives - involves the accumulation of

knowledge and the ability to think and interpret this knowledge.

• Social-Emotional-Affective Development Objective - assisting an

individual in making personal and group adjustments as well as
adjustments as a member of society.

PHlLOSOPHlCAL FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

philosophy, derived from the Greek word philisophia, means the love of
wisdom. It can also be defined as a set of beliefs relating to a
particularfield.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
METAPHYSICS Nature of reality
EPISTEMOLOGY Nature of knowledge and methods of obtaining
knowledge
LOGIC Systematic and orderly reasoning

AXIOLOGY Aims and values of society

ETHICS Issues of conduct, right and wrong
AESTHETICS Nature of beauty and art
IDEALISM emphasizes the mind as central to understanding,
reasoning
plays a critical role in arriving at the truth, values and
ideals
REALISM emphasizes the use of the scientific method to arrive
at the truth. Reasoning and understanding the natural
laws of nature are features of this philosophy.

PRAGMATISM experience-not ideals or realities- are the basis of

truth. Reality differs from person to person because
individuals experience different situations.

NATURALISM importance of considering each individual's level of

growth and development in learning and designing
experiences that are congruent to the individual's
needs.
EXISTENTIALISM reality is determined by individuals' experiences.
Individuals must accept responsibility for themselves
and the choices they make.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT NATION

• Persia: Physical education was the modality used to accomplish the
primary aim of developing in their young men military skills, high moral
standards and patriotism to strengthen and extend the empire.

• Egypt: Popular activities in ancient Egypt were swimming, since

civilization's life was based on rivers.

• China: confined to the military men. They were given examinations on

lifting the weights, shooting the bow, and handling the sword. They boxed,
played football (tsu' u chu), and practiced jiu-jitsu. Recreational games and
sports such as the early versions of soccer, polo, chess, and competitions
inarchery and wrestling, tug-of *Nar, water games, chi' ui wan (similar to
golf), shuttlecock, and kite flying were popular. Dancing was popular that a
man's prestige often depended on his prowess as a dancer. When ancient
Chinese felt weak, Cong Fu, a mild exercise, similar to gymnastics-
oriented calisthenics and developed in 2698 B.C was designed to prevent
diseases and keep the body in good organic conditions.

• India: Several physical activities were participated in by ancient India

despite Buddha's prohibition of games, amusements, and exercises.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN GREECE

Physical education was a vital part of the education of every Greek boy.
Gymnastics was believed to contribute to courage, discipline, and
physical well-being.

Greek sport manifested itself in the concept of the amateur athlete, whose
primarygoal is to compete in a "circuit' of four major national festivals- the
Olympia Festival, the Pythia Festival, the Nemea festival, and the Isthmian
Festival that were designated as the Pan-Hellenic Festival, and scheduled
to ensure that one major competition was held every year.

There were sore Greek philosophers, teachers and Contributed to

the worth of physical education.

•Plato believed that gymnastics and music, which were identified as

Aphysical education" and "academics" respectively educates the body and
the mind/soul. His argument in his Republic is that the mission of physical
education in theschool’s blends with movements.

• Aristotle believed that athletics enables youth to develop strong healthy

citizens who would defend Athens in time of war and serve her in time of
peace.

• Herodotus (Herodikos) used physical education as an aid to medicine

as early as the 5th century.
• Hippocrates proclaimed the law of use and disuse of the parts of the
body. He believed that the parts of the body are strengthened through
use. Muscle atrophy and weakness are results of disuse.
• Xenophon thought of physical education as important in terms of
military.
• Physical Education in the Middle Ages
Christian church (Catholicism), the only institution that survived the fall
provided a symbol of stability and order amidst chaos and fear through
• St. Thomas Aquinas, the greatest scholastic of all time, embraced the
idea of physical fitness and recreation as a positive force in promoting
social and moral well-being. Under the tutoring of Aquinas, Scholastics
were able to cherish the body and value physical fitness and recreation for
man's physical, mental, social, and moral well-being.
•PhysicalEducationIn The Renaissance Period
With the emergence of the philosophy of humanism and its concepts of
the such as fencing, riding, dancing, and music. His younger students
engaged in "Greek Gymnastics" contests: running, wrestling, throwing,
and jumping; older ones practiced 'knightly exercises" as dancing, fencing,
riding, vaulting on live horses, shuttlecock, tennis, skittles, and playing
with large air-filled ball.
• Johann Christoph Friedrich Gutsmuths who is considered the real
founder of physical education, and “grandfather of physical education"
legitimized the P.E.profession and believed in the promotion of people's
health to have a strong nation

•Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel established the theory of and

believed that play in the form of physical education was a mechanism for
stress reduction, and character and moral development.
•Friedrich Ludwig Jahn whose system of gymnastics was more political
in nature established the German Turnverein Movement in the spring of
1811. He was called turnvater- father of gymnastics. The word was coined
from the extinct Teutonic word - turnen -to perform gymnastics exercises.
•Adolph Spiess believed that the P.E. program should be progressive
that is, from simple exercises to more difficult. and advocated exercises
combined with music for free expression, and believed in marching
exercises as aid in class organization, discipline, and posture
development.

Sweden
• Per Henrik Ling was the founder of the Swedish medical and
pedagogical gymnastics.
• Lars Gabriel Branting devoted most of his time to the area of medical
gymnastics where his teachings were based on the premise that activity
causes changes not only in the muscular system of the body but also in
the nervous and circulatory system.

Denmark
Danish program of gymnastics emphasized fitness and strength with
formalized exercise performed on command and little individualized
expression allowed. Itused hanging ropes and ladders, poles for
climbing,beams for balancing and wooden horses for vaulting.
• Franz Nachtegall was acknowledged the father of physical education in
Denmark. Due to his influence, P.E. became a requirement in both
elementary and secondary public schools in Copenhagen. He established
the Normalskol for Gymnastikken to emphasize the need to train P.E.
teachers and provide instructionto students. He employed equipment such
as hanging ladder, climbing poles, balance beam, vaulting horses, and
rope ladder.
•NielsBukh's "Primitive Gymnastics", patterned to some extent after the
work of Ling was one of the innovations in the field of physical
• Hjalmar Fredrik Ling was credited for the organization of
educationalgymnastics.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Pre-panish Period
Physical activities were necessary for existence. Cockfighting, introduced
Malays and considered a favorite sport was popular. Dancing was a
religious activity with several purposes and officiated by a priest or a
priestess. War dances were performed. Bathing and swimming were
important part in the fives of the natives.
Spanish Period
cockfighting continued to be a favorite sport and found its way to the other
places in the archipelago. Dancing became a major activity enjoyed by the
people. The Fandango, the Jota, the Curacha of Spain; the Polka, and
Mazurka of central
Europe; and the Lanceros and Rigodon of France were introduced by the
conquistadores to lure the Filipinos to be converted to Christianity.
MEDALS and HONORS
•Efren "Bata" Reyes was dubbed as 'The magician", when he became
the 1985 Red 9-Ball Open champion for his ability to execute brilliant
shots.
•Eric Buhain wasa bronzemedalist in swimming in the 1990 Beijing Asian
Games.
•Eugene Torre became Asia's first grandmaster at the age of 22.
•Elma Muros was the only track athlete who won in different events in the
Southeast Asian Games. She was hailed as the Southeast Asian
gamesheptathlon queen in 1997.
•Francisco Pancho Villa Guilledo was Asia's first world champion in
boxing and dubbed as the greatest flyweight of the century.
•Gabriel "Flash" Elorde was dubbed as the greatest Filipino boxer of all
time.
•Gerald Rosales was an Asian Games silver medalist and Southeast
Asian Games two-time champion in golf.
•Jennifer Rosales was a five-time champion in golf in the ladies' Amateur
open (1994-1998) before she turned professional.
•Lydia de Vega was Asia's fastest woman in the 1980s. She brought
home thegold medal twice in arrow in the Asian Games in the 100-meter
dash and the silver medal in the 2Øm run.
•Manny Pacquiao won the International Boxing Federation super
bantamweight championship at the age of 23.
•MikeeCojuangco-Jaworski is the accomplished equestrienne who
bagged the gold medal for the Individual Show jumping competition in the
2002 AsianGames.
•PaengNepomuceno is an all-time greatest international bowler with six
world championships to his credit; some considered him as the greatest
Filipino athlete of all time for making it to the Guinness Book of
WorldRecords.
•Ramon Fernandez was the Philippine Basketball Association's first four-
time. Most Valuable player and played in the league for a record of
20seasons.
•Robert Jaworski was one the Philippine Basketball Association's
25greatest players of all time. At his time of retirement, he was the
oldestprofessional basketball player in the world.
•Toni Leviste was part of the Philippine Team that won silver medal inthe
2002 Asian Games show jumping competition.
•Alvin Patrimonio was a four-time Philippine Basketball AssociationMost
valuable Player, two of which were won back-to-back in 1993 and1994.
•Bong Coo made her mark in the bowling world when she deliverednine
consecutive strikes in 1979.
•Carlos Loyzaga led the Philippine Team that won bronze medal in
the1954 World Basketball Championship and four golds.
• Dorothy Delasin is the Filipina who has become the youngest
Ladies'Professional Golf Association Champion in the last 25 years.

HEALTH
FIRST AID is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an
injuryofillness, usually affected by a lay person, and performed within a
limitedskill range. First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness
issatisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor
bruises,and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as an ambulance
or doctor,arrives.

A first aider must not apply care he has not been taught. In major
(orsevere) accidents send for a physician, giving a clear report of what has
occurred. It is best to give the right information as to where the
accidenthappened, the nature and extent of injury and what first aid
measureswere given.ln minor accidents send the patient to a physician
after first aidhas been applied. Do not fuss. Always keep cool and use
encouragingwords to the patient.

Directions:
I. Give urgently needed first aid.
Act quickly for injuries where each second of delay is important: a)
severebleeding b) poisoning, and c) stoppage of breathing where artificial
respiration helps. While the first aider's time and attention are devoted to
the patient, someone else should go or call for a physician.
2. Keep the victim lying down.
Keeps the injured person lying in a comfortable position, his head level
with his body, until you know whether the injury is serious. Protect him
from unnecessary movement and disturbance. It is good to maintain the
body temperature of the victim by wrapping him with a blanket.
3. Check for injuries - examination of victim your clues are the story of
what happened, the victim's reactions after the accident his own ideas
about hisinjuries and your findings upon examination. The extent of this
physical examination should be guided by the kind of accident and the
needs of the situation. If you must move the victim even a short distance
before the physician comes, first you should
know what body parts are injured so that you can support them
adequately during the transfer. Check carefully for injuries. Recognize that
any body part of may be injured and require attention. Your objective in
checking up for injuries is simple: find what body parts are, possibly may
be injured. Yourfirst aid should aim to keep these parts immobile.

4. plan what to do.

Get a physician or ambulance or obtain medical advice by telephone. This
should be one of the first moves. Discuss problems with responsible or
friends of victims. If helpers are needed, instruct them carefully in their
duties. Transport the victim if necessary.

Additional Pointers to Remember in Giving First Aid:

1.If the victim is unconscious, loosen clothing about his neck. If there is no
fracture, turn the patient on his right side, maintaining his position by
flexing the leg or legs, and place a pillow under the head so that
secretions may dip from the corner of the mouth. This will allow good
respiration.
2, Do not give fluids to an unconscious or partly conscious person,
because these may enter the windpipe. Do not attempt to arouse an
unconscious person by shaking him, talking or shouting.
3. Reassure the victim by telling him what first aid steps you are going to
take and how they will help him.
4. Be reluctant to make statements to the victim and bystanders about the
injuries. It is not within the first aider's prerogative to diagnose, evaluate
and predict. Upon questioning from the victim, you can answer that you
would rather have the physician give the information. Helpers must give
necessary information, however.
5. Following injury, do not lift a gasping person by the belt. This is done
very often and may aggravate injuries of the back or internal organs.
Gasping is not always caused by insufficient oxygen but may be due to
injury of back or chest.
6, With indoor accidents, use judgment about opening windows when
weather is cold except when noxious gases are present and may have
caused the accident. Indoors or out, the victim has enough air, and cold
air may be too chilling.

DRESSING AND BANDAGES

The terms 'dressing' and 'bandage' are often used synonymously. In fact,
the term 'dressing' refers more correctly to the primary layer in contact
with thewound. A bandage is a piece of material used either to covering
wounds, to keep dressings in place, to applying pressure
controllingbleeding, to support a medical device such as a splint, or on its
own to I provide support to the body. It can also be used to restrict a part
of the body.

Dressing
Dressings are used to cover wounds, prevent contamination
andcontrol bleeding. In providing first aid we commonly used self-adhesive
dressings or gauze dressings: Adhesive dressings are used mainly for
small wounds. They come in many different sizes, including specific types
for placement on fingertips.
• Gauze dressings are thick, cotton pads used to cover larger
wounds. They are held in place with tape or by wrapping with a
gauze strip (bandage).
• Dressings must be sterile and absorbent to deter the growth of
bacteria, and should be left in place until the wound heals, unless it
needs to be regularly cleaned.
Bandage
The three major types of bandages are:
1) Roller bandages, 2) tubular bandages and 3) triangular bandages.
They are necessary for:
• covering wounds,
• applying pressure controlling bleeding, or
• supporting a strain or sprain.
There is a specific bandage made for each of these tasks.
Roller bandages are long strips of material.
Basically there are two types of roller bandages:
• An elastic roller bandage is used to apply support to a strain or
sprainandis wrapped around the joint or limb many times. It should
be applied firmly, but not tightly enough to reduce circulation.
Cotton or linen roller bandages are used to cover gauze dressings—.
They in many different widths and are held in place with tape,
• dips or pins.

They can also be used for wound compression if necessary, as they are
typically sterile.
Tubular bandages are used on fingers and toes because those areas are
difficult to bandage with gauze. They can also be used to keep dressings
in on parts of the body with lots of movement, such asthe elbow or vee.

Triangular bandagesare made of cotton or disposable paper.They have

a of uses:
• When opened up, they make slings to support, elevate or
immobilize limbs. This may be necessary with a broken bone or a
strain, or to gated a limb after an operation.
• Folded narrowly, a triangular bandage becomes a cold compress
that help reduce swelling. They are used also for applying pressure
to a to controlbleeding.

BASIC BANDAGING FORMS

Each bandaging technique consists of various basicforms of bandaging.
The following five basic forms of bandaging can be used to apply most
types of bandages:
1. circular bandaging
2. spiral bandaging
3. figure-of-eight bandaging
4. recurrent bandaging
5. reverse spiral bandage

Circular bandaging is used to hold dressings on body parts such as

arms, legs, chest or abdomen or for starting others bandaging techniques.
For circular bandage we used strips of cloth or gauze roller bandage or
triangular bandage folded down to form strip of bandage (cravat). In the
circular bandaging technique, the layers of bandage are applied over the
top of each other:
• With the roll on the inner aspect, unroll the bandage either toward
you or laterally, holding the loose end until it is secured by the first
circle ofthe bandage.
• Two or three turns may be needed to cover an area adequately.
Hold the bandage in place with tape or a clip.
•
Spiral bandaging is usually used for cylindrical parts of the body. An
elasticised bandage can also be used to apply spiral bandaging to a
tapered body part. Despite the increasing diameter of the body part, the
elasticity will allow the bandage to fit closely to the skin. With each spiral
turn, part of the preceding turn is covered generally by 1/3 of the width of
the bandage.
Figure-of-eight bandage involves two turns, with the strips of bandage
crossing each other at the side where the joint flexes or extends. It is
usually used to bind a flexing joint or body part below and above the joint.
• Following a circular turn around the middle of the joint, the
bandage should fan out upwards and downwards. The turns should
cross at the side where the limb flexes.
• The figure-of-eight turns can also be applied from a starting point
located below or above the joint crease, working towards the joint itself.
The cross-over points will be located at either the flexing or extending side
ofthe joint; the side where the turns do not cross remains uncovered.
Recurrent bandaging is used for blunt body parts consists partly of
recurrent turns.
The bandage is applied repeatedly from one side across the top to the
otherside of the blunt body part. To be able to fix the recurrent turns well,
not only the wound, but the entire length of the blunt body part should be
covered.
Depending on the width of the bandage and the body part, successive
turns either cover the preceding turn fully or partially. Recurrent bandages
are fixed using circular or spiral turns.

Reverse spiral bandage is a spiral bandage where the bandage is folded

on itself by 180° after each turn.
This V-shaped fold allows the bandage to fit to the tapered shape of the
part all the way along.
This type of bandaging is required when using non-elasticated
bandage.development of elasticated fixing bandages, which are applied to
tapered body parts using the spiral technique, means that the reverse
spiral technique is far less commonly used nowadays.

APPLICATION ROLLER BANDAGES

1. Select the appropriate bandage material for the injury.
-Use gauze ora flex roller for bleeding injuries of the forearm, upper arm,
thigh and lower leg.
-Use a flexible roller bandage for bleeding injuries of the hand, shoulder,
knee, ankle, and foot.
-Use an elastic roller bandage for amputations, arterial bleeding and
sprains.
It is best to use a bandage with some degree of stretch in the weave. This
make the bandage easy to use and more likely to stay in place for many
hours. However, the correct application technique is essential to provide
comfort and adequate support for the affected part.
2 Seledthe appropriate width of bandage
The width of the bandage to use is determined by the size of the part to be
covered. As a general guide, the following widths are recommended:
-Hend and fingers—50 mm
-Lower arm, elbow, hand and foot—75 mm.
-Upperarm, knee and lower leg— IT mm.
-Large leg or trunk— 150 mm.
3.Prepare the patient for bandaging.
-Position the body part to be bandaged in a normal resting
position(positionoffunction).
-Ensure that the body part that is to be bandaged is dean and dry.
4.Apply the anchor wrap.
-Lay the bandage end at an angle across the area to be bandaged.
- Bring the bandage under the area, back to the starting point. and make a
second turn.
-Fold the uncovered triangle of the bandage end back over the second
turn.
-Cover the triangle with a third turn, completing the anchor.
5.Apply the bandage wrap to the injury
-Use a circular wrap to end other bandage patterns, such as a pressure
bandage, or to cover small dressings
-Use a spiral wrap for a large cylindrical area such as a forearm, upper
arm, calf, or thigh. The spiral wrap is used to cover an area larger than a
circular
-Use a figure eight wrap to support or limit joint movement at the hand,
elbow, knee, ankle, or foot
_ Use a spica wrap (same as the figure eight wrap) to cover a much larger
area such as the hip or shoulder.
-Use a recurrent wrap for anchoring a dressing on fingers, the head, or on
a stump.
6. Check the circulation after application of the bandage
-Check the pulse distal to the injury.
-Blanch the fingernail or toenail, if applicable.
-Inspect the skin below the bandaging for discoloration.
-Ask the patient if any numbness, coldness or tingling sensations are felt
in thebandaged part.
-Remove and reapply the bandage, if necessary.
7.Elevate the injured extremities
-to reduce swelling (edema) and —control bleeding, if appropriate.
Bandage - The Donut Bandage is used to put pressure around an impaled
object without putting pressure on the object itself. Guiding principles in
First Aid The key guiding principles and purpose of first aid, is often given
in the mnemonic "3 PS".

These three points govern all the actions undertaken by a first aider.
• prevent further injury
• Preserve life
• Promote recovery

Many first aid situations take place without a first aid kit readily to hand
and it may be the case that a first aider has to improvise materials and
equipment. As ageneral rule, some help is better than no help, especially
in critical situations, soakey first aid skill is the ability to adapt to the
situation, and use available materials until more help arrives.

some common improvisations include:

 • Gloves - plastic bags, dish gloves
• Gauze - clean clothing (but not paper products)
• splints-straight sections of wood, plastic, cardboard or metal
• Slings- the victim's shirt's bottom hem pinned to the center of their
chest will immobilize a forearm nicely

FIRST AID IN THE INJURED

What is trauma ?
The word "trauma" is used to describe an injury to living tissue caused by
an extrinsic agent.
An injury is defined as damage or harm caused to the structure or function
of the body by an outside agent or force, which may be physical, chemical,
or even psychological.

Incidence of injuries
In developed countries, every year a serious trauma experiences about
3% of thetotal population. Trauma affects significantly more males (more
than 0/0). Of the total number of injured 4% of them being permanently
disabled and 1.5% die. It is important to note that death and disability due
to trauma affecting mostly young adult segment of the population, people
ages 1-45.

The injuries are the major source of health care costs. An annual price
ofproviding for injured gets to an amount which is almost a double price
ofproviding for cardiovascular and malignant diseases together.

What cause injuries and how they are divided by cause?

Anything that can damage the body can cause an injury: blunt or sharp
objects, impact at high speed, falls, animal or insect bites, fire or extreme
heat, and exposure to chemicals and toxins. According to the cause the
injury can be divided into:

-mechanical injury - injury to any portion of the body from a blow, crush,
cut, or penetrating force (bullet)
-thermal injury - injury caused by exposure to excess heat and excess
cold
sufficient to cause damage to the skin, and possibly deeper tissue
-electrical injury - injuries caused by exposure to natural lightning or
electricity in the home or workplace, and
-injury produced by ionizing radiation

In some cases, injury can be life threatening. Life-threatening symptoms

related to injuries are:
• Bleeding or abdominal trauma while pregnant
• Bluish coloration of the lips or fingernails
• Change in level of consciousness or alertness
• Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure, palpitations
• Paralysis or inability to move a body part
• Respiratory or breathing problems, such as shortness of breath,
difficulty breathing, labored breathing, wheezing, not breathing,
choking
• Severe pain
• Trauma, such as bums, significant injuries to the head, neck or
back
• Uncontrolled or heavy bleeding, hemorrhage

How is injury treated?

Treatment of injury depends upon its type and severity. Some injuries can
be treated with basic first aid techniques such as wound cleansing, wound
dressings, rest, application of ice, compression, and elevation. Nbre
severe injuries may require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and
other
resuscitation procedures or surgery.

First aid in the injured

First aid in the injured is generally consists of a series of simple and in
some cases, potentially life-saving procedures that an individual an be
trained to perform with minimal equipment. It is usually performed by
non-experts (or sometimes by an expert in case of an emergency), but
trained personnel to a injured person until definitive medical treatment
can be accessed. In fact, certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries
may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention, but in
other cases, first aid is only the first step in the treatmentof injured

The key aims of first aid in the injured can be summarized in three key
points:
1. Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, includingfirst aid,
is to save lives and minimize the threat of death.
2. Prevent further harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition
from worsening, or danger of further injury., This covers both external
factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and
applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such
as applying pressure to stop a bleeding which becomes serious.
3. Promote recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery
process from the injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

Key skills of first aid

Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid to
injured persons and apply before all others if indicated. Particularly the
"ABC's of first aid that focus on critical lifesaving intervention must be
rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway,
Breathing, and Circulation.

Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. For these

reasons, when we get to the injured, care must first be brought to his or
her airway(A) to ensure it is clear.

Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would

determine adequacy of breathing (B) and provide rescue breathing if
(necessary.

Assessment of circulation (C) is now not usually carried out for

patients who are not breathing. First aiders must conclude indirectly that
unconscious patients, without breathing have no circulation and go
straight
to chest compressions. Pulse checks may be done on less serious
patients.
Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments,
as
required.

First aid for wounds

A wound is any type of injury to the skin. In general, wounds can be
classified as closed (where the skin stays intact) or open.
In open wounds, the skin is cracked open, leaving the underlying tissue
exposed to the outside environment, which makes it more vulnerable to
bleeding and infections.

In open wounds, the skin is intact and the underlying tissue is not directly
exposed to the outside world. Even with the skin intact, the damage can
reach down to the underlying muscle, internal organs and bones. That is
why this kind of wounds can be complicated by severe bleeding, large
bruises, nerve damage, bone fractures and internal organ damage.

Open wounds can be classified according to the object that caused the
wound. The types of open wounds are:

Incisions caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife,

razor, or glass splinter

Lacerations irregular tear-like wounds caused b some blunt trauma

Abrasions superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the skin

(the epidermis) is scraped off. Abrasions are often caused
by a sliding fall onto a rough surface

Avulsions injuries in which a body structure is forcibly detached

from its normal point of insertion.

Puncture caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as a splinter,

wounds nail or needle.

Penetrating caused by an object such as a knife entering and coming

out from the skin.
Gunshot caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving into or
through the body. There may be two wounds, one at the
site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally referred
to as a "through-and-through."
The types of dosed wounds are:
• contusions, more commonly known as bruises, caused by a blunt
force trauma those damages tissue under the skin.
• Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to a
blood
vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.
• Crush injury is an injury that occurs because of pressure from a
heavy
object onto a body part or from squeezing of a body part between two
objects. Depending upon their severity, crush injuries can be complicated
by bleeding, bruising, broken bones, open wounds or so-called
compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome usually results from
extreme swelling after an injury. The dangerously high pressure in the
field of injury impedes the flow of blood to the affected tissues. Severe
tissue damage can result, with loss of body function or even death.

The following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a victim of a

open wound:
1. Stop the bleeding— Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on
their own.
-If they don't, apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or bandage. Hold
the pressure continuously for 20 to .30 minutes and if possible, elevate the
2. Clean the wound —Rinse out the wound with clear water. Soap can
irritate the wound, so try to keep it out of the actual wound.
-If dirt or debris remains in the wound after washing, use tweezers
cleaned with alcohol to remove the particles.
-To clean the area around the wound, use soap and a washcloth. —
There's
no need to use hydrogen peroxide, iodine or an iodine-containing
3. Cover the wound—lf the bleeding slows, cover the wound with a
clean dressing and bandage.
-Dressings and bandages can help keep the wound clean and keep
harmful bacteria out. A dressing is a sterile pad or compress (usually
made
of gauze or cotton wrapped in gauze) used to cover wounds, to control
bleeding and/or prevent further contamination. A dressing should be large
enough to totally cover the wound, with a safety margin of about 2.5 cm on
all sides beyond the wound. A bandage is used to secure a dressing in
place and to apply pressure to bleeding wounds.

The following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a victim of a

closed wound:
1. Application of direct pressure, preferably with ice wrapped in a
cloth,
forseveral minutes, in order to arrest the bleeding as well as to reduce the
swelling.
2. Elevation of the affected region will also support in reducing the
pressure as well as the re-absorption process and it should be practiced
as
and when appropriate.

When to seek help from health professional:

• If the wound is in the head, chest or abdomen (unless it is minor).
• If there is blue, white or cold skin, numbness, tingling, loss of
feeling
orthe person is unable to move a limb below the wound.
• If your tetanus shots are not up to date, especially if the object that
caused the puncture was dirty, such as a rusty nail or farm implement.
• If a deep wound to the foot occurred through a shoe.
• If an animal bite is severe and may need stitches, or if it is on the
hand or face.
 • If you are unable to remove an object from the wound.
• If signs of infection develop —increased pain, swelling, redness,
tenderness — heat or red streaks extending from the wound discharge of
pus -fever of 38 oc with no other cause.

First aid for bleeding

• Bleeding is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.
It
arises due to traumatic injury, underlying medical condition, or a
combination and can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood
vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening
such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a break
in
the skin.
• External bleeding is generally described in terms of the origin of
the
blood flow by vessel type. The basic categories of external bleeding are:
• Arterial bleeding: As the name suggests, blood flow originating in
an
artery. With this type of bleeding, the blood is typically bright red to
yellowish in color, due to the high degree of oxygenation. Blood typically
exits the wound in spurts, rather than in a steady flow. The amount of
blood loss can be copious, and can occur very rapidly.

• Venous bleeding: 'This blood is flowing frorn a damaged vein, As

a
result, it will be blackish in colour (due to the lack of oxygen being
transported) and will flow in a steady manner, Caution is still indicated;
while the blood joss may not be arterial, it can still be quite substantial,
and can occur with surprising speed without intervention,
• capillary bleeding: Capillary blooding usually occurs in superficial
wounds, such as abrasions, The colour of the blood may vary somewhat
(distal portion of circulation with oxygenated and dooxygenated blood
mixing), and will generally ooze in small amounts, as opposed to flowing
or spurting.

Internal Bleeding is one of the most f.orious consequences of trauma. It

may occur after any significant physical injury. Thore are two main types
of
trauma, and either may cause internal bleeding:
• Blunt trauma - This kind of trauma happens when a body part
collides
with something else, usually at high speed. Blood vessels inside the body
are torn or crushed either by shear forces or a blunt object. Examples are
car accidents, physical assaults, and most falls.
• penetrating trauma This happens when a foreign object
penetrates the
body, tearing a hole in one or more blood vessels. Examples are gunshot
wounds, stabbings, or falling onto a sharp object. Almost any organ or
blood vessel can be damaged by trauma and cause internal bleeding. The
most serious sources of internal bleeding due to trauma are:
• Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage)
• Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax)
• Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade)
• 'Tears in the large blood vessels near the center of the body (aorta,
superior and inferior vena cava, and their major branches)
• Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen such as liver or spleen
lacerations or perforation of other soft organs

symptoms of bleeding are:

• Blood coming from an open wound
 • Bruising
• shock, which may cause any of the following symptoms:
-Confusion or decreasing alertness
-Clammy skin
-Dizziness or light-headedness after an injury
-Low blood pressure
-Paleness (pallor)
-Rapid pulse, increased heart rate
-Shortness of breath
-Weakness
Any of these signs of internal bleeding after a trauma should be treated as
a medical emergency. The injured person needs to be evaluated in a
hospital emergency room.

The following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a

victim of an
extemal bleeding:
1. Wash your hands to avoid infection and put on gloves
2. Lay on the injured person down and cover the person to prevent
loss
of body heat.
• If possible, position the person's head slightly lower than the trunk
or elevate the legs and elevate the site of bleeding
3. While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt or debris from the
wound.
• Don't remove any large or more deeply embedded objects. Your
principal concern is to stop the bleeding.
4. Apply pressure directly on the wound until the bleeding stops
• Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and hold continuous pressure
for
at least 20 minutes without looking to see if the bleeding has stopped.
Maintain pressure by binding the wound tight adhesive tape. Use your
hands if nothing else is available.
5. Squeeze a main artery if necessary
• If the bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure, apply pressure to
the artery delivering blood to the area.
• Squeeze the main artery in these areas against the bone. Keep
your
fingers flat.
• With your other hand, continue to exert pressure on the wound
Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped.
Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the
emergency room as soon as possible.
If continuous pressure hasn't stopped the bleeding and bleeding is
extremely severe, a tourniquet may be used until help arrives or
It should be applied to the limb between the bleeding site and the
heart and tightened so bleeding can be controlled by applying direct
pressure over the wound.
To make a tourniquet, use bandages 5-10 cm (2 to 4 inches) wide and
wrap them around the limb several times. Tie a knot, leaving loose ends
Jong enough to tie another knot. A stick should be placed between the two
knots. Twist the stick until the bandage is tight enough to stop the
bleeding and then secure it in place. —Check the tourniquet every 10 to
15
minutes. If the bleeding becomes controllable, (manageable by applying
direct pressure), release the tourniquet.
first aid for bone and joint injuries
Injuries of bones and joints can be bone fractures or dislocations and
sprains of joints.
fracture is the medical term for a broken bone. There are many types of
fractures, but the main categories are open, and closed.
A closed fracture is when the bone breaks but there is no puncture or
open wound in the skin.
'An open fracture is one in which the bone breaks through the skin.
This is an important difference from a closed fracture because with an
open fracture there is a risk of a deep bone infection.
The severity of a fracture depends upon its location and the damage done
Tothe bone and tissue near it. Serious fractures can lead to serious
Possible complications include damage to blood vessels or nerves and
infection of the bone (osteomyelitis) or surrounding tissue.
Fractures can be identified by symptoms that can be represented by the
acronym DOTS: D for deformity, O for open wounds, T for tenderness and
S
forswelling.

following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a victim with

bone injury:
Don't move the person except if necessary, to avoid further injury. Take
these actions immediately while waiting for medical help:
Stop any bleeding—Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
3. Immobilize the injured area — Don’t try to realign the bone or push a
bone that's sticking out back in. —If you've been trained in how to splint
and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the area
above and below the fracture sites.
splinting reduces pain, prevents further damage to muscles, nerves and
blood vessels, prevents closed fracture from becoming open fracture and
In an emergency, almost any firm object or material can serve as a splint
such as sticks, boards, or even rolled up newspapers. If none can be
found,
use a rolled blanket or clothing. An injured body part can also be taped to
an uninjured body part in order to prevent it from moving. For example,
you can tape an injured finger to the finger next to it, or fractured leg to
uninjured leg to keep it immobile (self-splint or anatomic splint).
splint must be well padded on the sides touching the body; if they are not
properly padded, they will not fit well and will not adequately immobilize
the injured part.
Before applying splint, open wounds must be covered. We have to
immobilize in position found.
A basic rule of splinting is that the joint above and below the broken bone
should be immobilized to protect the fracture site. For example, if the
lower leg is broken, the splint should immobilize both the ankle and the
knee. Fasten splints in place with bandages, strips of adhesive tape,
clothing, or other suitable materials
-Use opposite arm to measure length of splint!
-If possible, one person should hold the splints in position while another
person fastens them.

You should examine a splinted part approximately every half hour and
loosen the fastenings if the circulation appears to be impaired. Remember
that any injured part is likely to swell, and splints or bandages that are
otherwise applied correctly may later become too tight.

Apply ice packs to limit smiling and relieve pain until personnel arrive.
-Don't apply ice directly to the skin
-wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material.
5.Treat for shock -If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid
breaths lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk
and, if possible, elevate the legs. Injuries of joints can be dislocations or
sprains of joints,
A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of bones are forced from their
normal positions.
The cause is usually trauma resulting from a fall, an auto accident or a
collision during contact or high-speed sports, A dislocation is likely to
bruise or tear the muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves
heart joint. Rapid swelling and discoloration, loss of ability to use the joint,
severe pain and muscle spasms, possible numbness and loss of pulse
below the joint, and shock are characteristic symptoms of dislocations.
The fact that the injured part is usually stiff and immobile, with marked
deformation at the joint, will help you distinguish a dislocation from a
fracture. In a fracture, there is deformity between joints rather than at
joints, and there is generally a wobbly motion of the broken bone at the
point of fracture.
A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments — the tough bands of
fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another in your joints. The most
common location for a sprain is in ankle, Signs and symptoms will vary,
depending on the severity of the injury but pain and swelling are the main
symptoms. The following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a
victim with joint injury: 1. For dislocations, splint and provide care as you
would for
fracture. 2. For sprains, use RICE procedure R=rest, I=lce,S=compression
and E=elevation

First aid for back and neck injury (spinal cord injury) severe blow, fall, or
other accident may result in injury to the neck or spinal cord. spinal cord
injuries can cause long-term, irreversible damage death symptoms can be
loss of sensation, loss of motor functions (paralysis%). loss of
bowel/bladder functions, loss of involuntary functions like breathing,
inability to control rate of heart beat, inability to sweat.

The following measures need to be taken in giving first aid to a victim with
suspected spinal cord injury:
1.Seek medical assistance immediately. Call for Emergency
2.Until Ebb arrives:
-DO NOT move victim unless absolutely necessary to victim's life.
-DO NOT bend or twist victim's neck or body. Careful handling is
important.
-Maintain position in which victim was found and immobilize head, neck,
shoulders, and torso - roll up towels, blankets, jackets, or dothis and place
around head, neck, shoulders, and torso

First aid for burns

Burns are thermal injury caused to the skin; we can distinguish in these 4:
(1. Burns that affect only the superficial skin are known as 2. When
damage penetrates into some of the second-degree burn. 3. in a full.
thickness or third 4. Sometimes we talk about such as muscle or bone.)
Symptoms and sign of various types of burns thermal injury caused by
exposure to excess heat According to the depth of injury tree (or four)
types of burns: Burns that affect only the superficial skin are known as
superficial or first.When damage penetrates into some of the underlying
layers, it is a partial thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all
layers of the skin. A fourth-degree bums when the injury affects superficial
or first-degree burns. Partial-thickness or, the injury extendsto alllayers of
the skin affect deeper tissues.

To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to

determine the extent of damage to body tissues. In order to determine the
need for referral to a specialized burn unit, the American Burn Association
devised a classification system. Under this system, burns can be classified
as major, moderate and minor. This is assessed based on a number of
factors, including total body surface area affected, the involvement of
specific anatomical zones, the age of the person, and
associated injuries. Minor burns can typically be managed at home,
moderate burns are often managed in hospital, and major burns are
managed by a burn center!
For minor burns, including first-degree burns and second-degree burns
limited to an area no larger than 8 centimeters in diameter, take the
following action:
1.Cool the burn. —Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running
water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides.
- If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cool water or cool it with
coldcompresses.
-Don't put ice on the burn.
2. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage.
-Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin.
-Bandaging keeps air off the burn, reduces pain and protects blistered
3. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever.
-These include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen
-Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers.
-Talk to your doctor if you have concerns.

For major burns, call 112 or emergency medical help.

Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps:
1.Don't remove burned clothing. —However, do make sure the victim is
no
longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat.
2. Don’t immerse large severe bums in cold water. —Doing so could
cause
a drop in body temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration of blood
pressure and circulation (shock).
3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). —
If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin CPR.
4, Elevate the burned body part or parts. — Raise above heart level,
when possible
5.Cover the area of the burn. — use a cool, moist, sterile bandage.
clean, moist doth or moist cloth towels.
First aid for cold related injuries
cold-related injuries, such as hypothermia and frostbite, occurs when low
temperatures damage the body. Frostbite is a common injury caused by
exposure to extreme cold or by contact with extremely cold objects
(especially those made of metal). It occurs when tissue temperature falls
below the freezing point (CC/320F), or when blood flow is obstructed.
In mild cases, the symptoms include inflammation of the skin in patches
accompanied by slight pain. In severe cases, there could be tissue
damage
without pain, or there could be burning or prickling sensations resulting in
blisters.

Hypothermia is condition in which body temperature falls below 330C.

people at greatest risk are those who are lying immobile in a cold
environment, such as people who have had a stroke or a seizure or who
are unconscious due to intoxication, those with a low blood sugar level, or
those with an injury. Because they are not moving, these people generate
less heat and also are unable to leave the cold environment. The very
young and the very old are at particular risk.

Anatomical, Mechanical and Physiological Bases of Movements Definition

of Terms
Anatomy Is the branch of science that deals with the structure of the
body parts, their forms and how they are organized
Physiolog the science that deals with the functions of the body parts
what they do and how they do it.
Kinesiology is that science that deals with the study of human motion
Mechanics is the area of scientific study concerned the mechanical
aspect of any system, answers to what is happening, why it
is happening, and
to what extent it is happening
* Static the study of factors associated with none moving
* Dynamics the study of factors associated with system in
motion
Kinematics the study of the time and space factors of motion of a
movement
Kinetics the study of the time and space factors that influence its
movement
Biomechanicsis the area of study wherein the knowledge and methods of
mechanics are applied to the structure and function of the
living human system,

THE HUMAN BODY

The body is the most amazing and miraculous living machine in the
universe, capable of growth, self-repair and reproduction as a result of the
monitoring power of the human brain, It is made up of thousands of parts
of various sizes and shapes that work together in an organized manner,
each of which have a specific functions working together to keep as alive,
But, the big question is "What is the human body really made of?
Cell -are the building blocks of the body, They are the smallest structure
of the body that carries out complex processes, It varies in size, shape,
color and other depending upon its function, It can divide and multiply,
typically a human cell consists of several compartments of organelles
surrounded by plasma membrane, The organelles can be seen floating in
fluid called cytoplasm, Each cell contains a nucleus where the genetic
material is stored. This coil-like structure is called chromosomes that
always comes in pair and are made up of a chemical called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) where the genetic rnaterials are stored, Each one
of us has 46 chromosomes, from which 23 came from the father and 23
from the mother. This made us unique from others,

Tissue —are group of cells organized into layers or masses that have
common function. Cells of different tissues vary in size, shape,
organization and function; those within each type are quite similar ins
function. The tissues of the human body are of four major types—
1. Epithelial —cover all body surfaces, line most internal organsr and are
the major tissues of glands. The epithelial cells reproduce readily that is
why injuries to epithelium heals rapidly as new cells replace]ost or
damages ones. Examples are the skin, stomach and intestine
2. Connective — binds structures, provide supports and protection, serves
as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against
infections and help repair tissue damage. Examples are the bones, the
tendons, ligaments, muscles, adipose tissue or fats,nervous tissues
Organs —are groups of different tissues that form a complex structure
with specialized functions like the skin, skeleton, stomach, the heart,
kidneys, intestine, muscles, brain, blood etc...
Systems — are group of organs that functionciosely together that
constitute the organism

SYSTEMS
 Skeletal system —consist ofthebones, cartilage and ligaments that
bind bones together. Without th@frame to support your body you would
collapse, lose your shapes and be unable to move. This body frame is
called skeleton. It gives your bbdy strength and protects the soft parts
inside. The bones are lightenough to allow you to move about easily.
They have joints that you Can bend to allow the body to do many things.
It also produces blood cells and store inorganic salt. The skeleton is made
out of bones of different size and shapes. It serves as the framework
that holds the whole body together.

THE BONES
The bones are the living structures consisting of several layers. These
include thin, membranous outer surface that has a network of nerves and
blood vessels running through it. Bones is made up of 35% organic
materials of fibrous protein called collagen that gives the bone flexibility.
The 65% of inorganic salt and water like calcium and phosphorus that
gives the bone strength.

Types of Bones
• Long bones - leg and arm bones
• short bones —wrist and ankle bones
• Flat bones —skull, shoulder blade, ribs, sternum and patella
• Irregular—bones of the spinal column
The thigh bones or the femur is the largest and strongest single bone in
the body, while the smallest bone is called stirrup found in the middle ear
connected to two other small bones called hammer and anvil that are
joined to the eardrum. This carries sound signals to the brain.

Division of the Skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two parts:
• AXIAL Skeleton — consist of the bones that form the axis of the body
and support and protect the organs of the head; neck and trunk.
1, Skull
2. Sternu
3. Ribs
4, Vertebral Column
• APPENDlCULAR Skeleton is composed of the bones that anchor
theappendages to the axial skeleton.
1. Upper Extremities
2. Lower Extremities
3. Shoulder Girdle
4. Pelvic Girdle (the sacrum and coccyx are considered part of the
vertebral column)

The Axial Skeleton

The Skull
The skull is the bony framework of the head. It is comprised of the eight
cranial and fourteen facial bones. The cranial bones make up the
protective frame of bones around the 'brain while the facial bones make
upthe upper and lower jaw and other facial structures. These are:

• CRANIAL BONES
frontal forms the forehead
parietal forms the roof and sides of the skull
temporal house the ears
occipital forms the base of the skull and contains the foramen
magnum
sphenoid is considered the key bone of the skull where all bones are
connected to it
ethmoid located between the eyes that forms the part of the nasal
septum

• FACIAL
Mandible forms the lower jaw and the only moveable joint in the head
that provide the chewing motion. (1)
maxilla forms the upper law (2)
palatine forms the hard palate or the roof of mouth
zygomatic are the cheek bones
lacrimal help form the orbits or inner aspect of the eyes
nasal forms the bridge of the nose
vomer form parts of the nasal septum ( the divider between the
nostrils)

inferior concha bones which makes-up the side wall of the nasal cavity

The Ribs
The ribs are thin, flat curved bones that form a protective cage around the
organs in the upper body. They comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs
that form a kind of cage that encloses the upper body. They give the chest
its familiar shape to protect the heart and lungs from injuries and shocks.
The ribs also protects parts of the stomach, spleen and kidneys, during
respiration, the muscles in between the ribs lift the rib cage up to allow the
lungs to expand when you inhale. Then, the rib cage moves down These
bones of the rib cage are divided into three categories namely:
•TRUE RIBS —are the first seven pairs of bones connected to the spine
(backbone) and directly to the breastbone or sternum by a strip of
cartilage called the costal cartilage
• FALSE RIBS are the next three pairs of bones directly connected to the
spine at the back and are attached to the lowest true ribs in front.
• FLOATING RIBS - are the last two sets of ribs the spine but not
connected is a flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the from
where the ribs are connected to it by the costal It is composed of three
parts, the handle called the manubrium, the blade called body and the tip
called xiphoid process.

The Vertebral Column

The vertebral column also called the backbone or spinal column consist of
series of 33 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae, This 33 bones are
divide into five categories depending on where they are located in the
backbone.
• CERVICAL VERTEBRAE —the first seven vertebrae located on top of
the
vertebral column. These bones form a flexible framework of the neck and
support the head. The first cervical vertebra is called the atlas which
allows the head action for the YES and NO.
• THORACIC VERTEBRAE — are the next 12 vertebrae form the anchor
of the rib cage. The bones of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than the
cervical and increase in size from to bottom.
• LUMBAR VERTIBRAE — these five bones are the largest vertebrae in
the
spinal column that support most of the body's weight and are attached to
many of the back muscles.
• SACRUM —is the triangular bone located just below the lumbar
vertebrae that consist of four of five sacral vertebrae in a child which fused
into a single bone after age 26. This forms the back wall of the
•COCCYC —is also called the tailbone consist of 3-5 bones that are fused
together in adult.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The Upper Extremities
The upper extremity consist of parts, the arm, forearm and the hands
• ARM is the region between the shoulder and the elbow consisting of a
single long bone called humerus. The humerus is the longest bone in the
upper extremity. The top or the head is large, smooth and rounded that fits
into the scapula in theshoulder. On the bottom end are two depressions
where the humerus connects to the radius and ulna of the
• FOREARM - is the region between the elbow and the wrist. It is formed
by the radius on the lateral side and the ulna on the medial side when
viewed on anatomical position. The ulna is longer than the radius and
connected more firmly to the humerus. The radius however contributes
more to the movements of the wrist and hand than the ulna. When the
hands are turned over so that the palm is facing downwards, the radius
crosses over the ulna.
• HANDS - have 27 bones and are consist of three parts, the wrist, palms
and fingers.
1. Wrist or Carpals -- consist of 8 small bones called carpal bones that
are tightly bound by the ligament. These bones are arranged in two rows
of four bones each
2. Palm or Metacarpal consist of 4 metacarpal bones one aligned with
each of the fingers. The bases of the metacarpal bones are connected to
the wrist bone and the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers
that form the knuckles of a clenched fist.
3. Fingers or Phalanges consist of 14 bones called phalanges. The
single finger bone is called phalanx arranged in three rows.

Lower Extremities
The lower extremities are composed of the bones of the thigh, leg, foot
and patella (kneecap). The bones of the lower extremities are the
heaviest, largest and strongest bones in the body because they must bear
the entire weight of the body when a person is standing in the upright
position.

•THIGH - the region between the hip and the knee composed of a single
bone called femur or thighbone. The femur is the longest, largest and
strongest bone in the body

• Leg - it is the region between the knee and the It is formed to the fibula
on side away from the body and the tibia or the shin bone. tibia connects
to the femur to form the knee the tibia is largerthan the fibula because it
bears the weight white the fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment.
• Foot-contains 26 bones of the ankle, instep the five the ankle composed
of 7 tarsal bones the largest of which is called calcaneus or bone. The
talus rest on top of the calcaneus and is connected to tibia that allows the
ankle to flex and extend
• PHALANGES or Metatarsal — bones of the foot are similar in number
position to the metacarpal and phalanges of the hands
• KNEECAP or Patella is a large triangular sesamoid bone between the
femur and the tibia. The patella protects the knee joint and strengthens the
tendons that form the knee.

The Shoulder Girdle

The shoulder girdle is also called pectoral girdle composed of four
2davicJes and 2 scapulae. The pectoral girdle serves as an attachment
pint for the numerous muscles that allows the elbow and the shoulder joint
to move. also provides the connection between the upper extremities and
the axial skeleton.
• CLAVICLE— is also known as collar bone. It is a slender S-shaped bone
connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and holds the shoulder
joint that allow a greater freedom of movement. One end of the clavicle is
connected to the sternum and one end is connected to the scapula
• SCAPULA- is a large triangular, flat bone on the back side of the rib
cage commonly called the shoulder blade. It overlays the second through
the seventh ribs and serve as attachment for several muscles.

The Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle also called the hip girdle composed of coxal bones that
support the weight of the body from the vertebral columns This basin-
shaped pelvis supports the upper half of Your body and protects the soft
parts and other body systems. This coxal bone is composed of the ilium,
ischium and pubis. The pelvic girdle differs between man and woman. In
man the pelvis is more massive and the iliac crest is closer together. In
woman, the pelvis is more delicate and the iliac crest is rather apart that
reflects the role of women in pregnancy and in the
delivery of children,

The Joints
The joints or articulation is the place where two bones come together.
There are three types of joints classified according to their degrees of
movement.

• IMMOVABLE or Synarthroses in this joint the bones are in a very dose

contact and are separated only by thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.
The sutures are the joints of the skull The parietal bones are joined by the
sagittal suture. Where the parietal bones and frontal bones meet is the
coronal suture, the parietal and the occipital is joined by lomboidal suture
while the suture between the parietal and temporal is referred to
squamous suture. This site is the most common location of the 'fontanelles
on the head of the baby.
• SLIGHTLY MOVABLE or Amphiarthroses this joint is characterized by
bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). Example:
The ribs that are connected to the sternum.
• FREELY MOVABLE or Diarthroses most of the joint in the human body
are freely movable which are of six types:

Ball-and-Socket this type has a ball shaped end on one bone that fits
into a cup shaped socket of the other bone allowing the widest range of
motion including rotation. Example: shoulder and hip joints

Condyloid oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another

allowing angular motion but not This occurs between the
 metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hands) and the
phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones
excluding heel) phalanges (toes)
Saddle this type of joint occurs when the touching surface of two
bones have both concave and convex regions with the
shapes of the bones complementing one another and
allowing a wide range of movement. Example: only the
thumb.
Pivot the rounded or conical surface of one bone fits into a ring of
one or tendon allowing rotation. Example: the joint between
the axis and atlas of the neck.
Hinge a concave projection of one bone fits the concave
depression in another that allows only two movements,
flexion and extension. Example: knee joint and elbow joints
Gliding Flat or slightly flat bones move against each other allowing
sliding or twisting without any circular movement. Example:
carpals or wrist bone and tarsals of the ankle.

Types of Motion
Joints can move in many directions such as:
FLEXION is the act of bringing two bones closer together which de-
crease the angle between two bones
EXTENSION is the act of increasing the angle between two bones that
results in
straightening motion

ABDUCTION is the movement of an extremity away from the midline (an

imaginary
Line that divides the body from head to toe
ADDUCTION is movement towards the midline
The following sets of muscles are those directly responsible in producing
major body movements:
• MUSCLES OF THE NECK
sternocleidomastoid are large muscles extending diagonally down sides of
the neck. Possible movements are flexion, extension and
• MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
1.Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3 Pectoralis Major
4. Serratus
5. Biceps Brachii
6 Triceps Brachii
7. Extensor and Flexor Carpi Muscle Group
Extensor and Flexor Digitorum Muscle Groups

• MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

1.Extemal Intercostals - are found between the ribs. It raises the ribs to
help breathing
2.Diaphragm - is a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and
abdominal cavities. This helps to control breathing
3.Rectus Abdominis —is an abdominal muscle that extends from the ribs
to the pelvis that compresses the abdomen
4.Extemal Oblique — is located at the anterior edge of the last eight ribs
that depresses the ribs, flexes the spinal column and com- presses the
abdominal cavity
5. Intemal Oblique — is found directly beneath the external oblique with
fibers running in the opposite direction that depresses the ribs, flexes the
spinal column and compresses the abdominal cavity.

• MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

Gluteus is the buttocks muscle that stretches the femur and rotates it
outward
Maximus
Gluteus Mediusextends from the deep femur to the buttocks and the
injection
site. Its function is to abduct and rotates the thigh
Tensor FaciaeLataeis a flat muscle found along the upper of the thigh
that flexes abduct and medially rotates the thigh
Beaus Femoris is the anterior thigh that flexes the thigh and extends
lower leg
Sartorius is also called tailor's muscle. It is a long, strap-like the
muscle that runs diagonally across the anterior and medial
surface of the thigh that flexes and rotates the thigh and legs
Tibialis Anterioris located in front of the tibia bone that dorsiflexes the
foot which ermit3 walking on heels
Gastrocnemiusis the calf muscle flexes the lower muscles that points
Soleus Is abroad flat muscle found beneath the gastrocnemius that
extendsthe foot
Peroneus Longus is a superficial muscle found on the lateral side of the
leg that
extend and everts the foot and support the arches.
Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organs. Nerve cells within this organ use electrochemical signals called
nerve impulses that carries information between the brain and all parts of
the body. The sensory nerve carries signals to your brain from your
senses telling what is happening around you. When the brain decided
what to do it sends signals along the other set of nerves —the motor
nerves that makes your muscles work,
• CEUTPALNERVOUS SYSTEM -consists of the brain which contains
more than 12 billion active nerve cells and the spinal cord, which extends
from the base of the brain all the way down to your back. It is protected by
the rings of your bone in your spine. Together, they act as the central
processing unit, collecting information from every part of the body. The
messages flow around the body through a highly complex System of
nerves, while some information is acted on immediately, others are stored.

• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMthe network of nerves to parts of the

body,It comprises cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and spinal
nerve in the spinal cord.
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -is includes peripheral and gangtia
or the group of cell bodies outside the central nervous system that
impulses to involuntary muscles and glands

Types of Nerve Cells

• MOTOR NEURONES —are neurones that control muscle works
• SENSORY NEURONES are neurones that carry messages from the
sense organs
• CONNECTOR NEURONES are those that pass messages between
different parts of the nervous systems circulatory system- consist the
heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The blood is pumped all around
your body by the heart, It
passes and transport blood through the blood vessels. Arteries used to
transportblood away from the heart while the veins transport blood
towards the heart, while exchange of gases takes place in the tiny
capillaries,
The circulatory system is the longest system of the body which includes
the following organs;
• HEART —is the muscular pump which is responsible for circulating
blood throughout the body
• Valves- The heart has two pairs of valves that regulate blood flow within.
These valves prevent from flowing back blood as the heart open and dose
during contraction.
•ATRIOVENTRICULAR or A V — are valves located between the atria
and the ventricle,
1.Triwspid valve —is a valve with 3 points of attachment positioned
between the right atrium and right ventricle. It allows the blood to flow from
the right atrium down to the right ventricle.
2. Bicuspid —a 2-point attachment valve located at the left side of the
heart, regulating the blood flow from the left atrium down to the left
ventricle

• SEMl-LUNAR Valve - are valves located where the blood will leave thr
heart 1.Pulmonary -is found at the orifice (opening) of the pulmonary
artery where the blood travels from the right ventricle into thepulmonary
2. Aortic-is found at the orifice of the aorta. This valve permits the blood
to pass from the left ventricle into aorta to the different body parts.
The sound of the heartbeat is created by the two sets of heart valves
dosing during the cardiac cycle that can be heard through the stethoscope
and are described phonetically as "lub-dub". The lub sound is produced by
the closing of the AV valve called systole. The dub sound is made by the
closing of the semi-lunar valves known as diastole.
• BLOOD VESSELS — which includes the arteries, veins and capillaries
are the structures that takes the blood from the heart to the cells and
return blood from the cells back to the heart
BLOOD —carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries the
waste products away.
Functions

RESPIRATORY transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and

release carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
REGULATORY transport hormones and other chemical substances
that control the proper functioning of many organs. It
also controls body temperature by circulating excess
heat to the body surfaces and to the lungs through
which it is lost. It maintain water balance and a
constant environment for tissue cells

NUTRITIVE transport nutrient molecules from the small intestine

to the tissues

PROTECTIVE circulate the antibodies and defensive cells

throughout the body to fight against infection and
disease.

EXCRETORY transporting waste product like lactic acid, urea and

creatinine from the cells to the excreto organs
LYMPH return excess fluid from the tissue to the general
circulation, the lymph nodes produce lymphocytes
and
filter out pathogenic bacteria.

Blood Cells
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) -r transport oxygen to the
tissuespicks
up carbon dioxide away from the tissues and give up carbon dioxide to
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leucocytes) —are blood cells
manufactured in
both red marrow and lymphatic tissues. It helps protect the body
against infections and injuries
• . BLOOD PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) - are the smallest of the
solid
„mponents of the blood. The platelets function in the initiation of the
blood dotting process. The platelets are then stimulated to produce
sticky projecting structure creating a platelet plug to stop the 'bleedirt&

Blood Types
The knowledge of one's particular type of blood is important in cases of
blood transfusions and surgery. A test called type and cross matet is
done before giving blood transfusion to test blood compatibility.

There are four main types of blood

• O—is the blood type that can only receive type O blood, but is a
universal donor to all blood types
• is a blood type that can receive A and O only but can donate blood
to A and AB only
• B—is a blood type that can receive B and O only and AB. This
letters
refer to chemicals on the surface of the red blood cells.
• ,AB-is a universal recipient, that can receive blood type A, B, AB, O
but can donate only to AB blood type.

Respiratory System—consist of the air passages from the nose to

the trachea or windpipes, bronchi, to the alveoli or the air sacs of your
lungs. The air that you breathe is made up of different gasses, mixed
together, but the body only needs one of them, oxygen to keep you
alive.
  Digestive system— consist of the mouth that breaks down the
feed into tiny bits. Then it travels down the esophagus which is
to the stomach where the digestive process is strongest.
the food flows down the small intestine. Food
through the thin walls into the blood. The large intestine holds the
that the body cannot digest. Later it passes out the boey through
the rectum.
 Excretory System —the organs in several systems absorb and
various wastes. The digestive system excrete undigested food
-h the rectum, the kidney removes waste fromthe blood in the
of urine. The respiratory system gives out carton dioxide as
product while the skin gives out perspiration that even carries
s31t and fats.
 Integumentary system—includes the skin and its various
accessory
such as the nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. This
sptem protects the underlying tissues, help regulate body
temperature, house variety of sensory receptors and synthesize
certain products.
 Reproductive system—Reproduction is the process of producing
offspring. Cell reproduces when they divide and give rise to new
reproduction of an organism produces a whole new organism like
itself. This consists of the female organs vagina, uterus, ovary, egg and
*tube. The male organs include the penis, testes and bladder.
 Lymphatic system—consist of the lymphaticvessels, lymph fluid,
nodes, thymus gland and spleen. This system transports some
of the tissue fluid back to the blood stream and carries certain fatty
substance away from the digestive organs. The cells of the lymphatic
system are called lymphocytes. They defend the body against
infection by removing the disease causing microorganisms and viruses
from the tissue.
 Endoaine system—includes all the glands that secrete chemical
messengers alled hormones that help control conditions within the
body. They are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas,
ovaries, pineal glands and thymus

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Relative Positions : The terms relative position described the location
of one body part with respect to another which includes the following:
Superior means that a body part is above another part or is
closer to the head. (The thoracic cavity is superior to
the Abdominopelvic cavity).

Inferior means that the body part is below another body part
or is toward the feet. (The neck is inferior to the head)

Anterior (or means towards the front (The eyes are anterior to the
brain)

Ventral)
Posterior (or means towards the back (The pharynx is posterior to
the oral cavity)

Dorsal)
Medial relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into
equal left and right halves. A body part is medial if it is
closer to the line than another part. The nose is medial
to the eyes)
Lateral means toward the side with respect to the imaginary
midline. (The ears are lateral to the eyes)

Proximal describes a body part that is closer to a point of

attachment or closer to the trunk to the trunk of the
body than other part. (The elbow is proximal to the
wrist)
Distal means that a particular part of the body id farther from
the point of attachment or father from the trunk than
another art. The fin ers are distal to the wrist

Superficial means situated near the surface (the epidermis is

superficial to the layer of the skin). Peripheral also
means outward or near the surface.

Deep described part that is more internal. The dermis is the

inner layer of the skin).

ABNORMAL not typical or usual or regular

ABSORPTION The process of taking in, as when a sponge takes up

water. Chemicals can be absorbed into the
bloodstream after breathing or swallowing. Chemicals
can also be absorbed through the skin into the
bloodstream and then transported to other organs.
ABSTINENCE the trait of refraining from something, especially
alcohol

ACCESSIBLE capable of being reached

ACCURACY the quality of being near to the true value

ACHE a dull persistent (usually moderately intense) pain

ACHIEVEMENT the action of accomplishing something

ACTIVE characterized by energetic movement

ACUPUNCTURE any specific behavior

ACUPUNCTURE treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of
needles at specific points on the skin

ACUTE Occurring over a short time, usually a few minutes or

hours. An acute exposure can result in short term or
long term health effects. An acute effect happens
within a short time after exposure.

ADDICTIVE causing or characterized by addiction

ADULTHOOD the period of time in life after physical growth has

stopped
ADVOCATE a person who pleads fora person, cause, or idea

AEROBICS exercise that increases the need for oxygen

AFFECT have an influence upon

AIDS a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system
transmitted through blood products especially by
sexual contact or contaminated needles
ALARM a device signaling the occurrence of some undesirable
event
ALCOHOL a volatile compound made by distillation

ALLERGY hypersensitive immunological reaction to some substance

AMBIENT Surrounding. Ambient air usually means outdoor air (as

opposed to indoor air).
AMBULATORY able to walk about
ANALYTE A chemical for which a sample (such as water, air,
blood, urine or other substance) is tested. For
example, if the analyte is mercury, the laboratory test
will determine the amount of mercury in the sample.

ANEMIA a deficiency of red blood cells

ANOREXIA a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite

ANTIDOTE a remedy that stops or controls the effects of a poison

ANXIETY a vague unpleasant emotion in anticipation of a
misfortune

APPETITE a feeling of craving something

AQUIFER An underground source of water. This water may be

contained in a layer of rock, sand or gravel.
ATHLETE a person trained to compete in sports

ATHLETICS active diversion requiring physical exertion and

AUTHENTIC not counterfeit or copied

AVERAGE an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or

BACKGROUND LEVELA typical level of a chemical in the environment.

Background often refers to naturally occurring or
uncontaminated levels. Background levels in one
region of the state may different than those in other

BACTERIA single-celled organisms that can cause disease

BALANCE harmonious arrangement or relation of parts within a

whole

BEAUTY the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

BEHAVIOR the way a person acts toward other people

BEND form a curve

BENEFIT something that aids or promotes well-being

BLOOD the fluid that is pumped through the body by the heart

BLOOD PRESSURE the pressure of the circulating blood against the

walls
of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the
left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a
quick evaluation of a person's health

BODY an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass

BODY BURDEN The total amount of a chemical in the body. Some

chemicals build up in the body because they are stored
in body organs like fat or bone or are eliminated very
slowly.
BONES a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow
pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the
thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as
by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance

BOOZE an alcoholic beverage that is distilled rather than fer

BREATH the process of taking in and expelling air during

breathing

BREATHE draw air into, and expel out of, the lungs

CALCIUM a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant

light

CALORIE unit of heat raising 1 gram of water by 1 degree

centigrade

CARDIAC of or relating to the heart

CASE CONTROL STUDYA study in which people with a disease (cases)
are
compared to people without the disease (controls) to see if their past
exposures to chemicals or other risk
factors were different.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The part of the nervous system that

includes the brain and the spinal cord.

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation and Liability Act. See "Superfund."

CEREAL grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat

CHALLENGE a call to engage in a contest or fight

CHAMPION someone who has won first place in a competition
CHANGE become different in some particular way

CHOICE the act of selecting

CHRONICOccurring over a long period of time, several weeks,

months or years.

CIRCULATIONthe movement of blood through the heart and blood

vessels

CLEANfree from dirt or impurities

COACHa vehicle carrying many passengers
COHORT STUDY A study in which a group of people with a past
exposure to chemicals or other risk factors are
followed overtime and their disease experience compared to that of a
group of people without the
exposure.

COLLAPSE break down, literally or metaphorically

COMMITMENT the act of binding yourself to a course of action
COMMUNICATION the activity of conveying information

COMPETION the act of contending with others for rewards or

resources
COMPONENT one of the individual parts making up a larger entity

COMPOSITE SAMPLE A sample which is made by combining samples

from
two or more locations. The sample can be of water, soil or another
medium.

CONCENTRATIONThe amount of one substance dissolved or contained

in a given amount of another substance or medium.
For example, sea water has a higher concentration of
salt than fresh water does.

CONDITIONING a learning process in which an organism's behavior

becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in
its environment

CONSEQUENCE a phenomenon that is caused by some previous

phenomenon
CONTAMINANT Any substance that enters a system (the environment,
human body, food, etc.) where it is not normally
found. Contaminants are usually referred to in a
"negative" sense and include substances that spoil
food, pollute the environment or cause other adverse
effects.

CONTRIBUTE provide

CONTROL power to direct or determine

COORDINATION regulation of diverse elements into a harmonious

operation
COPE come to terms with

COURAGE a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or

CRIME an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

CRISP tender and brittle

CROUCH the act of bending low with the limbs close to the body

CUISINE the manner of preparing food or the food so prepared

CULINARY of or relating to or used in cooking

CURE a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve

DANGEROUS involving or causing risk; liable to hurt or harm

DATING use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of
geological specimens

DEADLY causing or capable of causing death

DECISION a position or opinion reached after consideration

DEFECT a failing or deficiency
DEHYDRATION the process of extracting moisture
DEPRESSION a sunken or lowered geological formation
DEVELOPMENT a process in which something passes to a different
DIAGNOSTIC concerned with identifying the nature or cause of
something

DIET the usual food and drink consumed by an organism

DINER a person eating a meal (especially in a restaurant)
DINNER the main meal of the day served in the evening or at
midday
DISABILITY when one cannot perform due to physical or mental
unfitness

DISCIPLINE a system of rules of conduct or method of practice

DISEASE an impairment of health

DISH a piece of dishware normally used as a container for

holding or serving food

DISORDER a condition in which things are not in their expected

places
DOSE The amount of substance to which a person is
exposed.

DRINKING the act of consuming liquids

DRIVE operate or control a vehicle

DRUG a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic

EATERY a place where people go to have a meal

EATING the act of consuming food

EDUCATION activities that impart knowledge or skill

EFFECT a phenomenon that is caused by some previous
phenomenon

EMERGING coming into existence

EMOTIONAL of or pertaining to feelings

ENDURANCE a state of surviving; remaining alive

ENERGY forceful exertion

ENFORCE compel to behave in a certain way

EPIDEMIC a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

EPIDEMIOLOGYThe study of the occurrence and causes of health

effects in human populations. An epidemiological
study often compares two groups of people who are
alike except for one factor such as exposure to a chemical or the presence
of a health effect. The
investigators try to determine if the factor is
associated with the health effect.

EQUIPMENT an instrumentality needed for an undertaking

ERECT upright in position or posture

ESTABLISH set up or found

EXCESS the state of being more than full

EXEMPLARY worthy of imitation

EXERCISE the content of observation or participation in an event

EXPERIENCE the activity of exerting muscles to keep fit

EXPOSURE Contact with a chemical by swallowing, by breathing or

by direct contact (such as through the skin or eyes).

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTA process that estimates the amount of a

chemical that enters or comes into contact with people or animals.
An exposure assessment also describes how often and
for how long an exposure occurred, and the nature
and size of a population exposed to a chemical.
FACTOR anything that contributes causally to a result

FALSE not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

FAMILY primary social group; parents and children

FAST FOOD inexpensive food prepared and served quickly

FEASIBILITY STUDY
A study that compares different ways to clean up a
contaminated site. The feasibility study recommends
one or more actions to remediate the site. See
"Remedial investigation".

FERMENT cause to undergo the breakdown of sugar into alcohol

FIT meeting adequate standards for a purpose

FLAVOR the taste experience when a savory condiment is

taken into the mouth

FLEX cause something to assume a bent or crooked shape

FLEXIBLE able to bend easily

FOLIC ACID a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and

reproduction
FRACTURE breaking of hard tissue such as bone

FRAGRANCE a pleasingly sweet olfactory property

FRAGRANT pleasant-smelling
FRAMEWORK the underlying structure

FREEDOM the condition of being free

FRENZY
state of violent mental agitation

FRIEND a person you know well and regard with affection and
trust

FRUIT the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant

FUNCTION what something is used for

GAIN
obtain

GENERATION group of genetically related organisms in a line of

descent

GENETICS the study of heredity and variation in organisms

GLAND any of various organs that synthesize substances

needed by the body and release it through ducts or
directly into the bloodstream
GOAL the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve

GRADIENT The change in a property over a certain distance. For

example, lead can accumulate in surface soil near a
road due to automobile exhaust. As you move away
from the road, the amount of lead in the surface soil
decreases. This change in the lead concentration with
distance from the road is called a gradient.

GRAYNESS a neutral achromatic color midway between white and

black

GRIP hold fast or firmly

GROWTH changing gradually from a simple to a more complex

level

GUIDELINE a rule that provides direction for appropriate behavior

GYMNASIUM athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training

HABIT an established custom

HANDLE touch, lift, or hold

HARMFUL causing or capable of causing damage

HEADACHE pain in the head

HEALTH the general condition of body and mind

HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR CONTAMINATED SITES Determination of

actual or possible health effects due
to environmental contamination or exposure. It
includes a health-based interpretation of all the
information known about the situation. The
information may come from site investigations
(environmental sampling and studies), exposure
assessments, risk assessments, biological monitoring
or health effects studies. The health assessment is
used to advise people how to prevent or reduce their
exposures, to determine remedial actions or he need
for additional studies.

HEALTH STUDIES RELAEDTO CONTAMINANTs

Studies of the health of people who may have been
exposed to contaminants. They include, but are not
limited to, epidemiological studies, reviews of health
status of people in exposure or disease registries, and
doing medical tests.

HEALTH REGISTRY A record of people exposed to a specific substance

(such as a heavy metal), or having a specific health
condition (such as cancer or a communicable disease).
New York State maintains several health registries.

HEALTHY free from infirmi or disease

HELPFUL providing assistance or serving a useful function

HERB a plant lacking a permanent woody stem

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE a common disorder in which blood pressure

remains
abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or
greater)

HIV the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency

syndrome

HOMEMADE made or produced in the home or by yourself

HONE sharpen with a whetstone

HORMONE the secretion of an endocrine gland transmitted by the

blood
HUNGRY feeling a need or desire to eat food
IMAGE a visual representation produced on a surface

IMMUNITY the condition in which an organism can resist disease

IMMUNIZATIO the act of making immune (especially by inoculation)

IMPACT the striking of one body against another
IMPROVE to make better
IMPROVEMENT the act of making something better
INACTIVITY the state of being inactive

INCREASE a process of becoming larger or longer or more

numerous
INDIVIDUAL being or characteristic of a single thing or person

INFANCY the early stage of growth or development

INFECTION the invasion of the bodyb pathogenic

INFIRM lacking bodily or muscular strength or vitality

INFLUENCE a power to affect persons or events

INFLUENZA an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease

INGESTION Swallowing (such as eating or drinking). Chemicals in

or on food, drink, utensils, cigarettes, hands, etc. can
be ingested. After ingestion, chemicals may be
absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout
the body.

INGREDIENT a com onent of a mixture or compound

INHALATION Breathing. People can take in chemicals by breathing

contaminated air.

INHERENT existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

INJURY physical damage to the body caused by violence or
accident

INNOVATE bring something new to an environment

INSULIN hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the

pancreas

INSURANCE protection against future loss

INTEGRITY an undivided or unbroken completeness with nothing

wanting
INTERIM REMEDIAL An action taken at a contaminated site to reduce the
chances of human or environmental exposure to site
contaminants. Interim remedial measures are planned
and carried out before comprehensive remedial
studies. They can prevent additional damage during
the study phase, but don't interfere in any way with
the need to develop a complete remedial program. An
example of an interim remedial

MEASURE measure is removing drums of chemicals to a storage

facility from a site that has drums sitting in an empty
field.

INTERPRETATION the act of expressing something in an artistic

performance
INTIMACY a feeling of being close and belonging together

INVOLUNTARY not subject to the control of the will

IRON heavy ductile magnetic metallic element

JARGON technical terminology characteristic of a particular

subject

JOG give a slight push to

JOINT junction by which parts or objects are linked together
JUDGE an official authorized to decide questions before a
JUMP move forward by leaps and bounds
KINESIOLOGY the study of the mechanics and anatomy of human
movement
KINESIS a movement that is a response to a stimulus
KINESTHESIA the perception of body position and movement and
muscular tensions etc
KINETIC relating to the motion of material bodies and their forces
LATENCY PERIOD The period of time between exposure to something
that causes a disease and the onset of the health effect. Cancer
caused by chemical exposure may have a latency period of 5 to 40
years
LAUNCH propel with force
LAZINESS inactivity resulting from a dislike of work or exertion
LEACHING As water moves through soils or landfills, chemicals in the
soil may dissolve in the water thereby contaminating the groundwater.
This is called leaching.
LEARNING the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
LIABILITY the state of being legall obliged and responsible
LIFESTYLE a manner of living that reflects one's values and attitudes
LIMIT as far as something can go
LIVING pertaining to living persons
LOSE fail to keep or to maintain
LOSS the act of losing someone or something
LUMBARof or relating to or near the part of the back between the ribs
and the hipbones
MANAGEMENT the act of controlling something
MANAGER J someone who controls resources and expenditures
MANEUVER military training exercise the boundary line or area
immediately inside the
MARGIN boundary
MASSAGE kneadin and rubbin arts of the body

MASSEUR a male massager

MAT a small pad of material that is used to protect a surface

MAXIMIZE make as big or large as possible

MEDIA Elements of a surrounding environment that can be

sampled for contamination; usually soil, water, or air.
Plants, as well as humans (when sampling blood,
urine, etc.) and animals (such as sampling fish to
update fish consumption advisories) can also be
considered media. The singular of "media" is
"medium".
MEDICAL relating to the study or practice of medicine

MADICATION something that treats or prevents the symptoms of

disease

MEDICINE the profession devoted to alleviating diseases and

injuries
MEMORY the cognitive process whereby past experience is
remembered
MENTAL HEALTH the psychological state of someone who is
functioning
at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral
adjustment
METABOLIC of or relating to metabolism

METABOLISM All the chemical reactions that enable the body to

work. For example, food is metabolized (chemically
changed) to supply the body with energy. Chemicals
can be metabolized by the body and made either more
or less harmful.
METHOD a way of doing something, especially a systematic way

MINIMIZE make small or insignificant

MISS fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind
MIXTURE a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

MOISTURE wetness caused by water

MONITOR someone who observes to ensure fairness or prevent

mistakes

MOOD a characteristic state of feeling

MORBIDITY Illness or disease. A morbidity rate for a certain illness

is the number of people with that illness divided by
the number of people in the population from which
the illnesses were counted.

MOTIVATE give an incentive for action

MOTIVATION psychological feature arousing action toward a desired

goal

MOVEMENT change of position that does not entail a change of

location
MUSCLE animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile
cells

MUSCULAR having a robust body-build

NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST A list maintained by the U.S. Environmental

Protection
Agency (EPA) of certain inactive hazardous waste sites.
The list is produced and updated periodically by the
EPA. See "Superfund".

NAUSEOUS causing a sick feeling

NEMESIS something causing misery or death

NICOTINE an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco

NURSE one skilled in caring for young children or the sick

NUTRIENT any substance that can be metabolized to give energy

NUTRITION the organic process of nourishing or being nourished

OBESITY the condition of being excessively overweight

OBSTACLE something that stands in the way and must be

surmounted

ODOR THRESHOLD The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be

smelled. Different chemicals have different odor
thresholds. Also, some people can smell a chemical at
lower concentrations than others can.

OFFENSIVE un leasant or disgusting eseciall to the senses

OLFACTORY of or relating to the sense of smell

OPPRTUNITY of or relating to the sense of smell

a possibility from a favorable combination of
circumstances

OPT select as an alternative over another

OPTIMISM the hopeful feeling that all is going to turn out well

OPTION one of a number of things from which only one can be

chosen

ORGANIC
Generally considered as originating from plants or
animals, and made primarily of carbon and hydrogen.
Scientists use the term organic to mean those chemical
compounds which are based on carbon.

OSSOFICATION the developmental process of bone formation

OUTBREAK a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence

OUTSTANDING of major significance or importance

OVERRIDE travel on the back of (a horse) too hard

OVERWEIGHT usually describes a large person who is fat but has a
large frame to carry it

PANACEA hypothetical remedy for all ills or diseases

PANIC an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

PARAFFIN from crude petroleum

PARTICIPATION the act of sharing in the activities of a group

PEER look searchingly

PERCENTAGE a proportion in relation to a whole

PERFORMANCE the act of doing something successfully

PERMEABILITY The property of permitting liquids or gases to pass
through. A highly permeable soil, such as sand, allows
a liquid to pass through quickly. Clay has a low
permeability.

PERSISTENCE The quality of remaining for a long period of time

(such as in the environment or the body). Persistent
chemicals (such as DDTand PCBs) are not easily broken
down.

PERSPIRATION salty fluid secreted by sweat glands

PESSIMISM a general disposition to expect the worst in all things

PETRIFY change into tone

PHARMACY a retail shop where medicine and other articles are

sold

PHYSIOTHERAPY therapy that uses physical agents: exercise and

massage and other modalities

PILATE the Roman procurator of Judea who ordered that Jesus

be crucified (died in AD 36)

PLAY engage in recreational activities rather than work

PLUME An area of chemicals moving away from its source in a

long band or column. A plume, for example, can be a
column of smoke from a chimney or chemicals moving
with groundwater.

POLLUTION contamination of the natural environment

POPULARITY the quality of being widely admired or accepted or

sought after

PORTION something determined in relation to a thing that

includes it

POSITIONING the act of putting something in a certain place

POSITIVE characterized by or displaying affirmation or

POSSIBILITY capability of existing or happening or being true

POTENT having or wielding force or authority

POWER possession of the qualities required to do something

POWER PLAY an aggressive attempt to compel acquiescence by the

concentration or manipulation of power

PRACTICE a customary way of operation or behavior

PREGNANCY the state of being pregnant

PRELIMINARY SITE ASSESSMENT A process followed by the NYS

Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) to determine if a
site contains hazardous waste and its potential for
harming the public health or environment. This
process includes inspecting the site, sampling if
needed, and taking physical or hydrological
measurements as appropriate.

PRENATAL occurring or existing before birth

PRESERVE keep in safety and protect from harm, loss, or

destruction

PRESSURE the exertion of force to a surface

PREVENTION the act of hindering

PROCESS a particular course of action intended to achieve a

PROFESSIONAL of or relating to or suitable as an occupation
PROGRAM a series of steps to be carried out
PROMISING full or promise
PROOF any evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

PROPORTION relation with respect to comparative quantity or

magnitude

PROTECT shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

PROTECTION the activity of shielding someone or something

PROTOCOL The detailed plan for conducting a scientific

procedure. A protocol for measuring a chemical in soil,
water or air describes the way in which samples should
be collected and analyzed.

PROWESS a superior skill learned by study and practice

PSYCHOLOGY the science of mental life

PULLEY a wheel with a groove in which a rope can run

PUNCTURE pierce with a pointed object; make a hole into

PYRAMID a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular

sides

QUAD a rectangular area surrounded on all sides by buildings

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL A system of
procedures, checks and audits to judge
and control the quality control procedures include
having more than one person review the findings and
analyzing a sample at different times or Laboratories
to see if the findings are similar.

QUICK moving rapidly and lightly

QUIVER shake with fast, tremulous movements

RADIATION the act of spreading outward from a central source

REBOUND spring back; spring away from an impact

RECOGNITION identifying something or someone by remembering

RECORD anything providing permanent evidence about past

events

RECOVERY return to an original state

RECREATION an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates

REGIMEN a systematic plan for therapy

REGISTRY OF INACTIVE DISPOSAL SITES The New York State

Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) maintains a list of
inactive hazardous waste disposal sites in New York State. When DEC
finds that a site may contain hazardous HAZARDOUS waste, the site is
listed in the registry and a
WASTE preliminary site assessment is planned. The status of
the site is updated in the registry as investigations and remediation
occurs.

REHABILITATIONtreatment of physical disabilities by massage and

exercises

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONAn in-depth study (including sampling of air,

soil,
water and waste) of a contaminated site needing
remediation to determine the nature and extent of
contamination. The remedial investigation (RI) is
usually combined with a feasibility study (FS).

REMEDIATION
Correction or improvement of a problem, such as work
that is done to clean up or stop the release of
chemicals from a contaminated site. After investigation of a Site, remedial
work may include
removing soil and/or drums, capping the site or
collecting and treating the contaminated fluids.
REPRESENTATIVE serving to typify

RESEARCH a seeking for knowledge

RESERVE hold back or set aside, especially for future use

RESILIENT recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the

like

RESISTANCE any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose

RESPIRATION sin le complete act of breathing in and out

RESPONSE the speech act of continuing a conversational

RESPONSIBILITY the social force that binds you to a course of action
RESTORATIONRISKreturning something or someone to a satisfactory
state a source of danger

RISK Risk is the possibility of injury, disease or death. For

example, for a person who has measles, the risk of
death is one in one million.

RISK ASSESSMENT A process which estimates the likelihood that

exposed
people may have health effects. The four steps of a
risk assessment are: hazard identification (Can this
substance damage health?); dose-response
assessment (What dose causes what effect?);
exposure assessment (How and how much do people
contact it?); and risk characterization (combining the
other three steps to characterize risk and describe the
limitations and uncertainties).

RIVALRY the act of competing as for profit ora prize

ROLE the actions and activities assigned to a person or group

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE The way in which a person may contact a
chemical
substance. For example, drinking (ingestion) and
bathing (skin contact) are two different routes of
exposure to contaminants that may be found in water.
See "Exposure".

ROUTINE an unvarying or habitual method or procedure

RUSH act or move at high speed

SAFE Strictly, free from harm or risk. Exposure to a chemical
usually has some risk associated with it, although the
risk may be very small. However, many people use the
word safe to mean something that has a very low risk
or one that is acceptable to them.

SAFETY being certain that adverse effects will not be caused

SANITARY free from filth and pathogens

SAUCE flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an

accompaniment to food

SAVVY the abili to shrewdl understand or sudge things

SCARE cause fear in

SCENARIO aostulated se uence of ossible events

SCOREBOARD a large board for dis laying the score of a contest

SCORING evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or
score

SENILE mentally or hysically infirm with age

SENSIBLE able to feel or erceive

SEX one of two categories into which most organisms are

divided

SHAPE UP develop in a positive way

SHOT the act of firing a projectile

SIBLING a person's brother or sister

SIGNAL any action or gesture that encodes a message

SITE INSPECTION A Department of Health visit to a site to evaluate the

likelihood of human exposure to toxic chemicals, and
to do an exposure assessment. See "Exposure
assessment."

SIZE the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)

SIZZLE make a sound like frying fat

SKILL an ability that has been acquired by training

SKIN a natural protective body covering and site of the
sense of touch
SLEEP a natural and periodic state of rest
SLIDE move smoothly along a surface

SMOG air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog

SMOKING the act of smoking tobacco or other substances

SMORGASBORD a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

SUBSTANCE the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

SUITABILITY the quality of having the properties that are right for a
specific purpose

SUPERFUND (FEDERAL AND STATE) The federal and state programs

to investigate and
clean up inactive hazardous waste sites.

SUPERSTION an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear

SUPINATION rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms

face upward
SUPPORT the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening

SUPREMACY power to dominate or defeat

SUSPENSION the act of hanging something from above so it moves

SWIMMING the act of swimming

SYMPTOM a sensation associated with a particular disease

SYSTEM a group of independent elements comprising a unified

whole
TACKLE seize and throw down an opponent player carrying the
ball

TARGET ORGAN An organ (such as the liver or kidney) that is

specifically affected by a toxic chemical.
TAUNTING abusing vocally; expressing contempt or ridicule

TEAM a cooperative unit

TEAMMATE a fellow member of a team

TEASING the act of harassing someone plaully or maliciously

TECHNICAL of or relating toatitudeinaractical skill

TECHNIQUE a practical method or art applied to some particular
TEMPTATION the act of influencing by exciting hope or desire

TENSION the action of stretching something tight

TERROR an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

TESTING experimentation to determine how well something
works

THERAPEUTIC tending to cure or restore to health

THERAPY the act of caring for someone

TIME OUT a pause from doing something (as work)

TIMING the regulation of occurrence, pace, or coordination to
achieve a desired effect (as in music, theater,
athletics, mechanics)

TOBACCO aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs

TONE the distinctive property of a complex sound

TORSO the body excluding the head and neck and limbs

TOURNAMENT a competition in which contestants play a series of

games

TRAINER one who trains other persons or animals

TRAINING activity leading to skilled behavior

TRANSFORMATI the act of changing in form or shape or appearance

TRANSPLANT transfer from one lace or eriod to another
TRAUMA an emotional wound or shock having long-lasting
effects

TREATMENT the management of someone or something

TREMOR an involuntary vibration, as if from illness or fear

TREND a general tendency to change, as of opinion

TROT ride at a gait faster than a walk

ULTRASOUND using high-frequency sound waves to construct a
sonogram

UNBELIEVABLE beyond understanding

UNHEALTHY not in or exhibitinood health in bod or mind

UNRESTRICTED
not subject to or subjected to limiting

UNUSUAL not common or ordinary

VACCINATION taking a substance, usually by injection, against a

disease

VALIANT having or showing valor

VALOR courage when facing danger

WAIVE do without or cease to hold or adhere to

WALKING the act of traveling by foot

WARM UP rise in temperature
WATCHFUL engaged in or accustomed to close observation

WEIGH have a certain heft

WEIGHT the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of
WIN a victory (as in a race or other competition)

WINCE draw back, as with fear or pain

WINLESS having no wins
WINNING succeeding with great difficulty

WISDOM accumulated knowledge or erudition or

WITNESS someone who sees an event and reports what

WORK activity directed toward making or doing something

WORK OUT find the solution to or understand the meaning of

X-RAY take a photograph with a stream of high-energy

photons

YARD enclosed land around a house or other building

YOGA discipline training the consciousness for spiritual

ZEAL a feeling of strong eagerness

ZEST a tart spicy quality

ZINC a bluish-white lustrous metallic element
ZONE an area or region distinguished from adjacent part

OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
• Allergists - specialists who diagnose the treat of allergies.
• Physiatrists (also called Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Specialists) are familiar with rehabilitation from injuries including
stroke.
 • Cardiologists- study the heart and its functions.
• Hematologists - diagnose and treat diseases of the blood. A child
who has had a stroke may see a hematologist for tests to determine if
the child has a blood clotting disorder.
• Developmental pediatricians - are specially trained pediatrician
who is primarily concerned with the evaluation of children's
development. They often work in NICU follow-up clinics and help to
assess and treat developmental problems.
• Pediatric ophthalmologists- can evaluate how well the eyes work
together, exam vision and health of eyes, prescribe glasses, diagnose
eye disease and perform corrective eye surgery.
• Genetic counselors -are specialists who assess whether the
hemiplegia or stroke may be due to an inheritable condition.
• Psychologists study -the human mind and human behavior.
• Counseling psychologists- use various techniques, including
interviewing and testing, to advise people on how to deal with
problems of everyday living.
• Developmental psychologists - study the physiological, cognitive,
and social development that takes place throughout life. Some
specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
• Pediatric orthopedic surgeons -are concerned with deformities,
injuries, and diseases of the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and
muscles. Treatment provided by an orthopedist may include
manipulation, the fitting of braces or other appliances, exercising, and
surgery.
• Physical therapist (PT)- provide services that help restore
f Unction, improve mobility, relieve pain, and prevent or limit
Permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or
disease.
 • Orthotist- are responsible for the provision of orthoses
(supportive devices such as braces) to children with muscular and
skeletal disabilities. They aim to maximize the function and comfort
the client by providing the most appropriate orthotic device.
• Quackery- when someone poses as a doctor. When a company
sells an herb or supplement or diet aid that doesn't actually do
anything. Some doctors feel that any alternative medicine is nothing
but quackery, while others believe that some of these
• RA8423- traditional and alternative medical act. Legitimizing
alternative medicine in the Philippines.
• Acupuncture - The practice of inserting needles into the body to
reduce pain or induce anesthesia. More broadly, acupuncture is a family
of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical locations on or in
the skin by a variety of techniques.
• Physical fitness test - helps determine the sports potential of an
individual
• Eating habit - the way a person or group eats, considered in terms
of what types of food are eaten, in what quantities, and when.
• BMI- Formula: weight (kg) / [height The formula for BMI is
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. If height has
been measured in centimeters, divide by 100 to convert this to meters.
• Sit and reach- test is a common measure of flexibility, and
specifically measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstring
muscles. This test is important as because tightness in this area is
implicated in lumbar lordosis, forward pelvic tilt and lower back pain.
• Zipper test - shoulder flexibility test is a simple evaluative
measurement of the flexibility and mobility of your shoulder joint. Also
known as the reach test or the Apley back scratch test, it is used to
assess the range of motion (ROM) of your shoulder, including flexion
and extension.
• Standard dances - normally danced to straight-beat, Western
music; couples dance around the floor; and when formalized, the lady
wears a long gown and the gentleman a bow-tie and tails.

• Latin dances- normally danced to off-beat, Latin or jive music;

couples may dance more-or-less in one spot or move around the
floor; and when formalized, the woman wears a short-skirt Latin
outfit and the man dresses in black.
• Philippine festival- The tradition of the fiesta is an ancient one
handed down from the many Spanish religious practices. Most
fiestas are celebrated among patron saints and or the major
events in the life of Jesus Christ and His Mother
• Recreation- an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary
time.[ll The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential
element of human biology and psychology.[21 Recreational
activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure
and are considered to be "fun".
• Environmental health - the science and practice of preventing
human injury and illness and promoting well-being by identifying
and evaluating environmental sources and hazardous agents
and limiting exposures to hazardous physical, chemical, and
biological agents in air, water, soil, food, and other
environmental media or settings that may adversely affect
human health.
• Heroin - As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures,
psychosis, and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin
injections can also spread diseases such as human
immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This drug is known to
cause serious health issues when it is abused because it
interferes with the brain's receptors. Users can become
 physically dependent on it very quickly, requiring them to take
more and more to achieve the same high, but too much heroin
can lead to a fatal overdose. Individuals who take heroin always
require Professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of
withdrawal may be life-threatening. Cocaine –
• Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small
amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and
accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or
heart attacks for some users. The abuse of cocaine is also
known to cause financial, legal, and physical issues. Due to the
severe consequences of using cocaine, users require immediate
professional treatment.

• crack - A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and

suddenly creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack
has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use.
Abusing the substance, however, can lead to immediate addiction.
Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and strokes with every
use. Long-term use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage. Abusers
must seek help in rehabilitation facilities because the withdrawal
symptoms are dangerous.
• Hallucinogens - PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide) are hallucinogens, which means that they make users
feel, see, and hear things that are not real. While they experience
hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter
mental states of disconnection, as if their bodies and minds are not
working together or connected. Some users of PCP and LSD enter
violent states of psychosis. Serious injury could occur while
hallucinating on these substances, which have caused permanent
neurological damage in cases of repeated abuse. Withdrawing from
hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need professional treatment
in a rehahfacilitv
• Amphetamines - Accelerating the user's bodily and mental
functions, amphetamines can cause manic periods of distress in
abusers. These periods are usually accompanied by extreme paranoia,
inexplicable behavior, and delusions. Some amphetamine abusers
become very violent and attack loved ones unintentionally and could
suffer permanent physical changes in appearance, irreversible brain
damage, and nerve damage. Amphetamines are harsh, dangerous
drugs, and users need medical attention and safe rehabilitation in
professional facilities.
• Marijuana - The most common illegal drug that is abused and
many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social situations.
Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the substance
can affect the physical coordination, memory, and mental functions of
users overtime. Some users have even lost relationships, jobs, and
homes because they abused the drug. While it is easy to abuse
marijuana, it is not easy to stop using it, so professional treatment is
very important to refrain from abuse.

• Alcohol - Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and

social problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships;
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much that
their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires that they
are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning. Abusing alcohol over a long
period can result in irreparable heart and liver damage and may lead to
the drinkers being arrested for driving under the influence, public
intoxication or other law-related issues. Furthermore, alcohol abuse
can lead to injury or death to the people around themwhile they are
under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of
delirium tremens, which is a symptom with the potential to trigger
heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it
becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues. Professional
assistance is often necessary for abusers of alcohol.
• Inhalants- not technically in the category of narcotics, but people
abuse them and can become addicted to them overtime. Some of the
substances that are considered inhalants include spray paint, butane,
and nitrous oxide that they can inhale to achieve a high. Inhalants cause
euphoric and numb feelings for a brief while, so repetitive use is
common. It is very risky to abuse inhalants because they could lead to
permanent brain damage or sudden death. Users must stop inhaling the
substances before damage occurs.
• First aid - the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden
illness or injury,[l] with care provided to preserve life, prevent the
condition from worsening, or to promote recovery. It includes initial
intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help
being available, such as performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance,
as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying
a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with
basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the
concept of first aid to cover mental health.

• Prescription Drugs - The second-most commonly abused drugs

are
prescriptions, including everything from anti-anxiety medications to
sedatives and ADHD pills to anti-seizure medications. The abuse ofÉ
prescription painkillers such as Vicodin and Oxycodone during recovery
from injuries is also very common. Abuse of prescription medications
can be very dangerous if the abusers do not seek treatment.
• Strength - is vitally important, not only in sports but in dåßo-day
life. We need to be strong to perform certain tasks, such as lifting heavy
bags or using our legs to stand up from a chair. Strength is defined as
the ability of a muscle to exert a force to overcome a resistance.
Strength is important for our health as 'it enables us to :
o Avoid injuries
o Maintain good posture
o Remain independent (in older age)
• Flexibility - movement available at our joints, usually controlled
by the length of our muscles. This is often thought to be less important
than strength, or cardiovascular fitness. However, if we are not flexible
our movement decreases and joints become stiff. Flexibility in sports
allows us to perform certain skills more efficiently, for example a
gymnast, dancer or diver must be highly flexible, but it is also important
in other sports to aid performance and decrease the risk of injury.
In daily activities we must be flexible to reach for something in a
cupboard, or off the floor. It also helps:
 Prevent injuries
 Improve posture
 Reduce low back pain
 Maintain healthy joints
 Improve balance during movement
• Muscular endurance - unlike strength, is the ability of a muscle to
make repeated contractions over a period of time. This is used in day-to-
day life in activities such as climbing stairs, digging the garden and
cleaning. Muscular endurance is also important in sports, such as
football (repeated running and kicking), tennis (repeated swinging of
the arm to hit the ball) and swimming (repeating the stroke).

• Body composition - amount of muscle, fat, bone, cartilage etc that

makes up our bodies. In terms of health, fat is the main point of
interest and everything else is termed lean body tissue. The amount of
fat we carry varies from person to person and healthy averages vary
with gender and age. A healthy amount of fat for a man is between
15&18% and for women is higher at 20-25%. It is important to maintain a
healthy percentage of body fat because:
 Excess body fat can contribute to developing a number of
health problems such as heart disease and diabetes
Places strain on the joints, muscles and bones, increasing the risk of injury
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