1.

0 Introduction

Wingate test is an anaerobic test, it is performed using cycle ergometer. By using

this method we can measure the peak anaerobic power, anaerobic fatigue and
anaerobic capacity.

An anaerobic power is the ability which adenosine triphosphate or ATP-PCr way

to produce energy. The ATP-PCr that is stored in muscle is used to during
mechanical energy that will convert ATP into Adenosine diphosphate or ADP and
phosphate or P resulting release of energy that will be used. ATP that is stored is
limited in excess and do not hold long before being replenish.

Peak anaerobic power represents the highest mechanical power generated

during any 3-5 second interval of the test.

Anaerobic capacity in the Wingate test is the total amount of work accomplished
over a 30-second bout. Energy system that are main in this test are ATP-Pcr and
glycolytic system. The duration are the factor of why the energy system is the main
to be used during performing the test.

Anaerobic fatigue or fatigue index is the percentage decline in power compared

with the peak power output. This can calculate the percentage of exerted energy
used by the subject during the test. Increase of fatigue index equals to lower
anaerobic performance.

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2.0 Method
2.1 Equipment
I. Cycle ergometer

Figure 1: Cycle ergometer

Using cycle ergometer to evaluate the score for Wingate test, the
cycle ergometer is connected to computer to calculate the data from
the subject sprint.

II. Weight scale

Figure 2: Weight scale

Calculate subject weight

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III. Height scale

Figure 3: Height scale

Measure subject height

IV. Assistance

Figure 4: Assistance

To support the subject in putting the load on the cycle ergometer and
to inform the start of 30 second sprint to subject.

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2.2 Subject

No. Name Age Birthday Weight Height

1 Hariz Buang 22 02.03.95 79.7 kg 166 cm
2 Siti Nurfatihah 22 18.08.95 49.8 kg 162 cm
3 Zulia Hajeera 22 01.05.95 47.0 kg 158 cm
4 Hamidah Yazid 22 01.02.95 60.0 kg 164 cm
5 Nasrun Nazri 22 08.03.95 50.0 kg 172 cm
6 Auni Fatihah 24 16.05.93 71.7 kg 157 cm
7 W.N.Siti Karimah 22 21.01.95 80.0 kg 159 cm
8 Rozaimi 22 13.02.95 66.0 kg 164 cm
9 Fazre 22 07.02.95 57.0 kg 166 cm
10 Shyukor Zahiri 24 10.05.93 80.0 kg 179 cm
11 Syafiq Suhailie 23 25.02.94 91.0 kg 176 cm
12 Syafiqah Mazlan 22 22.06.95 69.0 kg 161 cm
13 Haikal Aris 23 04.08.94 58.0 kg 164 cm
14 Nihlah Shuhud 22 29.10.95 42.0 kg 156 cm
15 Wan Yasmin 22 30.04.95 40.0 kg 154 cm
16 Nani 23 05.03.94 61.0 kg 156 cm
17 Irfan Zahari 22 24.08.95 57.0 kg 167 cm
18 Farizwan 22 24.12.95 62.0 kg 176 cm
19 Syukran 22 23.01.95 89.0 kg 161 cm
20 Syafiq Razam 22 07.01.95 59.0 kg 166 cm
21 Nasri Syafiq 23 13.12.94 80.0 kg 179 cm
Table 1: Subject for test

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2.3 Procedure

The Wingate test requires the subject to pedal a mechanically braked

bicycle ergometer (an arm ergometer can also be used), for 30 seconds, at an
"all out" pace.

A counter is used to record revolutions of the flywheel in 5-second intervals.

1. The subject will be measure for the weight and height to get the load of
plate that will use as resistance which is different with each subject.
2. Subject need to warm-up before doing the test to avoid injuries from
happening.
3. Subject need to cycle for 100RPM without load to gain momentum.
4. A 5-second countdown will be given to the subject to make them prepare
to sprint.
5. The subject will click the button to increase the load of the cycle and cycle
the hardest they can for 30 second when the assistant have countdown to
5.

After the test has finish, the subject need to do recovery for 2-5 minutes
depending on the fatigue of the subject may have occur during the test.

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3.0 Result

PAP (W) MAP (W)

Total Work Fatigue
No. Name Relativ Absolut Relativ Absolut
(kJ) Index (%)
e e e e
637.04
1 Hariz Buang 11.670 921.730 8.060 18.303 61.540
0
251.81
2 Siti Nurfatihah 6.990 342.490 5.140 7.396 63.020
0
261.87
3 Zulia Hajeera 7.610 357.590 5.570 7.678 49.790
0
392.12
4 Hamidah Yazid 9.480 568.910 6.540 11.110 77.550
0
409.70
5 Nasrun Nazri 11.460 572.930 8.190 11.867 51.850
0
376.24
6 Auni Fatihah 7.890 560.510 5.300 10.542 68.290
0
Wan Nor Siti 444.95
7 9.370 749.330 5.560 12.461 72.680
Karimah 0
261.23
8 Rozaimi 13.610 898.260 8.300 15.405 70.920
0
9 Fazre 13.970 796.010 8.510 48.190 13.270 76.890
1234.88 729.87
10 Shyukor Zahiri 15.440 9.120 20.504 73.250
0 0
631.91
11 Syafiq Suhailie 10.580 962.520 6.940 17.884 62.390
0
330.15
12 Syafiqah Mazlan 6.380 440.040 4.780 9.467 58.190
0
520.49
13 Haikal Aris 12.210 708.160 8.970 15.323 81.640
0
271.94
14 Nihlah Shuhud 10.390 436.380 6.470 7.804 65.930
0
15 Wan Yasmin 9.060 362.330 6.500 259.92 7.492 68.330

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 0
256.66
16 Zuraini Zulkiply 5.480 334.440 4.210 7.583 48.390
0
458.50
17 Irfan Zahari 11.890 677.850 8.040 13.340 62.750
0
471.26
18 Farizwan 11.860 735.360 7.600 13.407 78.610
0
443.71
19 Syukran 7.610 677.520 4.990 11.182 75.860
0
528.11
20 Syafiq Razam 13.260 782.070 8.950 15.556 64.230
0
370.01
21 Nasri Syafiq 11.990 959.130 4.625 19.175 61.420
0
Table 2 : Result

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Calculation:

A. Breaking load (kg)

= 0.075 x Body weight (kg)

B. Relative Peak Anaerobic Power (W/kg)

= Absolute Peak anaerobic power (W) ÷ Body Weight (kg)

C. Relative Mean Anaerobic Power (W/kg)

= Absolute Mean Anaerobic Power (W) ÷ Body Weight (kg)

D. Fatigue Index

= Highest peak power output – lowest peak power output X100

Highest peak power output

Syukran: 677.52W – 163.53W ÷ 677.52W × 100 = 75.86%

Nasri Syafiq: 959.130W – 589.097W ÷ 959.130W × 100 = 61.42%

Rozaimi: 898.26W – 261.23W ÷ 898.26W × 100 = 70.92%

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Norms

A. Peak Power Output Norms for Men

Peak power (W)
Categories
Absolute (W) Relative (W/kg)
Elite >1163 > 13.74
Excellence 1092 – 1163 13.04 – 13.74
Above average 1021 – 1091 12.35 – 13.03
Average 880 – 1020 11.65 – 12.34
Below average 809 – 879 10.96 – 11.64
Fair 739 – 808 9.57 – 11.95
Poor < 739 <9.57

B. Peak Power Output Norms for Woman

Peak Power(W)
Categories
Absolute(W) Relative(W/kg)
Elite >730 >11.07
Excellent 686-730 10.58-11.07
Above Average 642-645 10.08-10.57
Average 554-641 9.10-10.07
Below Average 510-553 8.60-9.09
Fair 467-509 8.11-.59
Poor >467 <8.11

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4.0 Discussion

Three subject were chosen base on the fatigue index, Peak anaerobic
power and Mean anaerobic power. The three subject were Syukran, Nasri Syafiq
and Rozaimi. These three subject shows different result base on their physical
fitness to anaerobic performance. For Syukran, his fatigue index was the highest
compare to Nasri and Rozaimi that is 75.860 for Syukran compare to 61.420 for
Nasri and 70.920 for Rozaimi. For Peak Anaerobic performance Syukran data
are 7.610 W/kg compare to Nasri that is 11.990 W/kg and also Rozaimi that is
13.610 W/kg. Also the calculation from Mean Anaerobic Power, the data from the
subject are 4.990 W/kg for Syukran, 4.625 W/kg for Nasri and 8.300 W/kg for
Rozaimi. These three subject shows different result from their level of anaerobic
performance.

A good anaerobic performance are based when the fatigue index that are low, in
this test, Syukran low anaerobic performance can cause by his physiological
changes that are his BMI showing that he is Obese person, from his BMI that is
34.4 compare to Nasri that is 24.9 and Rozaimi 24.5 which is both of them are in
normal categories, which resulting high cholesterol level compare to Nasri and
Rozaimi.

The difference between the subject also maybe cause by the fiber type, For
Syukran his anaerobic power does not shows that his Fiber type IIB is greater
than other two subject showing higher Peak anaerobic power compare to him.
This could be related to his sedentary lifestyle which his activity is less compare
to both of the subject. For fiber type IIB muscle, it is also called fast glycolytic
fiber because of low content of myoglobin and few mitochondria count in each
muscle cell.

Production of lactic acid are also factor that lead to anaerobic performance, a
higher lactic acid produce during high intensity exercise can cause the drop of
energy use for muscle that lead to impair performance during anaerobic. This
shown when Syukran drop in anaerobic performance can be cause by lactic acid
that are higher during the test when his fatigue index are higher compare to Nasri.

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Phosphagens stores in muscle also can be associated to anaerobic performance,
as phosphagen are use as energy during ATP-Pcr energy system during
anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic main energy system are ATP-Pcr because of its
nature of short and burst of usage of energy. The lack of phosphagens in muscle
can impair performance. Mean Anaerobic power for Rozaimi shows that he is the
highest among the other two subject that is because his muscle phosphagens
level are higher compare to both other subject.

A greater buffering system can lower the pH level in blood thus can help reducing
from muscle fatigue. Buffer system are a process that control the acidity in blood
which to gain homeostasis to body, it prevent from the body to exceed 7.4 pH
and also increase from 6.8 pH. The subject that has higher tolerance to acidity
can be observe from Nasri, from the data his total work are significant compare
to other also his fatigue index shows low muscle fatigue. High acidity can
increase muscle fatigue making anaerobic performance decrease.

Motivation are the factor that relate to increase of anaerobic performance,

between the subjects, Nasri has greater motivation from the group and help in
increase of performance during the test. Syukran sees the least motivation as he
is obese and try to stop when the test are conducted because of fatigue.

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5.0 Conclusion

Wingate test is a test that measure the peak anaerobic power, even its duration
is short, the test is useful in measuring the athlete changes during peak anaerobic
performance and anaerobic capacity of a person. The test can shows accurate data of
an athlete which can shows the energy production of a body immediate and short term
energy system and can be shown as in terms of peak power, average peak power, total
work and fatigue index.

The main energy system for wingate test are ATP-Pcr and glycolytic system, Wingate
are a test to measure the peak anaerobic power and the capacity for anaerobic for each
subject. ATP-Pcr system are a system that provide short but burst of energy expenditure,
also Glycolytic system are anaerobic system using glucose in our cell to produce energy.
The level of ATP-Pcr system and glycolytic system are used around 0-15 second and 3
minutes respectively. The nature of ATP-Pcr system that high in energy for a short
period of time is use for faster muscle contraction power when needed, it is essential for
athletes that use energy for burst especially 100 meter sprint sports.

Three subject is chosen as to conclude the test, as for three of them has different values
on anaerobic performance. The subject were Syukran, Nasri Syafiq and Rozaimi. Each
of the subject have different factor from their Physiological changes, Lactic acid
accumulation, Buffer system and also Phosphogen in muscle. Based on the given result,
it is showing the norms for different performance ranging from Elite to poor performance.
As from the result Syukran categories are poor, Nasri Syafiq are Average and Rozaimi
Are excellence because of highest Peak anaerobic power he can produce.

From the result, the subject with high anaerobic performance can produce more energy
in short amount of time and the total work done for is highest among other subject. For
the lowest anaerobic performance can be shown when the fatigue index is the highest
among the other subject. The causes maybe from the high lactic acid production and
poor anaerobic energy system.

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6.0 Reference

Edward M. Winter, A. M. (n.d.). Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines:

Volume I – Sport Testing: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide:
Sport Testing v. 1 (Bases Sport and Exercise Science).

J C Smith, D. W. (n.d.). Contribution of energy systems during a Wingate power test.

Walmer, W. D. (2004). Wingate Anaerobic Test.

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