Government Polytechnic college

Karad

SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA ENGINEERING (I- SCHME)

A PROJECT OF

“LED FLASHER”

SUBMITED BY
Mr. Girish Deshmukh(1520)

Mr. Ganesh Babar(1522)

Mr. Salman Husain(1525)

Mr. Bhushan londhe (1528)

GUIDE

Mr. Kadam.

(DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION )

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

SR.NO ROLL NO. NAME OF THE STUDENT

1. 1520 Mr. Girish Deshmukh

2. 1522 Mr. Ganesh Babar

3. 1525 Mr. Salman Husain

4. 1528 Mr. Bhushan Londhe

Have successfully completed the project report titled as “LED FLASHER” prescribed by
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education for S.Y. Semester III during year 2019-20.

Mr. Kadam. Prof.P.D. Sarawade

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OFDEPARTMENT)

Date :

Place : Govt. Polytechnic, Karad

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The micro project “LED FLASHER” is incomplete till we thanks those people who
help and guide us. We thanks Prof. Kadam for her valuable support and guidance. We also
thanks to our HOD Prof. Sarvade. We specially thanks Dr.V.S.Bandal for encouragement and
support.

We also thanks to all my friends, teachers and non-teaching staff for their moral support.

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INDEX :-
SR.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

1 Abstract and Introduction 5

2 Basic 6

3 Circuit diagram & working 7

4 Analysis 7

5 Testing 8

6 Application 8

7 Conclusion 9

7 Reference 10

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 Aim

Build circuit for LED flasher.

Abstract

This report will explain the processes to synthesize a test and troubleshoot the
system we had to build as well as the technique we had to implement and
efficiently completing this as a team.

Introduction

The mini project we built is an electronic system, like many others it uses an
Input-Processing-Output structure. The first system had an output of a flashing
LED. The second system, the output was a speaker. Both were processed by a
555 Integrated Circuit. The report explains how to build the circuit, the
problems that may arise, and the lessons learned.

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 Basics

(Left to right) 555 Integrated Circuit, (3) Resistors (4.7K, 10K, and 1K), C1-10
uF Capacitor, LED

The components [2] in FIGURE 2 used in the IPO process were placed on the
breadboard of a RadioShack Electronics Learning Lab. For the input—we used
a 6 Volt source which powered the circuit. The The input was processed first
through a series of resistors, which limit the electric current received from the
power source. This current is then sent to the capacitor, which continually stores
a given amount of charge and will discharge once it’s full. Once the capacitor is
full it discharges current into the 555 Integrated Circuit periodically (pulse rate)
to time when the integrated circuit should output current itself. Then the circuit
in FIGURE 3 directs current to the LED output which flashes

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 TIMER IC 555

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two
(556) or four (558) timing circuits in one package.[2]

Introduced in 1972[3] by Signetics,[4] the 555 is still in widespread use due to its
low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and in low-power CMOS technologies. As of 2003, it was
estimated that 1 billion units were manufactured every year.[5] The 555 is the
most popular integrated circuit ever manufactured.[6][7]

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 CAPACITOR

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy
in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.

There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor
beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but
they all do the same thing, they store charge.

In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal)
plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically
separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as
waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is
commonly called the Dielectric.

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 LED

When a voltage is applied across the electrodes the current flows from the anode
(P side) to the cathode (N side). When an electron meets a hole at the P-N
junction it falls in to a lower energy state. The difference in energy of the two
states is called the ‘Band gap’which is a characteristic of the material
comprising the P-N junction.

The excess energy of the electron is emitted as a Photon. More is the ‘Band
Gap’ higher is the energy difference and shorter is the wavelength of the light
emitted.

The picture above shows the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Of the

different constituents of visible light red has the longest wavelength of 700 nm
(least energetic) while violet has the shortest wavelength 400 nm (most
energetic).

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 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission line.

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 Lessons Learned

From Felder’s learning style inventory, when describing components and circuit
functions, our team were more visual than verbal. The visual representations of
the circuits [2] we built were a valuable aid in understanding the configurations
[3] as well as the function. The organization of information we gathered adhered
closely to the inductive method—that is to be given facts and observations. As a
team, we progressed towards understanding sequentially rather than globally,
following step-by-step procedural methods.

FIGURE A timed 555 Integrated Circuit powered by a 6 volt source with an LED output.

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 Analysis
The circuit works through an Input-Processing-Output system. Our “Input” was a 6 volt
power source. The “Processing” involved a 555 Integrated Circuit, three resistors (1K, 4.7K,
and 10K), and a 10 microfarad capacitor. Finally, the “Output” was a flashing light-emitting
diode. The frequency of the flashes is determined by three components on the left side of the
circuit: R1, R2 and the capacitor. From an electrical standpoint, the timing of the Integrated
Circuit is set by the frequency of the discharges from the capacitor. Since the resistance and
capacitance are constant, the Integrated Circuit receives these current discharges from the
capacitor at a constant rate which is the frequencies. In turn, the Integrated Circuit outputs a
signal for the LED to flash in sync with these pulses.

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 Testing
We gathered all the components (555 Integrated Circuit, resistors, capacitor, wires, light-
emitting diode) necessary, placed each one in its proper location on the breadboard. To test it
thoroughly, once the light-emitting diode came on, we left it on to ensure it exhibited the
same behavior for an extended period of time. Our team (3) tested the circuit 3 times each, it
failed to flash twice with a rate of 2 fails per 3 attempts.

Applications
Following the diagram in FIGURE 6, we implemented a speaker by replacing the R2 resistor with a
100K

Potentiometer. R2 controls the frequency of the tone. The higher resistance controlled by the

potentiometer yields a higher frequency of the tone.

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 Conclusions
We learned the importance of time-management, how Felder’s learning style inventory applied to
how

we approached the task. It was easy to build the circuit by using the workbook, which demonstrates

how we lean more towards visual-style learning, rather than verbally. In Bloom’s taxonomy, we
actually

went down the pyramid in order of the “Cognition” domain. Multisim™ allowed us to simulate the

circuit without the potential of damaging any components in the process. Through teamwork, we

learned about the components needed to construct two different IPO systems. The first was an LED

flasher with a frequency controlled by a potentiometer. The second was a system using an audible

output (speaker). The potentiometer in this system controlled the frequency of the tone. This project

portrays

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 References
[1] Clark, D., “Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains,”
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html. Big Dog & Little Dog’s Performance
Juxtaposition.

[2] Mims III, F. M., “Basic Electronics Workbook I,” RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.

[3] Mims III, F. M., “Electronic Sensor lab Workbook,” RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.

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