CEE 4476b Winter 2013

Test #2 Page 1 of 4
FORMULA SHEET
%τ0 (1 / 2
General: Shear velocity: u∗ = ' * u∗ = gSR
&ρ )
∂A ∂Q
+ =0 Q =V⋅ A
∂t ∂x
Partly full flow in smooth,
€ circular
€
V conduits:
F=
gD €
€ " 8g %1 / 2
V =$ ' RS
where D = A /B (hydraulic depth) # f &
€ V (4R)
Re = 1
ν f
(
= 2.0log Re f − 0.8 )
€ €
R = A /P
Q∗ = Q /[d 2 (gdS)1 / 2 ]
€
€
Equations of resistance to flow: Re∗ = d(gdS)1 / 2 /ν
€
€
K " nQ % 3 / 8
Manning: V = n R 2 / 3 S1 / 2
n d = 1.56$ 1/2
'
€ # K nS &
# 1 &
Q = ∑Qi = %∑ Ai Ri2 / 3 (S1 / 2 # R &1 / 6
$ ni ' Vcn g
€ Vc∗ = =% (
€ K n u*cd1 / 6 $d'
Kn
Q= AR 2 / 3 S1 / 2
nc
€
Design of riprap-lined channels:
2 /3 €
# Pi ni3 / 2 &
where: nc = %%∑ (( τ0 c = 4d50 , with d50 in ft and τ0c in lbs/ft2
€ $ P '
1/2
τ0wc & sin 2 θ )
Kr = = (1 − +
Chézy: V = c gSR € τ0 c ' sin 2 φ *
€
(where Kr = tractive force ratio, τ0cw =
Or, V = C RS where C = c g critical shear stress on the sidewall, and τ0c =
critical bed shear stress)
€ €

Bed shear stress: τ0 = γSR n = 0.04d150/ 6 , where d50 in ft

€ €
% y( (τ0 )max = 1.5γRS (τ0w )max = 1.2γRS
Shear stress distribution: τ = γSR '1 − *
€ & h) €

€ €
€
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Test #2 Page 2 of 4
Design of grass-lined channels:
Spillway design:
# (MEI /τ ) 0.25 &1.59
k 0
= 0.14 % (
hs $ h s '

where MEI = stiffness paramter

€
n K n (R / k)1 / 6
=
k1 / 6 8g " R%
$ a + b log '
# k&

u*c = min(0.028 + 6.33MEI 2 , 0.23MEI 0.106 )

€
u* = (gRS)1 / 2
€

Best hydraulic section:

€ Q
C= (in English units)
A = const⋅ P 2 / 5 LH 1.5
e

For rectangular channel: P = 4 y , b = 2y C

Cd = , where g in English units
€ (2/ 3) 2g
For trapezoidal channel: R = y /2 , €
(g = 32.2 ft/s2)
m = 1/ 3 €
€
Effective crest length:
€ € L = L" − 2(NK p + K a )H e
Corps of Engineers Riprap Method: ( L" = actual crest length)
€

d30 # Vl & 2.5 Kp = pier contraction coefficient

= S f CsCv CT % ( € Kp = 0.02 (square nose); Kp = 0.01 (round
y $ K1 (SG −1.0)gy ' € nose); Kp = 0 (pointed nose)

Ka = abutment contraction coefficient

Vss #r&
€ = 1.74 − 0.52log% ( Ka = 0.20 (square abutment); Ka = 0.10
V $ B' (rounded abutment); Ka = 0 (well-rounded
abutment with r > 0.5Hd)
where Vss is the local velocity (= Vl) over the
slope at a point 20% of the slope length from Hmax
€ the toe of the slope; y = corresponding depth ≤ 1.33
Hd
where Vss (or Vl) is measured
h p = p /γ
€

€
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Test #2 Page 3 of 4
Stepped spillways:
Radial spillway gate:
ΔH C 1/ 3 −2 / 3
f cos θ + 0.5C f
=1−
H0 H
1.5 + dam
yc

QG = Cd Lw 2gH
C f = f (8sinθ ) θ = tan −1 (h / l)
β = cos−1 [(a − w)/ r]
€
Culvert design
€ – inlet control:
Vertical spillway gate: €
€
QG H 23 / 2 − H13 / 2
=
Q H 3/2

H1 = H 2 − w

€ Q2
H = reservoir head on spillway crest HW = y c + (1+ K e )
2gAc2
€ H1 = head on gate lip
Q = Cd Ac 2g(HW − y c )
H2 = reservoir head on gate seat €
Cd = 1/(1 + K e )1 / 2
) 3/2 3/2 , 1/ 9
QG +" H 2 % "H % "
.$ 1 + w '
%
€
= $ ' −$ 1 '
Qd +*# H d & # Hd & .-# 6 H d & For: Q / Ad 0.5 ≤ 3.5
€
HW E c " Q %M
= + K $ 0.5 ' − 0.5S
QG = Cd bw 2gy1 € d d # Ad &
€
Cc HW " Q %M
Cd = OR = K $ 0.5 ' (English units)
1+ Cc (w / y1 ) € d # Ad &
€

y1 = head on the spillway (H) For: Q / Ad 0.5 ≥ 4.0

€ €
Cc = 0.61

€
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Test #2 Page 4 of 4

HW " Q %2
= c $ 0.5 ' + Y − 0.5S (English units)
d # Ad &
Culvert design – outlet control:
Newton’s Method:

€ F(y)
yi +1 = yi −
F #(y)

Pertinent quantities:
# L & Q2 €
HW = TW − S0 L + %1+ K e + f ( ρ = 1000 kg/m3
$ 4R ' 2gA 2
g = 9.81 m/s2
2g(HW − TW + S0 L)
Q=A €
L g = 32.2 ft/s2
€ 1+ K e + f
4R
€
2 ν = 1 × 10 −6 m2 /s
L 2gn L
f = 2 4 /3 €
€ 4R K n R µ = 1 × 10 −3 Pa⋅ s

Note: for Type (d) replace TW with (yc +d)€/ γ = ρg = 9810 N/m3
2 if TW < (yc + d)/2
€ €

Culverts – road overtopping: €

Q = Cw L(HW r ) 3 / 2

Cw = kt Cr