The beginning of oral pathology

Part I: First dental journal reports of odontogenic tumors and cysts, 1839-1860

Jerry E. Bouquot, DDS, MSD,a and Elizabeth C. Lense, DDSb Morgantown, W.Va.
and Atlanta, Ga.
THE MAXILLOFACIAL CENTER FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH

Literature reviews of oral lesions frequently lack an appropriate historic perspective, presuming that the mid- to
late-twentieth century reports are the first valid reports available. The mid-nineteenth century dental journals, however, are
replete with clinical, surgical, and microscopic descriptions of oral tumors and cysts. Most of these have never been referenced
during ithe present century. The purpose of this article is to report the earliest dental journal references for a variety of
odontogenic tumors and cysts. These references are derived from a canvass of all dental journals published from the first
journal (American )ournal of Dental Science) in 1839 to the appearance of Dental Cosmos and the organization of the American
Dental Association in 1860. (ORAL SURG ORAL MED ORAL PATHOL 1!294;78:343-50)

Oral Pathology as a specialty of dentistry is tradi-
tionally presumed to have its origin in the 1930s and
1940s’ perhaps commencing with Bunting’s Text-
book of Oral Pathology,2 Thoma’s Oral Pathology,3
or the first issues of the Archives of Clinical Oral Pa-
thology,4 and O’ral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pa-
thology.5 The American Academy of Oral Pathology
and the American Board of Oral Pathology were
formed during rhis time period, preceded slightly by
the first organizations devoted exclusively to Oral
Pathology, the New York Institute of Clinical Oral
Pathology and the American Dental Association’s
Registry of Dental and Oral Pathology.6, 7 An even
earlier 1andma:rk was Bloodgood’s* comprehensive
review of oral lesions in the second volume of the
Journal of the American Dental Association.
The first professorship of Oral Pathology, however,
originated muclh earlier with the 1840 establishment
of the Baltimore School of Dental Medicine.9 The
first text dedicated to Oral Pathology as we know it
today was published shortly thereafter by Bond,l”
and, of course:, Fouchard,” Jordain,12 Hunter,13
BeILl and others had reported even earlier on a va-
riety of tooth anomalies.
In reality, it appears that the mid-nineteenth cen-
tury was the time of the true birth of Oral Pathology
(Table I). The age that saw an unprecedented, world-
wide “mental stir” in consequence also saw the emer-
gence of modern or organized dentistry.30 This first
Golden Age of Dentistry, 18351860, began with
aDirector, The Maxillofacial Center for Diagnostics and Research,
Morgantown, WV; Visiting Senior Scientist, Mayo Clinic, Roch-
ester, MN.
bin private practice, Atlanta, Ga.
Copyright @ 1994 by Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
0030-4220/94/$3.00+ 0 7/14/54866
dentistry “not a whit more respectable than the bar-
ber-surgeons of old times,” and concluded with its es-
tablishment as an organized, science-based health
profession with te:chniques and therapeutic successes
not unlike those of the twentieth century.30> 31 The
face of dentistry was absolutely changed to something
unrecognizable from that which came before.32
A fascination for pathologic processes was an inte-
gral part of modern dentistry at its inception, as was
a strong and apparently new belief that information
should be openly and widely shared.33 Approximately
half of all scientific articles in the first volume of the
earliest published dental journal were related to
pathologic conditions of the mouth and jaws,34 and
the first truly comprehensive text for the dental pro-
fession in the United States, the 1829 classic by Be&l4
dealt extensively with pathologic processes and in-
cluded the first reports of numerous oral diseases.
Lester Cahn’ believed that Sir Jonathan Hutchinson
was the earliest Oral Pathologist, but the chairman of
Baltimore’s Department of Special Pathology,
Thomas E. Bond, MD, more correctly holds that dis-
tinction. Bond’s in.sight was so remarkable that he was
able to hypothesize causes and pathophysiologies that
are still valid today. Leonard Koecker, an influential
dental surgeon from London, was the first profes-
sional to actually be designated a Dental Pathologist
in print. 2oHe published an 1822 general text on den-
tistry, Principles of Dental Surgery, with observa-
tions said to be “based upon a correct knowledge of
the laws of disease.“35
Interest in path’ology continued to grow as dentistry
became a strong and independent health profession,
and by 1860 many of today’s well-established oral le-
sions had been reported in the various dental journals
then publishing (Table II). These accounts frequently
343
344 Bouquot and Lense ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY
September 1994

le 8. Historic events that established Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology as an integral part of organized
dentistry
Year Historic event

1828 First textbook devoted to diseases of the mouth

1839 First journal report of oral pathologic entity (dilaceration)16
1839 First emphasis on systemic effects on oral tissuesI
1839 First report of an hereditary effect on oral tissues’*- l9
1840 First use of term “dental pathologist” (for L. Koecker)20
1840 First report of specific systemic effect (menstruation) on oral lesion (pulp p01yp)~~
1840 First professorship of dental pathology (Baltimore)9
1841 First continuing education course in oral pathology*5
1843 First text devoted to head and neck tumorsz2*
1845 First report of racial predilection for an oral diseasez3
1848 First text devoted to dental/oral pathologylo
1849 First use of term “oral medicine”24
1850 First literature review of an oral pathologic entityz5
1852 First microscopic description of a lesion in dental journalz6
1852 First dental pathology lectureship in a U.S. medical schooi27
1856 First discussion of a differential diagnosisz8
1857 First series report of an oral pathologic entity29
“Authors are Burns and Pattison from the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

anteceded the usually quoted first reports by several
generations. Oral pyogenic granulomas, for example,
were not well understood until the 1951 analysis by
Kerr,36 yet Simon P. Hullihen, the Father of Oral
Surgery, described one succinctly in a 22-year-old
pregnant woman as early as 1844.37 Hullihen docu-
mented a recurrence of his patient’s gingival “aneu-
rysm” with her second pregnancy. During the same
year Westcott38 described pregnancy gingivitis under
the diagnosis of “uterine irritation”; HarrisI had de-
scribed it earlier as “hemorrhoidal discharge in dys-
menorrhea.”
Oral pathology articles frequently begin with his-
toric reviews of the lesion or disease under discussion,
usually mentioning the first cases identified. It seemed
appropriate therefore to document the first actual
dental journal reports of such entities. The attempt to
do so is considerably facilitated by the fact that
American dentistry, through its free exchange of in-
novative technology and scientific inquiry, its jour-
nals, national organizations, and its schools of den-
tistry, dominated the profession throughout the nine-
teenth century. Consequently, virtually all of the
earliest journals were published in English and almost
always in the United States (Table H). Although
persons from other countries published occasional
textbooks of exceptional quality and insight, other
countries lacked the cooperative spirit needed to as-
sure a rapid expansion of professional knowledge.
This first Golden Age of Dentistry was a truly
remarkable and uniquely American phenomenon, as
declared in 1851:
“dental surgery, as at present practiced, is almost
an American creation, for although operations
upon the teeth have been practiced since the days
of the Pharaohs, and probably before, yet the
rude and simple character of the early manipu-
lations hardly give them a claim to be regarded
among the effects of scientific art, and until
comparatively lately, but very little improvement
seems to have been made in this department of
surgery.“39
Because of this American dominance it is presumed
that references in early American dental journals are
among the first reasonably accurate references to oral
pathologic entities. It is hoped, however, that this ar-
ticle will stimulate additional investigation into early
references of such lesions, especially in textbooks,
which were much less widely circulated than journals
and are much more difficult to obtain today.
METHODS
A listing of nineteenth century dental journals40
was supplemented by a 4-year systematic perusal of
journals in the libraries of West Virginia University,
the University of Minnesota, the Mayo Clinic, and the
National Library of Medicine. Table II lists all den-
tal journals published, in any language, between 1839
and 1860. Almost all English-language articles pub-
lished in all volumes of each journal in Table II were
reviewed for references to oral pathologic entities.
Although most diagnoses were obvious, even though
the lexicon was different from that in use today, ap-
proximations were occasionally made for lesions that
lacked detailed histologic descriptions. Such cases are
identified as such in the present text and tables. All
ORAL WRGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY Bouquot and Lense 345
Volume 78, Number 3

TableII. The earliest published dental journals worldwide, 1839-1860. All are American titles, unless
otherwise specified
Year(s) of
publication Journal title

1839-1915 American Journal of Dental Science

1843-1:548 Stockton’s Dental Intelligencer
1843-1’939 British Journal of Dental Science (London; intermittently published)
1845-l 846 The Forceps (London)
1845 The Dental Mirror
1846-1856 New York Dental Recorder
1847-1923 Dental Register of the West
1847-1859 Dental News Letter (became Dental Cosmos in 1859)
1851 Dental. Times
1853 Dental Expositor
1853-1860+ Der Zahnarzt (Berlin)
1855 The Forceps (New York)
1855 The Dental Monitor
1856-1859 Dental Obturator
1856-1907 Transactions of the Odontological Society of London
1857-1859 Dental Reporter
1857-1859 Quarterly Journal of Dental Science (London)
1857-1860+ L’Art Dentaire (Paris)*
1858 Cincinnati Dental Lamp
1858-1864 New York Dental Journal
1858-1936 American Dental Review (intermittently published)
1858-1859 The Dental Enterprise
1858-1859 The Dental Register
1859-1860+ The Dental Review (London)*
1859-1936 Dental Cosmos?
1860-? Zeitschrift fur Zahn-Heilkunde (Hamburg)*
1860-? Revue Odontotechnique (Paris)*
1860-? Southern Dental Examiner*
*Last year of publication is unknown by authors.
thcorporated into Journal of American Dental Association in 1936.

lesions reported from 1839 to 1860 were placed in a
database, whether first reports or not, and additional
references are available upon request.
ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASMS
The first denial journal reports of oral pathologic
entities dealt with odontogenic anomalies (Fig. 1).
Dentists were beginning to share clinical information
on a wide scale, and the odd case noted in clinical
practice was specifically sought by editors. One of the
most well-accepted anomalies, then called exostosis,
was an enlargement at the apex of the root or “bone”
of an extracted “fang.“41 Such lesions were thought
to be a major cause of toothaches and inflammation
of the “dental nerve” (pulp), a natural assumption
considering that they were only found upon extraction
of painful and cariously destroyed teeth.21,42-44By
1851 Vandenburgh4s hypothesized that pulpal in-
flammation caused this lesion and it was therefore not
a true exostosis. Harris15 and Lee46 believed that
multiple casesin one person were the result of consti-
tutional causesrather than inflammation. Today we
refer to this as hypercementosis and know it to repre-
sent excessivecementoblastic activity as a result of
hypereruption of a.tooth. We still accept one systemic
cause, Paget’s diseaseof bone, for multiple hyperce-
mentoses.47
A few exostoseswere much too large to conform to
a hypercementosis diagnosis and were obviously
benign cementoblastomas. Several were reported to
have completely obliterated the adjacent max-
illary sinus.48,49 The very first dental journal refer-
ence to an odontogenic neoplasm was a 7 cm cemen-
toblastoma of a maxillary molar, reported in the
inaugural volume of the American Journal of Den-
tal Science (AJDSJ, the official publication of the
first national dental association and the only dental
journal acceptedby the early American Medical As-
sociation as a legitimate medical journal.50, 51 This
same entity became the first odontogenic lesion
reported with microscopic confirmation (Fig. 2),
almost a century before Norberg published the ar-
ticle most usually quoted as the first report of this le-
sion.
 Bouquet and Lense
Fig. 1. Case of dilaceration shown from three angles is the first picture of an orai anomaly reported in a
dental journal.t6 Such cases were thought to result from the fusion of the remnants of fractured roots, as with
bone healing, and were initially called “osseous union.”
Fig. 2. Gross and macroscopic appearance of a benign ce-
mentoblastoma of a maxillary bicuspid. The “considerable
incrustation of hypertrophied tooth-bone” was destroying
the normal tooth.52
Table III provides first reports of other odontoge-
nit neoplasms. The first journal report of a complex
odontoma was in a 25-year-old woman and was most
unusual in that it erupted with the underlying tooth.42
Without such eruption, of course, this lesion would
not have been noted at a time in which radiographs
were not in use. The complex odontoma with the most
definitive microscopic confirmation was not reported
until the superb article by Forget,4g translated in the
first volume of Dental Cosmos (Fig. 3). The first un-
equivocal cases of compound odontoma, one with at
least 25 distinct teeth and another with a gross spec-
imen drawing confirming the diagnosis were reported
in 1854 and 1858, respectively.61,63 Although these
ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY
September 1994
are the first journal reports of odontomas, it was
probably Pierre Fouchard” who provided the first
accurate description of these lesions. Qude?j4, in
1809, suggested that they were of dental origin, but
the term odontome was not applied until 1868.65 They
are undoubtedly the oldest recorded odontogenic
neoplasms, having been reported in a 5OO,OQO-year-
old fossilized horse.@
An earlier journal report of an intraosseous neo-
plasm might possibly have dealt with a complex od-
ontoma discovered only because of its large size.59 But
the surgical description is more appropriate to a cen-
tral ossifying/cementifying fibroma. The first un-
equivocal case of the latter entity was one of consid-
erable size, contained numerous microscopic foci of
dark globular cementum, and was not published until
1865 (Fig. 4).67
The odontogenic (nonossifying) fibroma is an entity
that until recently was frequently confused with sim-
ple fibrous hyperplasia of the parafollicular connec-
tive tissues,68 but Adams60 reported a circumscribed
fibrous tumor around the crown of an impacted man-
dibular molar that seems large enough to justify it as
the first report of a true odontogenic fibroma. Also,
Fergusson62 reported a similar case that was gelati-
nous rather than fibrous and hence was likely an od-
ontogenic myxoma.
Other odontogenic neoplasms were difficult or im-
possible to identify without detailed microscopic de-
scription. It is probable that none were actually
reported or were reported with so little descriptive
detail as to defy proper diagnosis. Thorna listed only
four types of odontogenic neoplasms as late as 1947,
Ameloblastomas, which had been reported in Europe
by 1827 and inspired hundreds of publications after
the first Golden Age,68-70were not reported in dental
journals between 1839 and 1860. Wed171provided the
first histopathologic description in 1853 indicating
that this “cystosarcoma or cystosarcoma adenoides”
possibly originated from a tooth bud or dental lamina.
The first histologic drawing of an ameloblastoma was
not published until 1871 and ironically depicted one
of the most recently delineated types, the unicystic
ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY Bouquot and Lense 347
Volume 78, Number 3

Fig. 3. Gross and microscopic appearance of a complex odontoma in situ of the mandible.49 Dentinal tu-
bules depicted here were a recently discovered phenomenon.

Table 111.
First reports of odontogenic neoplasms and cysts in dental journals, 1839-1860
Today’s diagnosis Year Original diagnostic term(s)*

Benign cementoblastoma50 1839 Exostosis; cancellated exostosis

Periapical cyst” 1839 Sac; Saccular abscess
Enamel pear154t 1841 Enamel pearl
Dlentigerous cyst55 1842 Distended capsule; osseous cyst; serious cyst; encysted tumor
Gingival cyst of newborns6 1843 Gingival cyst
O’dontogenic keratocysts7 1844 Encystic tumor; Cystic carcinoma
Central ossifying fibroma58$ 1844 Fibrous tumor with calcium deposits
Eruption cyst59 1847 Epulis; teething tumor
Complex odalntoma4* 1848 Warty tooth; odontocele
Odontogenic fibroma60$ 1853 Circumscribed fibrous tumor
Compound ojdontoma61 1854
Central cementifying fibroma49 1860 Osseous tumor
Odontogenic myxoma6*f 1860 Fibro-gelatinous tumor; cyst with gelatinous center
-
*Some orignal terms are taken from other contemporary articles.
fDevelopmenta1, not neoplastic mass.
iExact diagnosis is in doubt.

ameloblastoma.‘72 In fact, the early study of this en-
tity was considerably hampered by the apparent
inability of investigators to separate odontogenic cysts
from odontogenic turnors70 even though Neumann73
seems to have made that distinction in 1867 when he
described the first ameloblastoma arising in a denti-
gerous cyst.
Although not true odontogenic neoplasms, ovarian
teratomas or dermoid cysts were well known to
frequently contain teeth, almost always embedded
within bony sockets. 74 In his article, Cone also
referred to the fact that Brodie had already reported
a case of “a jaw with full grown teeth” by 1848.
ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Cysts of the jaws were noted only when they pro-
duced cortical expansion or some other visible alter-
ation of surface t.issues. The single exception was also
the first cyst reported in a dental journal: the periapi-
cal cyst (Table III). These cysts were referred to sim-
ply as sacs and were a routine experience for busy
dental surgeons extracting and examining carious
teeth. By the 1830s literate dentists were almost as
familiar with periapical pathoses as we are today, al-
though many believed that the periapical lesion pro-
duced tooth death, rather than vice versa.17 Noncys-
tic periapical lesi’ons were described as inflamma-
tions, granulations, abscesses, and suppurations, and
it was well known that facial or alveolar fistulae could
result from them (Fig. 5).
Dentigerous cysts were described as early as 1778
in France,65 but were not well-delineated until 184255
and were not illustrated in a journal until 185949 (Fig.
6). These cases were reported approximately a cen-
tury after ScultetT5 first described jawbone cysts as
“liquid tumors.” The concept of a benign, epithelial-
lined cystic space with internal pressures capable of
producing bony expansion was formed during these
early years.
Several cystic le,sions were aggressive enough to be
classified today as lodontogenic keratocysts or unicys-
tic ameloblastomas. The first report of a large cyst was
an 1844 description of a multilocular dentigerous cyst
or “encysted tumor” that had entirely filled the
348 Bouquot and Lense
Fig. 4. Gross specimenof central cementifying fibroma in
a periapical location but not attached to the tooth. Micro-
scopic drawings depict globular dark calcified structures,
presumably cementum, in a dense fibrous stroma.
antrum and distorted the orbital flo~r.~~ This case has
all the earmarks of an odontogenic keratocyst, but a
microscopic description is lacking. The aggressive
nature of such lesions is emphasized by the contem-
porary diagnoses used, such as “cystic sarcoma” and
“cystic carcinoma.“72 It is probable that the multi-
locular cyst found by Salama and Hilmy76 in the
mandibular ramus of a 2800 BC Egyptian mummy
was a keratocyst. It was not associated with an
impacted tooth and had greatly expanded the overly-
ing cortices, causing pathologic fracture. This mummy
also had a dentigerous cyst around the crown of an
impacted maxillary cuspid (Gorlin’s syndrome per-
haps?).
The eruption cyst held special significance for early
dental surgeons. 59 The anatomy of the trigeminal
nerve had recently been described by the Englishman
ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY
September 1994
Fig. 5. Multitude of periapicai pathoses depicted in this
1840 composite drawing includes fistula formation. Note
the external caries of the teeth, exempiifying the new
acceptance of an external cause for tooth decay.t7
c
Fig. 6. Dentigerous cyst in situ of posterior mandibie.@
Distinction between cysts and neoplasms,especially malig-
nant neoplasms, was unclear, hence hemimandibulectomy
was the treatment of choice for large “cystic carcinomas.”
Charles l3e1177and a direct connection between teeth
and the brain was proven for the first time, a connec-
tion first proposed by Aetius soon after Galen’s trea-
tise on teeth.78 Because many children suffered from
viral or other encephalitis and meningitis attacks at a
period of life similar to the eruption of teeth, it was
assumed that tooth eruption, particularly its “severe”
forms (with eruption cysts), was the cguSe of “brain

ORAL SIJRCERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY
Volume 78, Number 3
fever.“:r9 The universal acceptance of this concept is
typified, in the best-selling novel Bleak Home, by
Charles Dicken,“o wherein a sickly child is assumedto
be dying from “a difficult teething.” The logical
treatment for convulsions and stuporous fevers be-
came, quite naturally, the surgical incision of gingi-
val tissuesoverlying eruption cysts and erupting teeth.
This treatment appeared to be quite successful, of
course, because brain fevers typically lasted 7 to 14
days presuming death did not intervene. Such treat-
ment came to be known as scarification and was used
aIso on Epstein pearls or gingival cysts of newborns.56
CONCLUSION
It is hoped that the present article will prove to be
a stimulant to more extensive and more in-depth his-
toric reviews of oral pathologic lesions. At the very
least it offers ea.rly references that can be used in in-
troductions to clinicspathologic investigations, refer-
encesheretofore difficult to identify becausethey were
in print several decadesbefore Index Medicus began
publication. *r As a further aid, the R.J. Gorlin data-
bank of lesion-specific referenceshas beencreated for
the years 1839-1860. This material is available upon
request and will be extended into later years as time
permits. Additional references from outside the den-
tal journals of the first Golden Age are welcome and
will be incorporated into the databank upon receipt.
REFERENCES
1. Cahn LR. Contributions to the development of oral pathology.
ORAL SURC ORAL MED ORAL PATHOL 1959;12:3-13.
2. Bunting RW. A textbook of oral pathology, for students and
practitioners of dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1929.
3. Thoma KH. Oral pathology. St. Louis: C.V. MO&, 1941.
4. Cahn LR, ed. Arch Clin Oral Path 1937:1:1-245.
Thoma KH, ed. ORAL SURG ORAL MED &AL PATHOL 1948;
l:l-1162.
Hillenbrand I-1. Twenty-five years in retrospect. ORAL SURG
ORAL MED ORAL PATHOL 1959:12:62-5.
Bernier JL. The birth and growth of oral pathology. ORAL
SURG ORAL hIED ORAL PATHOL 1972;34:224-30.
Bloodgood JC. What every dentist should know about surgical
lesions of, and in the region of, the upper and lower jaw; with
especial reference to the early recognition of the precancerous
lesions. J Nat1 Dent Assoc 1915;2:3-19.
9. Lintolt WH. To the editor of the London Lancet: progress of
dental science in America. Am J Dent SC 1842;2:300-1.
10. Bond TE Jr. A practical treatise on dental medicine. Philadel-
phia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1848.
11. Fouchard P. Le Chirurgien Dentiste, on Traite des Dents.
Pa.ris; Pierre Jean Mariette, 1746.
12. Jordain E. Traite des Maladies Chirurgicales de la Bouche.
Paris; 1778.
13. Hunter J. The natural history of the human teeth: explaining
their structures, use, formation, growth, and diseases. London:
J Johnson, 1771.
14. Bell T. The anatomy, physiology and diseases of the teeth.
London, 1829.
15. Harris CA. A physiological and pathological inquiry concern-
-
Bouquot and Lense 349
ing the physical characteristics of the human teeth and gums,
the salivary calculus, the lips and tongue, and the fluids of the
mouth. Am J Dent SC 1841;2:39-120.
16 Baker E. Account of a remarkable tooth, with drawings. Am
J Dent SC 1839;1:14-5.
17 Brown AM. Review of Burdell and Burdell’s observations on
the structure, physiology, anatomy and diseases of the teeth.
Am J Dent SC 1839;1:19-24.
18 Brown S. An extraordinary instance of the force of hereditary
principle; in which is seen an example of the tendency of ev-
erythinginnaturetoproduceits like. Am J DentSc 1839;1:15-6.
19 Brown S. Premature dentition. Am J Dent SC 1839;1:12.
20. Harris CA. In: Koecker L. an essay on artificial teeth, obtura-
tors, and plates, with the principles for their construction [Ed-
itorial]. Am J Dent SC 1840;1:180-4.
21. Hullihen SP. Observations on tooth-ache. Am J Dent SC
1840;1:105-11.
22. In: Taylor J. Opening address delivered before the Mississippi
Valley Association of Dental Surgeons. Am J Dent SC
1844;5:91-104.
23. [Anonymous] Is the Negro subject to hair-lip? Am J Dent SC
1845;5:314.
24. Harris CA. Dental medicine. Am J Dent SC 1849;10:139.
25. Dickey SJ. Osseous union of the teeth. Dent News Letter
1850;3:60-1.
26. Birkett. Carcinomatous tumor attached to the uvula and pos-
terior pillar of the fauces; removal; recovery. Am J Dent SC
(new series) 1852;2:124-7.
27. Harris CA. New ‘York Medical College announcement, Am J
Dent SC (new series) 1852;3:155.
28. Richardson J. Gangrenous degeneration of the cheek and
gums, with necrosis and exfoliation of the alveolar processes
and maxillary bone. Dent Regist West 1856;10:16-26.
29. Warren JM. Tumors of the parotid region. Am J Dent SC
1857;7:587-95.
30. Piggot AS. Valedictory address to the graduating class of the
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Am J Dent SC (new se-
ries) 1858;8:149-63.
31. Foster JH. Address delivered before the Society of the Alumni
of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, at their first an-
nual meeting. Ann J Dent SC 1849;9:265-300.
32. Pease WA. Is there a degeneration in the teeth? if so, to what
is it attributable. Am J Dent SC (new series) 1855;5:605-14.
33. [Anonymous] Dental exhibitions. Dent Regist West 1854;7:95-
101.
34. Harris CA, ed. Amer J Dent SC 1839/40;1:1-292.
35. In: Harris CA. Filling teeth when the lining membrane is ex-
posed. Am J Dent SC (new series) 1851;2:72-91.
__ -. -
36. Kerr DA. tiranuloma pyogenicum. ORAL SURG ORAL MEU
ORAL PATHOL 1951;4:158-76.
37. Hullihen SP. Case of aneurism by anastomosis of the superior
maxillae. Am J Dent SC 1844;4:160-2.
38. Westcott A. Dissertation on the claims of the medical sciences
upon the practitioner of dental surgery. Am J Dent SC
1844;5:3-31.
39. Harris CA. Historical review of the progress of dental surgery
in the United States, with reflections upon the causes that have
accelerated it, and the means necessary for its further ad-
vancement. Am J Dent SC (new series) 1851;2:92-101.
40 Johnson EA, O’Rourke JT, Partridge BS, et al. The status of
dental journalism in the United States. Baltimore, MD:
Waverly Press, 1932:1-44.
41. Flagg JF. Dental exostosis. Dent News Letter 1859;12:241-9.
42. Harris CA. [Miscellaneous notes]. Am J Dent SC 18471
48;8:106-12.
43. Hullihen SP. Abscess of the jaws, and its treatment. Am J Dent
SC 1847/48;8:106-12.
44. Satter JA. Papers on dental pathology. Am J Dent SC (new se-
ries) 1857;7:14-31.
45. Vandenburgh D. Observations on exostosis. Dent Regist West
1851;4:194-8.
350 RouquoI and Lrnse
46. Lee J. Extraction of teeth. Am .I Dent SC 1847:8:23-Y.
47. Regezi J.4. Sciubba JJ. Oral oatholocv. clinicooatholoeic cor-
relgtions. Philadelphia: W.U.’ Saund& 1989:;27-30.-
48. Thackston WWH. A dissertation on the diseases of the max-
illary sinuses. Am J Dent SC I842:2:279-9 I.
49. Forget .A. Dental anomalies and their influcncc upon the pro-
duction of diseases of the maxillary bones. Dent Cosmos
1860;1:229-36, 283-89, 398-404. 451-7.
50. Rodriguez BA. Case of exostosis of the upper jaw. Am J Dent
SC 1839;1:88-9.
51. Davis NS. Report of the Committee on Medical Literature.
Tran Am Mcd Assoc 1853;6:99-135.
52. Sahcr J. Cancellated or vascular exostosis on the fang of a bi-
cuspid tooth. Trdns Pathol Sot London 1855;6:168-9.
53. Norberg 0. Zur Kenntnis der dysontogenetischcn Geschaal-
ste der Kicferknochcn. Vjschr Zahnheiik lY30:46:321-55.
54. Jenks, Savier. Singular phenomenon. Am J Dent Sc I841 ;2: 160.
55. Harris CA. Book review of Ashburn .I On dentition and some
coincident disorders (published 1834). Am J Dent SC 1842:
21294-i.
56. Grey WH. Lancing the gums in stridulous convulsions. Am J
Dent SC 1843;3:228.
51. Dornhluth. Cyst in the orbital cavity. Am J Dent SC 1844;
4~296-7.
58. llawkins JW. Cases of fibrous tumors of the upper jaw-epulis.
Am .I Dent SC 1844:7:77-X4.
59. Tomes J. A course of lectures on dental physiology and surgery
(lectures I-XV). Am .I Dent SC l846-1848:7:1-68. 121-34;
8:33-54, I 20-47, 3 13-50.
50. .Adams. tibrous tumors of the lower jaw: removal of the por-
tion of boric involved in the disease: recovery. Dent News Let-
tcr 1853;6:246-50.
61. Talms AF. Memoirs on a few fundamental points of dental
medicine, considered in its application to hygiene and thcra-
peutics. Am .I Dent SC (new series) 1854;4:294-302.
62. Fergusscn. Resection of portions of the lower jaw on account
of tumor. Am J Dent SC (new series) 186O:lO:l 12-7.
63. Andre-s EH. Extraordinary successive development of teeth.
Am J Dent SC (new seriesj 1858:X:16.
64. in: Sorawson E. Odontomes. Br Dent J 1937:62:177-201
65. Broca I’. Rccherches sur un nouveau groupc de tumeurs
designc sous Ic nom d’odontomes. GU hebd. de med. et de chir.
(Paris) I868:5: 19.70, I 13.
ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINII ORAL PATHOLOGY
Scpptenlber I994
66. Owen R. A history of British fossrl mammals and birds. Idon-
don; 1846:388-9.
67. Shillitoe B. Fibrous tumor from near the angle of the lower jaK.
Trans Pathol Sot London 1865: I6:223-4.
68. Waldron CA. Odontogcnic tumors and selected jai\ cysts. In:
Gncpp DR ed. Pathology of the head and neck. New k’ork:
Churchill-Livingstone, 198X;403-5X.
69. Cusack JW. Report of the amputation of portions of the lower
jaw. Dublin Hosp Rcc 1827;4:1-3.
70. Baden E. Terminology of the ameloblastoma: history and cur-
rent usage. .I Oral Surg 1965;23:40-9.
71. Wedl C. Pathologie dcr Zahnc mit besondcrcr Rucksicht auf
Anatomic und Physiologic. Leipr.ig: A. Felix, 1870.
72. WagstalTc WW. Case of cystic sarcoma of lower jaw. Trans
Pathol Sot London I871:22:249-53.
73. Neumann E. Ein Fall von Untcrkiefergeschwulst bedingt
durch Degeneration eines Zahnsackcs. Langcnbccks Arch f
Chir 1867;9:221-3.
74. Cone CO. Report on practical dentistry. Am J Dent SC
1848;9:3-X2.
75. Scultet I. L’Arcenal de Chirurgie. Lyon: Antoine Celleler:
1671.
76. Salama N, Hilmy A. An ancient Egyptian skull and a mandi-
ble showing cysts. Br Dent J lY5l:YO: I i-8.
71. Bell C. The nervous system of the human bodl;. London. 1830.
78. In: Allen J. Address delivered before the Mississippi Valley
Association of Dental Surgeons. Am J Dent SC 1844:5:305-
12.
79. Canton A. On leaching. From a treatise on the teeth. Am J
Dent SC (new series) 1851;1:131-8.
80. Dickens C. Bleak House. London: Folio Society, 1985. Orig-
inally published in 1853.
XI. Billings .JS. Flctchcr R, eds. Index mcdicus. a monthly classi-
fied record of the current medical literature of !he world, vol
I; 1879.
Reprinr rryuesls.
Dr. J. E. Bouquot
The Maxillofacial Center
583 Tibbs Rd. RR. 7
Morgantown, WV 26505-91 I4