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VARSHNEY
COGNIITTIVE RADIOS
OBBJECTIVES:
TWO ERRORS:
1. SPECTRUM UNDERLAY: DON’T WAIT FOR AN OPPORTUNIT CREATE ONE (INVOLVES UWB)
2. SPECTRUM OVERLAY: WAIT FOR AN OPPORTUNITY AND GRAB IT
IN 1999 A REVOLUTIONARY SOLUTION FOR EFFICIENT SPECTRUM USAGE WAS PROPOSED BY JOSEPH
MITOLA : COGNITIVE RADIO
DEFINITION:
STANDARD: IEEE 802.22 IS A STANDARD FOR CR DEVICES TO DEPLOY WIRELESS REGGIONAL AREA
NETWORK
COGNITIVE TASKS:
FADING:
A key trait of wireless channels is fluctuations of channel strength over time and frequency.
Types of fading:
MODELLING AS:
Y=hx + n
Where h is the channel gain and can be modelled as a random variable with normal distribution with
mean 0 and standard deviation ᾩ
Urban scenario-rayleigh fading channel model-means large no. of reflectors assuming NLOS condition
with assumption that multi paths are statistically independent.
Rural or suburban scenario-ricean fading channel model-means a dominant LOS exists ,although NLOS
also exists but Dominance is of LOS.
Ch=LOG(1+PK|hk|2/N0)bits/s/Hz
C=Eh(Ch)bits/s/Hz
What is diversity, why we need it? How to achive it through how many ways?
Y[m]=h[m]*x[m] + w[m]
Where w[m]~CN(0,N0). Assume Rayleigh fading.
Now if the case is coherent the prior knowledge makes things possible and thus bit error probability can
be improved.
Therefore Diversity is one of the solution to this and it means providing multiple copies of the signal at
the reciever through multiple ways.
Note- The probability of error decays exponentially with SNR and this decay is inverse of SNR in fading
channels.
TYPES OF DIVERSITY:
1. TEMPORAL DIVERSITY: Can be obtained via. Coding and interleaving. Information is coded and
coded symbols are dispersed over time in different coherence periods so that different parts of
the code words experiences independent fades.
2. FREQUENCY DIVERSITY: If channel is frequency selective information can be transmitted by
coding the information over different frequency sub-bands.
3. SPATIAL DIVERSITY: Can be achieved with multiple transmit and receive antennas.
Further you can combine and use these techniques like: time diversity, space-time diversity, space
frequency diversity, time-frequency diversity.
Simple idea is that : TRANSMIT THE SAME SIGNAL * THROUGH L DIFFERENT CHANNEL INSTANTIATIONS.
Y=hX+W
Conditioned over h
So considering a Rayleigh fading channel SNR no more remains same and it bacomes to the power to
different instantiations (say L)
The transmission bandwidth W is greater than the coherence bandwidth Wc, Issue of ISI Is the research
area, many solutions are available.
SPATIAL DIVERSITY:
Siso, simo, mimo
For SLOW FADING Channels Outage Probability is the important parameter (Outage- meanswe do not
have relaible SNR)
SPECTRUM SENSING
OBTAINING AWARENESS ABOUT THE SPECTRUM USAGE OF PRIMARY USERS IN A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.
METHODS OF SPECTRUM SENSING: (WE WILL FOCUS ON JUST ONE USED BY CR’S)
Probability of error:
Multiple cognitive radios are used at different locations to sense the spectrum because of:
ESTIMATION THEORY