List of antibiotics

The following is a list of antibiotics. The

highest division is between antibiotics is
bactericidal and bacteriostatic.
Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas
bacteriostatics prevent them from
dividing. However, these classifications
are based on laboratory behavior. In
practice, both can effectively treat a
bacterial infection.[1]
By coverage
The following are lists of antibiotics for
specific microbial coverage.

MRSA

Antibiotics that cover methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):

Vancomycin[2]
Teicoplanin[2]
Linezolid[2]
Daptomycin[2]
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Doxycycline
 Ceftobiprole[3](5th generation)
Ceftaroline (5th generation)
Clindamycin
Dalbavancin
Fusidic acid
Mupirocin (topical)
Omadacycline
Oritavancin
Tedizolid
Telavancin
Tigecycline (also covers gram
negatives)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotics that cover Pseudomonas
aeruginosa:

Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Ceftazidime (3rd generation)
Cefepime (4th generation)
Ceftobiprole (5th generation)
Ceftolozane/tazobactam
Fluoroquinolones
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid

VRE
Antibiotics that cover vancomycin-
resistant Enterococcus (VRE):

Linezolid
Streptogramins
Tigecycline
Daptomycin

By class
See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of
antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.
Antibiotics by class

Generic name Brand names Common uses[4] Possible side effects

Aminoglycosides

Infections caused by
Amikacin Amikin Gram-negative
bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella particularly
Gentamicin Garamycin
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Effective
against aerobic
Kanamycin Kantrex
bacteria (not
obligate/facultative
anaerobes) and Hearing loss
[5]
Neomycin Neo-Fradin tularemia. All
Vertigo
aminoglycosides are
ineffective when taken Kidney damage
orally as the stomach
Netilmicin Netromycin
will digest the drug
before it goes into the
bloodstream. However
Tobramycin Nebcin
aminoglycosides are
effective in
Intravenous,
Paromomycin Humatin intramuscular and
topical forms.

Streptomycin Tuberculosis

Spectinomycin(Bs) Trobicin Gonorrhea

Ansamycins

Geldanamycin
Experimental, as
antitumor antibiotics
Herbimycin

Rifaximin Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea

 caused by E. coli

Carbacephem

Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued

Carbapenems

Ertapenem Invanz Bactericidal for both

Doripenem Doribax Gram-positive and

Gram-negative
Imipenem/Cilastatin Primaxin Gastrointestinal ups
organisms and
therefore useful for and diarrhea

empiric broad- Nausea

spectrum antibacterial
Seizures
coverage. (Notes:
MRSA resistance to Headache
Meropenem Merrem
this class. All are Rash and allergic
active against reactions
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa except
ertapenem.)

Cephalosporins (First generation)

Cefadroxil Duricef

Cefazolin Ancef, Kefzol Gastrointestinal ups

and diarrhea
Cephradine Good coverage against
Gram-positive Nausea (if alcohol
Cephapirin infections. taken concurrently)

Cephalothin Allergic reactions

Cefalexin Keflex
 Cephalosporins (Second generation)

Distaclor,
Gastrointestinal ups
Cefaclor Ceclor,
and diarrhea
Raniclor
Nausea (if alcohol
Cefoxitin
taken concurrently)
Cefotetan Ceftan
contains
Cefamandole Less Gram-positive methylthiotetrazole
cover, improved Gram- side group
Cefmetazole
negative cover.
Cefonicid Hypoprothrombinem
- if contains
Loracarbef
methylthiotetrazole
Cefprozil Cefzil
side group
Ceftin, Zinnat
Cefuroxime Allergic reactions
(UK)

Cephalosporins (Third generation)

Cefspan Improved coverage of Gastrointestinal ups

Cefixime (antagonistic with
(Fujisawa), Gram-negative and diarrhea
Chloramphenicol)[6]
Suprax organisms, except
Nausea (if alcohol
Omnicef, Pseudomonas.
taken concurrently)
Cefdinir Reduced Gram-positive
Cefdiel
cover. But still not Allergic reactions
Spectracef,
Cefditoren cover Mycoplasma and
Meiact
Chlamydia
Cefoperazone [Unlike most
third-generation agents,
cefoperazone is active against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa],
Cefobid
combination Cefoperazone with
(discontinued)
Sulbactam makes more
effective antibiotic, because
Sulbactam avoid degeneration
of Cefoperazone

Cefotaxime Claforan

Cefpodoxime Vantin,
 Banadoz

Ceftazidime (Unlike most third-

generation agents, ceftazidime
is active against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, but less active
Fortaz, Ceptaz
against Staphylococci and
Streptococci compare to other
3rd generation of
cephalosporins)

Ceftibuten Cedax

Ceftizoxime

Moxalactam

Ceftriaxone (IV and IM, not

orally, effective also for syphilis Rocephin
and uncomplicated gonorrhea)

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Gastrointestinal ups
and diarrhea
Covers pseudomonal
Cefepime Maxipime Nausea (if alcohol
infections.
taken concurrently)

Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

Ceftaroline fosamil Teflaro Used to treat MRSA Gastrointestinal ups

and diarrhea

Allergic reaction
 Used to treat MRSA
(methicillin-resistant
Gastrointestinal ups
Staphylococcus
and diarrhea
aureus), penicillin-
Ceftobiprole Zeftera resistant Streptococcus Nausea (if alcohol
pneumoniae, taken concurrently)
Pseudomonas
Allergic reactions
aeruginosa, and
enterococci

Glycopeptides

Teicoplanin Targocid (UK) Active against aerobic

Vancomycin Vancocin and anaerobic Gram-

positive bacteria
Telavancin Vibativ
including MRSA;
Dalbavancin Dalvance Vancomycin is used
orally for the treatment
Oritavancin Orbactiv
of C. difficile colitis

Lincosamides(Bs)

Serious staph-,
pneumo-, and
Clindamycin Cleocin
streptococcal Possible C. difficile-
infections in penicillin- related
allergic patients, also pseudomembranous
anaerobic infections; enterocolitis
Lincomycin Lincocin
clindamycin topically
for acne

Lipopeptide

Daptomycin Cubicin Gram-positive

organisms, but is
inhibited by pulmonary
surfactant so less
 effective against
pneumonias

Macrolides(Bs)

Nausea, vomiting, a
Zithromax,
Streptococcal diarrhea (especially
Azithromycin Sumamed,
infections, syphilis, higher doses)
Xithrone
upper respiratory tract Prolonged cardiac Q
infections, lower interval (especially
Clarithromycin Biaxin
respiratory tract
erythromycin)
infections,
Erythocin, Hearing loss
Erythromycin mycoplasmal
Erythroped (especially at higher
infections, Lyme
disease doses)
Roxithromycin
Jaundice

Visual Disturbance, Liv

Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia
Toxicity.[7]

Spiramycin Rovamycine Mouth infections

Treatment of
Clostridioides (formerly
Clostridium) difficile
infection.[8] May be Nausea (11%), vomitin
Fidaxomicin Dificid
more narrow-spectrum and abdominal pain.[1
than vancomycin,
resulting in less bowel
microbiota alteration.[9]

Monobactams

Aztreonam Azactam Gram-negative bacteria

 Nitrofurans

Bacterial or protozoal
Furazolidone Furoxone
diarrhea or enteritis

Macrodantin,
Nitrofurantoin(Bs) Urinary tract infections
Macrobid

Oxazolidinones(Bs)

Thrombocytopenia

Linezolid Zyvox VRSA Peripheral neuropat

Serotonin Syndrome

Phase II
Posizolid
clinical trials

Phase II
Radezolid
clinical trials

Torezolid Sivextro

Penicillins

Novamox, Wide range of Gastrointestinal ups

Amoxicillin
Amoxil infections; penicillin and diarrhea

Principen used for streptococcal

Allergy with serious
Ampicillin
(discontinued) infections, syphilis, and anaphylactic reactio
Lyme disease
Azlocillin Brain and kidney
Dynapen damage (rare)
Dicloxacillin
(discontinued)

Floxapen (Sold
to European
Flucloxacillin
generics
Actavis Group)
Mezlocillin Mezlin
(discontinued)

Staphcillin
Methicillin
(discontinued)

Unipen
Nafcillin
(discontinued)

Prostaphlin
Oxacillin
(discontinued)

Pentids
Penicillin G
(discontinued)

Veetids (Pen-
Penicillin V Vee-K)
(discontinued)

Pipracil
Piperacillin
(discontinued)

Penicillin G Pfizerpen

Negaban (UK)
Temocillin
(discontinued)

Ticar
Ticarcillin
(discontinued)

Penicillin combinations

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin Both

Amoxicillin/clavulanate
and
Ampicillin/sulbactam
are effective against
non-recurrent acute
otitis media.[11]
Amoxicillin/clavulanate
is one of the few oral
antibiotics effective
against skin and soft
tissue infections. Can
 be given to children
less than 40 kilograms
in weight; for children
heavier, the dosage is
same as adults, twice
daily.[12]

Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn

Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn

Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin

Polypeptides

Eye, ear or bladder Kidney and nerve

infections; usually damage (when given b
applied directly to the injection)
eye or inhaled into the
lungs; rarely given by
Bacitracin injection, although the
use of intravenous
colistin is experiencing
a resurgence due to
the emergence of multi
drug resistant

Colistin Coly-Mycin-S organisms.

Polymyxin B
 Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

Cipro, Ciproxin,
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprobay

Enoxacin Penetrex
Urinary tract infections,
Gatifloxacin Tequin
bacterial prostatitis,
[14]
Gemifloxacin Factive community-acquired
Levofloxacin Levaquin pneumonia, bacterial

Lomefloxacin Maxaquin diarrhea, mycoplasmal Nausea (rare),

infections, gonorrhea irreversible damage to
Moxifloxacin Avelox
central nervous system
Nadifloxacin (uncommon), tendinos
Nalidixic acid NegGram (rare)

Norfloxacin Noroxin

Floxin
Ofloxacin (discontinued),
Ocuflox

Trovafloxacin Trovan Withdrawn

Grepafloxacin Raxar Withdrawn

Sparfloxacin Zagam Withdrawn

Temafloxacin Omniflox Withdrawn

Sulfonamides(Bs)

Mafenide Sulfamylon Urinary tract infections Nausea, vomiting, a

 (except sulfacetamide, diarrhea
Sulamyd, used for eye infections,
Sulfacetamide Allergy (including sk
Bleph-10 and mafenide and
rashes)
silver sulfadiazine,
used topically for Crystals in urine
Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon
burns) Kidney failure

Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene Decrease in white

blood cell count

Sensitivity to sunligh
Di-Methox,
Sulfadimethoxine
Albon

Sulfamethizole Thiosulfil Forte

Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol

Sulfanilimide (archaic)

Sulfasalazine Azulfidine

Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Bactrim,
(Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Septra

Sulfonamidochrysoidine
Prontosil
(archaic)

Tetracyclines(Bs)

Demeclocycline Declomycin Syphilis, chlamydial Gastrointestinal ups

Doxycycline Vibramycin infections, Lyme

Sensitivity to sunligh
disease, mycoplasmal
Metacycline Potential toxicity to
infections, acne
Minocycline Minocin mother and fetus
during pregnancy
Oxytetracycline Terramycin rickettsial infections, Enamel hypoplasia
malaria[note 1] (staining of teeth;
potentially permane

Transient depressio
of bone growth

Sumycin,
Tetracycline Achromycin V,
Steclin

Drugs against mycobacteria

Clofazimine Lamprene Antileprotic

Dapsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic

Capreomycin Capastat Antituberculosis

Antituberculosis,
Cycloserine Seromycin
urinary tract infections

Ethambutol(Bs) Myambutol Antituberculosis

Ethionamide Trecator Antituberculosis

Isoniazid I.N.H. Antituberculosis

Pyrazinamide Aldinamide Antituberculosis

Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Rifadin, mostly Gram-positive Reddish-orange sweat

Rimactane and mycobacteria tears, and urine
 Mycobacterium avium Rash, discolored urine
Rifabutin Mycobutin
complex GI symptoms

Rifapentine Priftin Antituberculosis

Streptomycin Antituberculosis Neurotoxicity, ototoxic

Others

Spirochaetal infections
Arsphenamine Salvarsan
(obsolete)

Meningitis, MRSA,
topical use, or for low-
cost internal treatment.
Chloramphenicol(Bs) Chloromycetin Historic: typhus, Rarely: aplastic anemi
cholera. Gram-
negative, Gram-
positive, anaerobes

This antibiotic is not

Monurol, Acute cystitis in recommended for
Fosfomycin
Monuril women children and 75 and up
of age

Fusidic acid Fucidin

Metronidazole Flagyl Infections caused by Discolored urine,

anaerobic bacteria; headache, metallic tas
also amoebiasis, nausea; alcohol is
trichomoniasis, contraindicated
giardiasis
 Ointment for impetigo,
Mupirocin Bactroban
cream for infected cuts

Platensimycin

Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Synercid

Gram-negative, Gram-
positive, anaerobes. Rash. Lacks known
Thiamphenicol
Widely used in anemic side-effects.
veterinary medicine.

Tigecycline(Bs) Tigacyl Slowly Intravenous. Teeth discoloration an

Indicated for same side effects as
complicated skin/skin tetracycline. Not to be
structure infections, given for children and
soft tissue infections pregnant or lactate
and complicated intra- women. Relatively saf
abdominal infections. and no need dose
Effective for gram- adjusted when be give
positive, gram- for mild to moderate
negative, anaerobic, liver function or renal
and against multi- patients
antibiotic resistant
bacteria (such as
Staphylococcus aureus
[MRSA] and
 Acinetobacter
baumannii), but not
effective for
Pseudomonas spp. and
Proteus spp.

Tindamax Upset stomach, bitter

Tinidazole Protozoal infections
Fasigyn taste, and itchiness

Proloprim,
Trimethoprim(Bs) Urinary tract infections
Trimpex

Generic Name Brand Names Common Uses[4] Possible Side Effects

Note: (Bs): Bacteriostatic

Antibiotic candidates
Separately are listed antibiotic candidates,
and known antibiotics not yet mass-
produced.
Antibiotic candidates
Generic Stage of Mechanism of
Origin Susceptible phyla
name development action

Unclassified

Gram-positive, including antibiotic No human Binds fatty acid

Eleftheria
Teixobactin resistant S. aureus and M. trials precursors to cell
terrae
tuberculosis scheduled wall

No human Binds fatty acid

Uncultured Gram-positive, including antibiotic
Malacidins trials precursors to cell
Bacterium resistant S. aureus
scheduled wall

See also
Timeline of antibiotics, listed by year of
introduction
Pathogenic bacteria

Notes
1. Note: Malaria is caused by a protist
and not a bacterium.

References
1. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg,
N. R. (1999) "Host-Parasite Interaction;
Nonspecific Host Resistance", In:
Microbiology Concepts and
Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc.,
New York pp. 478-479.
2. ⻘⽊, 眞 (2015). レジデントのための
感染症診療マニュアル. Japan: 医学書
院. ISBN 978-4260020275.
3. Zhanel GG, Lam A, Schweizer F,
Thomson K, Walkty A, Rubinstein E,
Gin AS, Hoban DJ, Noreddin AM,
Karlowsky JA (2008). "Ceftobiprole: a
review of a broad-spectrum and anti-
MRSA cephalosporin". American
Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 9 (4):
245–54. doi:10.2165/00128071-
200809040-00004 . PMID 18572975 .
4. For common Uses and possible side
effects reference is: Robert Berkow
(ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical
Information - Home Edition. Pocket
(September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-
1.
5. "Neomycin Drug Information" .
uptodate. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
(subscription required)

6. Berger, Dr. Stephen (2014-04-03).

GIDEON Guide to Antimicrobial
Agents (2014 ed.). GIDEON
Informatics Inc. p. 221.
ISBN 9781617558399. Retrieved
4 February 2015.
7. Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March
2006). "Liver toxicity reported with
Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
8. McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S,
Bakken JS, Carroll KC, Coffin SE,
Dubberke ER, Garey KW, Gould CV,
Kelly C, Loo V, Shaklee Sammons J,
Sandora TJ, Wilcox MH (March 2018).
"Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults
and Children: 2017 Update by the
Infectious Diseases Society of
America (IDSA) and Society for
Healthcare Epidemiology of America
(SHEA)" . Clinical Infectious Diseases.
66 (7): e1–e48.
doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085 .
PMC 6018983 . PMID 29462280 .
 9. Tannock GW, Munro K, Taylor C,
Lawley B, Young W, Byrne B, Emery J,
Louie T (November 2010). "A new
macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin
(OPT-80), causes less alteration to the
bowel microbiota of Clostridium
difficile-infected patients than does
vancomycin". Microbiology. 156 (Pt
11): 3354–9.
doi:10.1099/mic.0.042010-0 .
PMID 20724385 .
10. Dificid (fidaxomicin) [prescribing
information] Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck; December 2015.
11. Casellas JM, Israele V, Marín M, Ishida
MT, Heguilen R, Soutric J, Arenoso H,
Sibbald A, Stamboulian D (September
2005). "Amoxicillin-sulbactam versus
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the
treatment of non-recurrent-acute otitis
media in Argentinean children".
International Journal of Pediatric
Otorhinolaryngology. 69 (9): 1225–33.
doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.03.016 .
PMID 16061111 .
12. "APO-Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid
500mg/125 mg Tablets" (PDF).
Retrieved November 27, 2014.
 13. Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin:
Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-
Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John
Stone and Jack L. Strominger
14. "List of Antibiotics" . Retrieved
February 7, 2014.

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