Signals and Systems

Lecture # 1
Prof. Said Elnoubi
Teaching.alexeng.edu.eg/EE/selnouby
 Signal Processing Systems
• Speech synthesis and speech recognition
• Audio CDs
• Audio compression (MP3, MP4)
• Image compression (JPEG, JPEG 2000)
• Optical character recognition
• Video CDs (MPEG 1)
• DVD, digital cable, and HDTV (MPEG 2)
• Wireless video (MPEG 4/H.263)
• Examples of communication systems?
 Course Outline
• Time domain analysis
– Signals and systems in continuous and
discrete time
– Convolution: finding system response in time
domain
• Frequency domain analysis
– Fourier series
– Fourier transform of continuous-time signals
– Frequency responses of systems (filters)

Textbook: Signals and Systems by Ziemer

 Signals
• Continuous-time signals are functions of a
real argument
x(t) where t can take any real value
x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t
• Discrete-time signals are functions of an
argument that takes values from a discrete
set
x[n] where n ∈ {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}
We sometimes use “index” instead of “time” when
discussing discrete-time signals
• Values for x may be real or complex
 Analog vs. Digital
• The amplitude of an analog signal can take any
real or complex value at each time

• Amplitude of a digital signal takes values from a

discrete set
1

-1
 Systems
• A system is a transformation from one signal
(called the input) to another signal (called the
output or the response).
• Continuous-time systems with input signal x and
output signal y (a.k.a. the response):
y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1) x(t) y(t)
y(t) = x2(t)
• Discrete-time system examples
y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] x[n] y[n]

y[n] = x2[n]
 Sinusoids
• Periodic x(t) = Acos(ωot+θ)=Acos(2πfot+θ)
• x(t) = Re{A e j(ωot+θ)} = Re{X e jωot }
• Phasor X= A ejθ = A∠θ
Imaginary
axis
t=0

~
x(t ) = Re{x (t )}
Real
axis
 Rotating Phasor

Imaginary
ωo
axis ~
x (t )

ωot+θ

x(t) real
Single Sided Spectrum
amplitude

phase
θ

f
0 fo
 Two Rotating Phasors
1 ~ ~ ∗ A jωot +θ A −( jωot +θ )
x(t ) = {x (t ) + x (t )} = e + e
2 2 2
Imaginary
axis ωo
ωot+θ
Real
axis

ωo
Double Sided Spectrum
amplitude

A/2

f
-fo fo

phase
θ

f
 Example
x ( t ) = 4 sin( 20 π t − π / 6 )
= 4 cos(( 20 π t − π / 6 − π / 2 )
= 4 cos(( 20 π t − 2 π / 3 )

4
amplitude
f

phase 10

-2π/3
 Periodic or not?
• x1(t)=sin10πt ,x2=sin20 πt
• T1=0.2 s and T2=0.1
• x1(t) + x2(t) periodic with period 0.2
• Periodic if T1/T2 rational number m/n

• x3(t)=sin10πt ,x4=sin31t
• x3(t) + x4(t) nonperiodic