SMS Manual

Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Cover Page

Safety Management System (SMS)

Manual

Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk

Assessment

Issue: 01 Rev.: 00 Page: 1 of 8 Date: April 2015

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

8.0 Hazard Identification

The purpose of Hazard identification is to allow for safety analysis of the risks associated with
the hazards and the subsequent elimination of the hazards, or the reduction of its risks to an
acceptable level, while the identification of every conceivable hazards is impossible, all
employees must exercise due diligence to identify hazards related to their work, these
hazards can be actual or foreseeable.

Hazard identification is the act of identifying any condition with the potential of causing injury
to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of the ability
to perform a prescribed function. In particular, this includes any conditions that could
contribute to the release of an un-airworthy aircraft or to the operation of aircraft in an
unsafe manner.

This can be achieved through internal reporting mechanisms.

Sky Lounge safety assessments are a core process in the safety management construct and
provide a vital function in evaluating and maintaining the system’s safety health.

Understanding the hazards and inherent risks associated with everyday activities allows the
organization to minimize unsafe acts and respond proactively, by improving the processes,
conditions and other systemic issues that lead to unsafe acts. These include -training,
budgeting, procedures, planning, marketing and other organizational factors that are known
to play a role in many systems-based accidents. In this way, safety management becomes a
core-business function and is not just an adjunct management task.

Sky Lounge utilized both reactive -in which the organization reacts to an event- and proactive
method -in which the organization actively seeks to address systemic safety issues before
they result in an active failure- of Hazard identification, as:
 Sky Lounge reactive method of Hazard identification will analyze hazards that have
been identified or have already contributed to a mishap. These reactive processes
include the conduct of investigation into accidents, incidents, occurrences, staff
reporting, and regulatory violations.
 Proactive method attempt to identify and analyze hazards before they have resulted
into an incidents or accidents.

1. Hazards can combine in unforeseeable ways, so that even apparently slight hazards can
result in undesirable outcomes which may have catastrophic results.

2. Consequently the starting point for the whole safety risk management process shall be
establishment of the context and hazard identification. A systematic and comprehensive

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

hazard identification process is critical, because hazards not identified at this stage may
be excluded from further risk analysis and treatment.

3. Hazards can be identified from a range of sources including, but not limited to:
 Brain-storming using experienced personnel;
 Development of risk scenarios;
 Trend analysis;
 Feedback from training;
 Safety reporting;
 Safety surveys;
 Safety audits;
 Gap analysis;
 State investigation of accidents and serious incidents; and
 Information exchange systems (similar operators, regulators, etc.).

4. Over time, the ‘database’ of reported hazards enables the organization to:
 Identify ‘hot spots’ that need particular attention; and
 Conduct trend analysis which can provide the basis for improvement of hazard
identification.

 Hazard identification is the responsibility of all employees in the organization.

Managers of each department have the responsibility to ensure that the hazards of
their departments are collected, recorded and managed appropriately. Safety
Manager is responsible to coordinate hazard identification of all the departments
and conduct trend analysis.

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
Examples of Safety Hazards (not a complete list)
Organizational Issues
• Time pressures to sustain on- • Aircraft designs that are not
time operations;
• Ageing aircraft requiring
intensive inspections for
fatigue, corrosion, overall
condition, etc.;
• New technologies requiring
new tools, new work
procedures, costly retraining,
etc.;
• “Fix-it” focus to stay on
schedule (e.g. replacing
broken parts without
determination as to why they
failed — perhaps due to poor
design or incorrect assembly);
• Company expansion
• Outsourcing of services to
subcontractors
• Unwitting introduction of (lower
cost, substandard) bogus
parts, etc.; and
Issue: 01 Rev.: 00
Work Site Conditions
user-friendly from a
maintenance perspective (for
example, cramped access to
components and inappropriate
height off the ground);
• Availability (and accessibility)
of spares, tools,
documentation, etc.;
technical information, and the
need for maintaining detailed
work records;
• Environmental factors (e.g.
temperature, lighting and
noise);
• Shortcomings in the provision
of timely, accurate,
understandable discrepancy
reports by the clients.
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SMS Manual
Human Factors
• Organizational and working
conditions
• Individual factors (e.g. workload,
physical demands and
maintenance);
• Scheduling (e.g. shift work,
night work and overtime) versus
adequacy of rest periods;
• Appropriateness of SOPs (e.g.
correctness, understandability
and usability);
• Quality of supervision;
• Proper use of job cards, etc.
(i.e. do actual floor practices
comply with SOPs?);
• Adequacy of formal training, on-
the-job training (OJT), recurrent
training and Human Factors
training;
• Adequacy of handovers at shift
changes and record keeping;
• Boredom; and
• Cultural factors (e.g.
professionalism and openness
to report errors and hazards).
Date: April 2015
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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

8.1 Identification Hazard Processing

Safety risk assessment and mitigation program organization that specifies processes to ensure:
a. Hazards are analyzed to determine the corresponding safety risks;
b. Safety risks are assessed to determine the requirement for risk mitigation action(s);
c. When required, risk mitigation actions are developed and implemented;
d. Ensure that safety risk is considered before changes are implemented;

8.2 Risk Assessment Process

Figure 1Risk Management Process

Questions for assessing the probability of an occurrence:

a. Is there a history of occurrences like the one being assessed, or is the occurrence an isolated
event?
b. What other equipment, or similar type components, might have similar defects?
c. What number of operating or maintenance personnel must follow the procedure (s) in
question?
d. How frequently is the equipment or procedure under assessment used?

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

e. Are there organizational, management or regulatory implications that might generate larger
threats to public safety

Table 1Risk probability

Table 2Risk Severity

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Using the risk analysis matrix as shown in the below figure, it is possible to standardize the qualitative
risk assessments, and categorize the hazard using the tolerability.

Figure 2Risk Assessments Matrix

Figure 3Risk Assessments Tolerability

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Sky Lounge have a safety risk assessment and mitigation program which include;
a. Hazards analysis to determine the existing and potential safety risks to aircraft maintenance.
b. Safety risks are assessed to determine the requirement for risk mitigation action.
c. Risk mitigation actions are developed and implemented.

Risk assessment and mitigation program is implemented in a manner that:

a. is active in all areas of Sky Lounge where there is a potential for hazards that could affect
aircraft maintenance.
b. Has some form of central coordination to ensure that existing or potential hazards that have
been identified are subjected to risk assessment and, if applicable mitigation

Once a hazard has been identified these safety risks and their potential consequences must be assessed.
Safety risk assessment is the analysis of the safety risks of the consequences of the hazards that have
been identified as threatening the capabilities of the organization.

Risk Assessment should be performed typically in the following cases:

 Reactively – when an event/occurrence is reported. The following should be assessed related to
the event:
o The probability of the event re-occurring
o The prisk of the event escalating to an accident or serious incident
o The risk from each of the contributing factors of the event
 The most hazardous operations/activities
 When an identified hazard is considered significant to safety
 When the trends analysis indicate to specific hazards
 When there are changes in the organization (refer to Management of Change process)

Each department should keep a risk register where all the risk assessments of the department are kept.
A Master Risk Register is kept by the Safety department.

Risk assessment form to be used when performing risk assessment.

8.3 Aviation Safety

All staff are provided with adequate and appropriate aviation safety information and training, are
competent in safety matters, and are allocated only tasks commensurate with their skills;

The concept of aviation safety may have different connotations, such as:

1. Zero accidents(or serious incidents), a view widely held by the traveling public;
2. The freedom from danger or risks, i.e. those factors which cause or are likely to cause
harm;
3. The attitude towards unsafe acts and conditions by employees (reflecting a “safe”
corporate culture);

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

4. The degree to which the inherent risks in aviation are “acceptable”;

5. The process of hazard identification and risk management; and
6. The control of accidental loss (of persons and property, and damage to the
environment).

8.4 Risk Assessment Reporting

Every event should be investigated. The extent of the investigation will depend on the actual and
potential consequences of the occurrence or hazard. Reports that demonstrate a high potential
should be investigated in greater depth than those with low potential.

The risk assessment process utilizes “Sky Lounge risk assessment form” which is appropriate to the
complexity of Sky Lounge work.

8.5 Safety Assessment Approval

Senior managers in each department should be approving the risk assessments. Level of manager can
depend on level of risk.

Sky Lounge shall ensure that the completed safety assessments are approved by the Safety review
board.

8.6 Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Corrective, Preventive Actions

In addition to investigating all incidents, it is Sky Lounge policy to also conduct an in-house formal
investigation following a hazard report.

This will enable Sky Lounge to ascertain quickly whether any immediate changes in procedures are
necessary. Typically, Sky Lounge may be asked to investigate and make a report to DGCA. All internal
accident/incident investigations are carried out by the safety manager with direct cooperation of the
investigation committee (as mentioned in chapter 10), under the authority of the accountable manager.

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Chapter 8: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Investigations seek to determine not only the required immediate actions, but the real root causes as
well. Appropriate corrective actions will be developed and preventative action will be recommended to
prevent future similar occurrences, to eliminate hazards or mitigate unacceptable risk.

8.7 Periodic Review

Annual review of the risk assessments will be accomplished and will be documented by SRB.

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