Source:

1. Roddy D. and Coolen J. Electronic Communication (3rd edn)

2. Tanenbaum A. Computer Networks (3rd edn)
Objectives:
At the end, students will be able to:
 Define data communication;
 know and familiarize data communication
system;
 define protocol;
 know the importance of protocol in the
communication system;
 participate in class discussion actively; and
 listen to others with respect.
What is Data Communication?
 Data communication is the act of relaying a
message or information in binary form
between two points (the transmitter and the
receiver).

 Data communication is the exchange of data

(in binary form) between two devices via
some form of transmission medium.
Components of Data
Communication

TRANSMITTER/
CHANNEL/ RECEIVER/
SENDER/
MEDIUM DESTINATION
SOURCE
Data communication system
 Message. The message is the information (data) to be
communicated.
 Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data
message.
 Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the
message.
 Medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by
which a message travels from sender to receiver. It can
consist of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
laser, or radio waves.
 Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communication. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices.
Protocols and DNS
Protocol

 it is a set of rules or procedures for

transmitting data between electronic
devices, such as computers. In order for
computers to exchange information, there
must be a preexisting agreement as to how
the information will be structured and how
each side will send and receive it.
The ISO OSI Reference Model

The purpose of this International Standard Model of

Open Systems Interconnection is to provide a common
basis for the coordination of standards development for
the purpose of systems interconnection, while allowing
existing standards to be placed into perspective within
the overall Reference Model.
The Physical Layer

The physical layer interfaces directly with the physical media.

It governs four basic areas of media connectivity.
1. Mechanical characteristics of communication device
interfaces.
2. The electrical signal used to convey data.
3. The functional logic of electrical signals generated.
4. The procedures and protocol that govern the sequence of
events that must occur in order for the physical media to
properly support the communications between two
systems.
The physical layer contains the set of rules regarding the
hardware used to transmit data.
Data Link Layer
The physical layer provides the data link layer
with raw bits. The data link layer then gives
meaning to these bits. It is responsible for
dividing data traffic into transmission frames
(proper frame sequencing should be
maintained).

The data link layer defines the protocols that

detect and correct errors that occur during
data transfer through the physical media.
Network Layer
The network layer handles the routing functions for data
moving from one open system to another. Routing is
actually a formal network term for the message redirection
that takes place at this layer.
Transport Layer
The transport layer provides a reliable mechanism for
the exchange of data between processes in different
systems. It ensures that data units are delivered error-
free, in sequence, with no losses or duplication.
The Transport layer accomplishes reliable delivery
through:
1. Orderly connection establishment and teardown
2. Acknowledgement messages
3. Sequence numbers
4. Flow control
Session Layer
The session layer provides a mechanism for controlling the
dialog between applications in end systems. The key services
provided by the session layer include:

1. Dialog Discipline. This can be two-way simultaneous

(full duplex) or two-way alternate (half-duplex).
2. Grouping. The flow of data can be marked to define
groups of data.
3. Recovery. The session layer can provide a check
pointing mechanism, so that if a failure of some sort
occurs between checkpoints, the session entity can
retransmit all the data since the last checkpoint.
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer controls the syntax (the
arrangement of words and phrases to create well-
formed sentences in a language) of data
originated by two systems and the transformation
of data as it passes between these systems. Its
purpose is to resolve differences in format and
data representation.
It is responsible for formatting data to ensure
proper output for specific devices.

Ex. ASCII and EBCDIC conversions

Application Layer
The application layer provides a means for
application processes to access the network
environment.

In other words, the application layer is not the

layer where applications such as word
processors and spreadsheets run. Rather, the
application layer is the layer that supports the
applications and enables them to connect to
the network.
Protocols

A document's internet protocol is described by

the first several letters in your browser's
address bar, ending in the three characters '://'.
The most common protocol you will see
is http:// for a regular hypertext page. The
second most common protocol you will see
is https://, for hypertext pages that are secured
against hackers.
Examples of internet computer protocols:

 http: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 https: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secured
 TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 ftp: File Transfer Protocol