Differential Equations

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Outline

1 Meaning of Differential Equation

2 Separable Differential Equations

3 Solving Separable Differential Equations

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What will I learn?
1 Solve separable differential equations

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Outline

1 Meaning of Differential Equation

2 Separable Differential Equations

3 Solving Separable Differential Equations

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Activity 1
Solve the equation

3(x + 1) = 5x.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Definition (Differential Equation)

A differential equation (DE) is an equation
that involves x, y , and the derivatives of y .

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

In other words,
It is an equation containing a function and its
derivatives, or just its derivatives is called a
differential equation.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
dy dy 2x 2 d 2y
= 2x, = 2, = 4x + 3
dx dx 3y dx 2

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Definition (Order of DE)

The order of a differential equation is the order
of the derivative of highest order that appears in
the equation.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x
dx

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x Answer: Order 1
dx

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x Answer: Order 1
dx
dy 2x 2
2 = 2
dx 3y

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x Answer: Order 1
dx
dy 2x 2
2 = 2 Answer: Order 1
dx 3y

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x Answer: Order 1
dx
dy 2x 2
2 = 2 Answer: Order 1
dx 3y
d 2y
3 = 4x + 3
dx 2

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Determine the order of each differential
equation.
dy
1 = 2x Answer: Order 1
dx
dy 2x 2
2 = 2 Answer: Order 1
dx 3y
d 2y
3 = 4x + 3 Answer: Order 2
dx 2

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Definition (Solution of DE)

A function defined by y = f (x) or a relation
f (x, y ) is a solution of a differential equation if
y and its derivatives satisfy the equation.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is y = x 2 + 5x + 1 a solution to the equation
dy
= 2x + 5?
dx

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is y = x 2 + 5x + 1 a solution to the equation
dy
= 2x + 5?
dx
Answer: Yes, it is.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is x 2 + y 2 = 1 a solution to the equation
dy x
=− ?
dx y

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is x 2 + y 2 = 1 a solution to the equation
dy x
=− ?
dx y
Answer: Yes, it is.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is y = cos x a solution to the equation
d 2y
+ y = 0?
dx 2

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Example
Is y = cos x a solution to the equation
d 2y
+ y = 0?
dx 2
Answer: Yes, it is.

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 Meaning of Differential Equation

Remark(s)
Solving a differential equation means
finding all possible solutions to the DE.

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 Separable Differential Equations

Outline

1 Meaning of Differential Equation

2 Separable Differential Equations

3 Solving Separable Differential Equations

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 Separable Differential Equations

Definition (Separable Differential

Equation)
A differential equation is said to be separable if
it can be expressed as

h(y )dy = g (x)dx.

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
4y =8
dx

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
4y =8
dx
Answer: Yes, it is.
dy 8
=⇒ = =⇒ 4y dy = 8 dx
dx 4y

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
= 3y 2 − y 2 sin x
dx

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
= 3y 2 − y 2 sin x
dx
Answer: Yes, it is.
dy dy
=⇒ = y 2(3 − sin x) =⇒ =
dx dx
3 − sin x
−2
=⇒ y −2 dy = (3 − sin x) dx
y

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
+ 4y = x 2
dx

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
dy
+ 4y = x 2
dx
Answer: No, it is not.

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
d 2y
− 3 = 4x
dx 2

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 Separable Differential Equations

Example
Is this a separable DE?
d 2y
− 3 = 4x
dx 2
Answer: Yes, it is.
2
d y 2 2
=⇒ = 4x + 3 =⇒ d y = (4x + 3) dx
dx 2

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Outline

1 Meaning of Differential Equation

2 Separable Differential Equations

3 Solving Separable Differential Equations

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
dy 1
= y.
dx 4

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
dy 1
= y.
dx 4
 x/4

Answer: y = 0, y = Ke where K is a real
number

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
dy
= 3xy 2.
dx

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
dy
= 3xy 2.
dx
 
2
Answer: y = 0, y = − 2 where K is a
3x + K
real number

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
d 2y
= sin 3x + cos 3x
dx 2

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Solve the differential equation
d 2y
= sin 3x + cos 3x
dx 2
1 1
Answer: y = − sin(3x) − cos(3x) + C1x + C2
9 9

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Find the particular solution of the DE given their
corresponding initial conditions.
dy
= x 2 − 2x − 4
dx
x = 3 and y = −6.

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Find the particular solution of the DE given their
corresponding initial conditions.
dy
= x 2 − 2x − 4
dx
x = 3 and y = −6.
1
Answer: y = x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 6
3

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Find the particular solution of the DE given their
corresponding initial conditions.

sin 2y dy − cos 3x dx = 0

x = π/2 and y = π/3

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 Solving Separable Differential Equations

Example
Find the particular solution of the DE given their
corresponding initial conditions.

sin 2y dy − cos 3x dx = 0

x = π/2 and y = π/3

Answer: 4 sin(3x) + 6 cos(2y ) = −7

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