1.

INTERNATIONAL PHONETICS ALPHABETS

2. Consonants

There are 24 consonants in English. They are:

1. p – pig 13. tʃ – charm

2. b – beg 14. dʒ – jump
3. t – tea 15. θ – thin
4. d – day 16. ð – this
5. k – key 17. m – man
6. g – go 18. n – now
7. f – fine 19. ŋ – sing
8. v – very 20. h – hill
9. s – see 21. l – like
10. z – zoo 22. r – run
11. ʃ – she 23. w – well
12. ʒ – measure 24. j – you

According to the place / point of articulation the consonants can be divided into :
1. Bilabial : two lips are the primaru articulators, e.g. : b, p, m, w
2. Labio-dental : the lower lips articulates with the upper teeth, e.g.: f, v
3. Dental : the tongue tip and rims articulate with the upper teeth, e.g.: θ, ð
4. Alveolar : the blade, or tip and blade of the tongue articulate with the alveolar
ridge, e.g.: t, d, l, n, s, z
5. Post alveolar : the tip (and the rims) of the tongue articulate with the rear part of
the alveolar ridge, e.g. : r
6. Palato-alveolar : the blade, or the tip and blade of the tongue articulate with the
alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a rising of the front of
the tongue towards the hard palate, e.g.: ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ
7. Palatal : the front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate, e.g.: j
8. Velar : the back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate, e.g.: k, g, ŋ
9. Glottal : an obstruction, or a narrowing causing friction but not vibration
between the vocal cords, e.g.: h

According to the manner of articulation, the consonants can be divided into:

1. Complete Closure:
a. Plosive : a complete closure at same point in the vocal tract, behind which
the air pressure builds up and can be released explosively, e.g.: p,
b, t, d, k, g
b. Affricate : a complete closure at the same point in the mouth, behind which
the air pressure builds up; the separation of the organs is slow
complete with that of a plosive, so that friction is a characteristic
second element of the sound, e.g.: tʃ, dʒ
c. Nasal : a complete closure at same points in the mouth but the soft palate
being lowered the air escaped through nose, e.g.: m, n, ŋ
2. Intermittent Closure:
Roll : a series of rapid intermittent closures or taps made by a flexible
organs on a firmer surface, e.g.: r (the tongue tip taps against the
alveolar ridge)
3. Partial Closure:
Lateral : a partial closure is made at some point in the mouth, the air
stream being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the
contact, e.g.: l
4. Narrowing:
Fricative : two organs approximate to such an extent that the air stream
passes through them with friction, e.g.: f, v, ʃ, ʒ, s, z, θ, ð, h

5. Glides:
Semi vowels : Usually included in the consonantal category on functional
grounds, but from the point of view of phonetic description they
are more properly treated as vowel glides, e.g.: w, j
 PHONETIC TABLE
CHIEF ENGLISH CONSONANTAL ARTICULATIONS
PLACE OF ARTICULATION

BILABIAL

LABIO-DENTAL

DENTAL

ALVEOLAR

POST ALVEOLAR
ALVEOLAR
PALATO-

PALATAL

VELAR

GLOTTAL
COMPLETE ORAL CLOSURE
Plosive pb td kg
MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Affricate tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
INTERMITTENT CLOSURE
Roll r

PARTIAL CLOSURE
Lateral l

NARROWING
fv θð sz ʃʒ h
Fricative
GLIDE
w j
Semi vowel

Read well point no 1 & 2!! There will be quiz for discussing them!

3. SIMPLE AND SILENT CONSONANTS

A. Simple Consonants
Letter Sound Examples
B /b/ Bird, ...
D /d/ Did, ...
F /f/ Fine, ...
H /h/ Hot, ...
J / dʒ / Judge, ...
K /k/ Kite, ...
L /l/ Lamp, ...
M /m/ Mind, ...
N /n/ Near, ...
 R /r/ Ring, ...
S /s/ Seat, ...
T /t/ Turn, ...
V /v/ Very, ...
W /w/ Wear, ...
Z /z/ Zipper, ...

B. Silent Consonants
Letter Example in the Sounds of the words
B Climb, ...
C Scissors, ...
D Wednesday, ...
G Ought, ...
H Hour, ...
K Know, ...
L Talk, ...
N Autumn, ...
P Psychology, ...
R More, ...
S Island, ...
T Listen, ...
W Answer, ...

Assignment!
Find the other examples (in words) of Simple and Silent consonants! (each phonemes has 3
to 5 words examples
 4. Grammatical Endings
A. Noun Suffixes

The pronounciation of the noun suffixes ( -s, -‘s, -s’ ) is determined by the last sound of the
noun. The lists of the key words are listed below:

1. / s /  after P, PE, T, TE, K, KE, F, FE, PH, GH, TH

/ p / = maps, stamps, tapes
/ t / = lights, seats, pets
/ k / = snakes, headaches, checks
/ f / = photographs, roofs, coughs

2. / iz /  after S, SE, CE, Z, ZE, X, CH, GE

/ s / = taxes, places, uses
/ z / = quizzes
/ ʃ / = ashes, wishes
/ dʒ / = garages, judges
/ tʃ / = matches, watches

3. / z /  after B, BE, D, DE, G, GUE, VE, THE, M, ME, N, NE, NG, L, LE, R, RE
/ V / = ties, toes (after vowel spellings)
/ b / = clubs, crabs
/ d / = buds, seeds
/ g / = eggs, pegs
/ v / = wives, stoves
/ ð / = clothes, lathes
/ m / = names, claims
/ n / = fans, pins
/ ŋ / = songs, kings
/ l / = smiles, pills
/ r / = ears, cars

B. Verb Suffixes (Third Singular Verbs)

The pronunciation of the “third singular suffix” spelled –s or –es, is always /s/, /iz/, /z/ added to
the common form of the verb. And the lists of the key words are listed below:

1. / s /  after P, PE, T, TE, K, KE, F, FE, PH, GH, TH

/ p / = helps, stops, wipes
/ t / = wants, sits, rotates
/ k / = works, speaks, takes
/ f / = laughs, coughs, rebuffs
 / θ / = (rare)

2. / iz /  after S, SE, CE, Z, ZE, X, CH, GE

/ s / = kisses, notices, increases
/ z / = uses, buzzes
/ ʃ / = washes, rushes, cashes
/ dʒ / = changes
/ tʃ / = reaches, matches, watches

3. / z /  after B, BE, D, DE, G, GUE, VE, THE, M, ME, N, NE, NG, L, LE, R, RE
/ V / = ties, sees, knows (after vowel spellings)
/ b / = grabs, sobs
/ d / = decides, divides, attends
/ g / = begs, drags
/ v / = lives, loves, drives
/ ð / = bathes, breathes
/ m / = seems, times
/ n / = learns, means
/ ŋ / = sings, longs for
/ l / = calls, kills, smiles
/ r / = cares, hears, remembers

Assignment!:
- Take one text of English studied in SMP or SMA. (print it out or copy it)
- Underline all PLURAL NOUNS and identifiy the grammatical endings!
- Highlight all PRESENT VERBS and identifiy the grammatical endings!

ALL ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE SUBMITTED, ia email to:

ika.handayani@untirta.ac.id OR logika.handayani@gmail.com as soon as
possible. The last time submitting it will be Saturday at 11 am.
Next week, We will discuss these materials + 32 materials in the module.
Thank you,
Ms Ika