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The Turbidite Deposit Characteristics of Miocene Kerek Formation Based on

Outcrops and Description of Petrography in Kalibade River, Bawen Area,
Semarang, Central Java

Conference Paper · January 2012

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 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI YOGYAKARTA 2012
The 41st IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition

THE TURBIDITE DEPOSIT CHARACTERISTICS OF MIOCENE KEREK FORMATION

BASED ON OUTCROPS AND DESCRIPTION OF PETROGRAPHY IN KALIBADE RIVER,
BAWEN AREA, SEMARANG, CENTRAL JAVA

Ragil Pratiwi1, Joshua Shima1, Rio Lumbantoruan1

1
Department of Geological Engineering, University of Diponegoro, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: ragilpratiwigeo@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT

The location of study area is along Kalibade River, Bawen Area, Southwest of Semarang, Central Java.
Geologically, Bawen area is in the western part of Kendeng Zone are built up of Tertiary sedimentary
rocks covering Kaligetas, Kerek and Kalibeng Formations and in the southern part is occupied by the
Quaternary Volcanic Zone. In the regional geological setting, Bawen area is a part of back arc basin.
Along Kalibade River is revealed the good outcrops which can be used as a model for subsurface rock.
This outcrop is called Kerek Formation. Kerek Formation comprises upper until lower bathyal turbidite
sediments of Middle Miocene age. This paper reports the study to determine the characteristics of facies
and rock properties of Kerek Formation with the application of deepwater turbidite oil fields. Over 1200
oil and gas fields are known from deep-water systems (Stow and Mayall, 2000 on Shanmugam, 2005).
This study is resulted from measuring section and petrographic analysis. Based on the observation along
Kalibade River, there are three facies: channel of submarine lower fan, shale interval, and lobe of
submarine lower fan. Channel of submarine lower fan comprise fine to medium grain sandstone which
well sorted, rounded, good porosity. Shale interval comprise claystone and siltstone, fine grain, medium
sorted, rounded, and poor porosity. Lobe of submarine lower fan comprise iteration bedding of fine to
medium grain sandstone which well sorted, rounded, good porosity and claystone.

Keywords : Turbidite, Kalibade River, Kerek Formation, Submarine Fan.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to present the

During the Eocene to the Miocene, Kendeng zone
was the main depocenter in the North East Java
basin. It is a back arc basin related to Oligo-
Miocene volcanic arc, resulting from the uplifting
of Southern Mountain Zone of Java and filled
with thick pelagic and volcaniclastic sediments
(Prasetyadi, 2011).
The study area is along Kalibade River Bawen
Area, Southwest of Semarang, Central Java
(Figure 1). Along Kalibade River, there are
exposed good and fresh outcrops that can be used
as models for subsurface rocks. The outcrop is
called Kerek Formation.
characteristics of turbidite deposits of Kerek
Formation that exposed in Kalibade River, consist
of turbidite facies description, sour of rocks
(provenance of rock), based on measured section
and thin section petrography.
METHOD
Measured stratigraphy along 150 meters of
Kalibade River is used to understand the litology
variation of Kerek Formation in this area, include
facies of turbidite deposits are determined. Thin
sections of rock samples were analyzed to find out
the mineral content and source rock information.
Fossil analysis is used to understand the age of the
rock.
 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI YOGYAKARTA 2012
The 41st IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Northern part of Java Island is a stable back-arc
basin, then resulted thick sedimentary deposits
which have good hydrocarbon potential.
Kendeng Zone is mountain range in Northwest
Java located in the north side of Ngawi Sub-zone,
oriented west-east direction. This zone consists of
deepening marine sediment which had been
faulted and folded intensively formed
anticlinorium. Folding and trusting intensively in
west part but weaker in east part, with east-west
lineament. Kendeng Zone lies from Ungaran
Mountain to Ngawi and Mojokerto. Width of
Kendeng Mountain on west part is about 40 km
and become narrow in east part, with the length
about 250 km (de Genevreye and Samuel 1972).
Kerek formation is unconformably deposited
above Pelang Formation, the oldest formation in
Kendeng Zone (Figure 2). Kerek formation
deposited in Midde-Late Miocene, deposited in
alluvial submarine fan as turbidity currents.
Litology of Kerek Formation consists of
interbedded clayey marl, sandy marl, calcareous
tuff, and tuffaceous sandstone that shows flysh
characteristic. Depend on de Genevreye and
Samuel 1972 in Setyowiyoto and Surjono, 2003,
there are 3 member of Kerek Formation:
Banyuurip, Sentul and Kerek Limestone member.
Banyuurip member consists of interbedded clayey
marl, marl, clay, tuffaceous calcareous sandstone,
and tuffaceous sandstone. Thick of deposit
reach 270 m and this deposit is deposited on N10-
N15 (Middle Miocene). Sentul member consists
of lithology which has same characteristic with
Banyuurip Member. The difference is pointed to
the occurence of bed which contain thicker
tuffaceous material. Total thickness of this deposit
is about 500 meter and aged N16 (Early Upper
Miocene). Kerek Limestone member consists of
interbeded of tufaceous limestone and clay and
tuff bedding. Thickness of this formation reach
150 meter and age N17 (Middle Late Miocene).
FACIES ANALYSIS
Turbidite facies analyses of Kerek Formation
along Kalibade River is correlated by the turbidite
facies model from Walker, 1992 (Figure 3). This
deposits are deposited in lower fan of submarine
fan. There are 3 sedimentology facies that found
in study area. There are channel of submarine
lower fan, shale interval, and lobe of submarine
lower fan.
Channel of Submarine Lower Fan
Chanel of submarine lower fan facies consists of
several lithofacies. At lower part of this channel
was deposited coarse sandstone with ripple and
cross lamination. At upper part of the channel was
deposited unconformably (erosional contact) finer
sandstone. This deposit shows fining-upward,
indicating a strong change in the initial phase
flows where strong currents can transport coarse
sand-sized material and the phase can eventually
transpot fine to medium sand-sized material. In
addition, the structure of the sediment on
lithofacies also indicate the mechanism.
Firstly, through ripple lamination dan cross
lamination show a high density current role in the
turbidity current bring coarse sand-sized material.
The sedimentary structures that occur in the next
phase is parallel lamination which indicates a
stong change where at one phase in this
depositional environment, turbidity current isn’t
play a major role, so the material just fine sand-
sized material and can be deposited with gravity
flow mechanism. This mechanism can be formed
at stable high flow, so coarser material will be
deposited first and finer material above it.
Shale Interval
Shale is deposited by gravity flow with low
stream, so clay and silt are deposited. This
material is transported by suspension process and
this depositional mechanism is most commonly
found in all parts of the marine environment. In
this deposits are usually found sandstone insertion
which also shows influence of increased density
and velocity of flow from proximal zone.
Lobe of Submarine Lower fan
Lobe of submarine lower fan consist of several
lithofacies which classified with Bouma, 1962.
This deposit formed by flysh of sandstone and
claystone. Lithofasies that found are graded-
bedding sandstone, parallel sandstone, through
 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI YOGYAKARTA 2012
The 41st IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
ripple–cross lamination sandstone, dan stratified
mudstone occur repeatedly over the deposit.
Through ripple – cross lamination sandstone is
lithofacies that commonly found in this strata.
This shows the influence of low untill medium
density current. Based on flow regime diagram
from Simmon (1965) and Allen (1968),
sedimentary structure of this depositional facies is
deposited by quite strong currents, but deposited
fine grain size. This is consistent with the lower
fan deposits in the area where the current is quite
strong but the grain size which deposited is fine
grain.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Ddetermination of sedimentation environment in
study area isn’t done by fossil bathymetry,
although there are fossil data, but based on
litological sequence data, due to inaccurate
determination of the deposisional environment in
showing actual depositional environment. This is
because of the possibility of mixing of fossil due
to turbidity process. Even fossil just shows the
environment of deposition of fossils in general,
such as the bathyal, neritic, abyssal, etc. while
sub-depositional environment can’t be known
(Setyowiyoto and Surjono, 2003).
Sedimentation mechanism of turbidity current
with high density will produce sandy turbidity
current, formed F5-F8 facies (Mutti, 1992). While
in low density turbidity current will produce
homogenous mud, formed F9 facies.
Kerek Formation deposited in Middle-Late
Miocene based on planktic fossil analysis.
Provenance of Kerek Formation can be
interpreted, derived from North and South of
study area. Interpretation of North of study area
based on high-rich Quartz mineral in thin section
petrography which came from granitic rock of
Asia Continent. And from South of study area are
found in tuffaceous rock, possibility from
Southern Mountain of Java Island.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thank to Mr. Yoga Aribowo, ST. MT.
who always gives support during this paper
writing, also all of Geological Engineering
University of Diponegoro’s member who always
gives the author help and support.
REFERENCES
Bouma, A. H., 1962, ”Sedimentology of Some
Flysch Deposite, A Graphic Approach to
Fasies Interpretations”. Elevier Co.,
Amsterdams, Netherlands.
De Genevraye, P., Samuel, L., 1972. “Geology Of
The Kendeng Zone (Central & East
Java)”, Proceeding Indonesia Petroleum
Association, First Annual Convention,
Jakarta, Indonesia.
Prasetyadi, et all, 2011, “3D Modeling Of Kerek
Turbidite Sand Bodies based on Outcrop
Study in Kedungjati Area, Central Java:
An Analog For Sandy Miocene
Formation In Western Kendeng Zone”,
Proceeding IPA 36th annual Convention
and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Shanmugam, G., 2005, “Deep-Water Processes
and Facies Models: Implications For
Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs”,
Handbook of Petroleum.
Exploration And Production 5, Department of
Earth and Environmental Sciences The
University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas, U.S.A.
Setyowiyoto and Surjono, 2003, “Analisis
Sedimentologi dan Facies Pengendapan
Formasi Kerek, di Daerah Biren dan
Kerel, Kabupaten Ngawi, Jawa Timur”,
Media Teknik No.4 Tahun XXV Edisi
November 2003, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Van Bemmelen, R. W., 1949, “The Geology of
Indonesia”, vol IA, 2nd ed, The Hague
Martinus Nijhoff, Netherlands.
Walker, R. G. & James, N. P., 1992, “Facies
Models: Response Sea Level Change”,
Geological Association of Canada,
Canada.
 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI YOGYAKARTA 2012
The 41st IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition

Fig. 3. Turbidite facies model (Walker, 1992)

Fig. 1 Map showing the location of Kalibade
River

Fig.4. Thin section of rock sample shows quartz

rich mineral of sandstone and mudstone

Fig. 2 Stratigraphy of Kendeng Zone (Harsono,

1983)

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