Study On Dye Degradation by Photo catalyst

Under Visible Light Irradiation

Phase I

First Review

HAMEED HUSSAIN A

Reg No: 2015409006

M.Tech – Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals

Under the guidance of

Ms. T SANTHOSHINI PRIYA

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 025
 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A.C.TECH CAMPUS

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600 025

PHASE I - REVIEW II

Name of the student : IMRAN BASHA A

Roll Number : 2018404006

Degree and Branch : M.Tech – Chemical Engineering

Month and Year of Submission : September-2019

Title of the Project : Effect of Graphene Oxide

concentration on the properties and
antifouling performance of PVDF
Ultrafiltration membranes.

Name and Designation of Supervisor : Dr. LIMA ROSE MIRANDA

Professor and Head of the Department

Department of Chemical Engineering

Alagappa College of technology,

Anna University,

Chennai - 600 025.

DATE: SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 6

3. OBJECTIVE / FUTURE WORK ..................................................................................................... 9

4. REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................... 10
 1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, synthetic organic dyes are mostly used in the textile, plastics, paper,
leather and cosmetic industry, and most of them are non-biodegradable and toxic.
During the processing operation or manufacturing, large amount of dyes are lost into
the effluents and hence causes serious threat to the environment. In addition, if these
dyes are released into lakes or rivers without prior treatment, the colored wastewater
containing dyes and resistance to conventional physical, chemical and biological
wastewater treatment processes, can block the sunlight and oxygen penetration,
which is harmful to the surrounding ecosystem, especially the aquatic creatures and
human life. Conventional techniques of removing dyes tuffs from wastewater such
as coagulating sedimentation, filtration and adsorption, have the advantage of
transferring the dyes from one medium to another, but the disadvantage of not
degrading or mineralizing them Therefore, some approaches namely, biodegradation
and photo catalytic degradation, etc., have been proposed and applied for dyes
treatment. Among degradation techniques, photo catalytic degradation of organic
pollutants has received much attention for pollutants removal and environmental
purification. Photo catalytic degradation is an economical and advanced method
which can completely degrade and convert organic dyes to harmless chemicals. In
fact, the World Bank estimates that 17–20% of industrial water pollution comes from
textile dyeing and treatment. To overcome this problem advanced oxidation process
is being used.

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Traditional methods
Some of the traditional methods used were

 Stripping
 Coagulation /Flocculation
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Adsorption

But these methods suffer with a major drawback of sludge formation and also
adsorbent regeneration is relatively difficult, which makes them unsuitable for
commercialization. But there is still a demand for an effective method to treat these
dyes economically. Photo catalytic degradation resolves these problems, due to
its Cost effectiveness and ease of operational conditions. However these
treatment methods can be used as primary treatment before Advanced
Oxidation process

ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS

 Hazardous organic waste, widely spread in water by industrial, military and

domestic sources, is an emerging issue.
 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are efficient methods to remove
organic contamination.
 AOPs are a set of processes involving the production of very reactive oxygen
species able to destroy a wide range of organic compounds. AOPs are driven
by external energy sources such as electric power, ultraviolet radiation (UV)
or solar light.
 AOPs can be applied for the disinfection of water, air and for remediation of
contaminated soils. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) refer to a set of

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 oxidative water treatments that can be used to treat toxic effluents at industrial
level, hospitals and wastewater treatment plants.
 AOPs are successful to transform toxic organic compounds (e.g. drugs,
pesticides, endocrine disruptors etc.) into biodegradable substances
 . Advanced oxidation was recently also used as quaternary treatment or a
polishing step to remove micro-pollutants from the effluents of municipal
wastewater treatment plants and for the disinfection of water.
 The combination of several AOPs is an efficient way to increase pollutant
removal and reduce costs.

TYPES OF AOPs

a) FENTON OXIDATION PROCESS

 Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that

is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters.
 Fenton's reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds

b) ULTRASONICATION

 The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting
in agitation.
 Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-
pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles.
 During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles
or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitations) during
compression, creating very high local temperatures.

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c) PHOTO FENTON

 UV-induced degradation process is the use of metal ions as catalysts, which,

depending on the treatment objective and the substance of the wastewater,
may lead to a better process efficiency. The best known process is the photo-
Fenton process, for which solutions containing iron are used as catalysts.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION

PHOTOCATALYST

 Photo catalyst is a substance which can modify the rate of chemical reaction
using light irradiation

 Photo catalysis is the acceleration of a photo reaction in the presence of

a catalyst

 In catalyzed photolysis, light is absorbed by an adsorbed substrate

Fig 1: Photocatalyst Mechanism

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a) HOMOGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS

In homogeneous photocatalysis, the reactants and the photocatalysts exist in the

same phase. The most commonly used homogeneous photocatalysts include ozone
and photo-Fenton systems (Fe+ and Fe+/H2O2). The reactive species is the •OH
which is used for different purposes. The efficiency of Fenton type processes is
influenced by several operating parameters like concentration of hydrogen peroxide,
pH and intensity of UV. The main advantage of this process is the ability of using
sunlight with light sensitivity up to 450 nm, thus avoiding the high costs of UV lamps
and electrical energy.

b) HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS

Heterogeneous catalysis has the catalyst in a different phase from the reactants..Most
common heterogeneous photocatalyts are transition metal oxides and
semiconductors, which have unique characteristics. The void region, which extends
from the top of the filled valence band to the bottom of the vacant conduction band,
is called the band gap. When a photon with energy equal to or greater than the
materials band gap is absorbed by the semiconductor, an electron is excited from the
valence band to the conduction band, generating a positive hole in the valence band.
The excited electron and hole can recombine and release the energy gained from the
excitation of the electron as heat. Recombination is undesirable and leads to an
inefficient photocatalyst. The ultimate goal of the process is to have a reaction
between the excited electrons with an oxidant to produce a reduced product, and also
a reaction between the generated holes with a reluctant to produce an oxidized
product. Due to the generation of positive holes and electrons, oxidation-reduction
reactions take place at the surface of semiconductors.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

S.no Title Author/ Observation

Journal name

1
A facile route to ceria nano tubes N.K. Renuka et al. Photocatalyst : Cerium Oxide
(2015). Journal of Synthesis method : Hydrothermal route
Materials Dye : Methylene Blue
Letters,141:107–109 Degradation efficiency : 70%
Reaction time : 180 minutes

2 Effect of Zn doping on structural, V. Ramasamy, G. Photocatalyst : Cerium Oxide

optical and thermal properties of Vijayalakshmi. Synthesis method : chemical precipitation
CeO2 nanoparticles (2015). Journal of Doped : Zinc
Super lattices and Dye : direct red – 23 dye
Micro structures, Degradation efficiency : 99.5% at Ceo2
85: 510–521. concentration of 3.28%
Reaction time: 70 minutes.

3
Synthesis and properties of (Yb,
N)-TiO2 photocatalyst for
degradation of methylene blue
(MB) under visible light
irradiation
J. Zhang et al. / Photocatalyst : Titanium Dioxide
Materials Research Synthesis method : sol gel method
Bulletin 70 (2015) Dye : Methylene Blue
358–364 Degradation efficiency : 80%
Reaction time : 70 minutes

6
 Graphene supported
4 silver@silver chloride
&ferroferric oxide hybrid, a
magnetically separable
photocatalyst with high
performance under visible light
5 Facile synthesis of
BiOF/Bi2O3/reduced grapheme
oxide photocatalyst
with highly efficient and stable
natural sunlight photocatalytic
performance
6 Synthesis and characterization of
CeO2 Nano rods.
Hierarchical Bi based
7 nanobundles: An excellent
photocatalyst
for visible-light degradation of
Rhodamine B dye
S. Zhong et al. / Photocatalyst : Cerium Oxide
Applied Surface Synthesis method : Hydrothermal route
Science 347 (2015) Dye :Methylene Blue (MB)&Rhodamine B
242–249 Degradation efficiency : 69%
Reaction time : 180 min
L. Hu et al. / Photocatalyst : BiOF/Bi2O3/reduced
Journal of Alloys grapheme oxide
and Compounds 633 Synthesis method : Hydrolysis method
(2015) 256–264 Dye : 2,4 dichlorophenol
Degradation efficiency : 98.5%
Reaction time : 180 min
Y. Chen et al. Photocatalyst : ceria
(2013) Journal of Synthesis method : simple precipitation
Ceramics Dye : Methylene Blue
International ,39: Degradation efficiency : 89%
6607–6610 Reaction time : 60 min
F. Gao et al. / Photocatalyst : Bi
Journal of Colloid Synthesis method : simple precipitation
and Interface Dye : Rhodamine B
Science 448 (2015) Degradation efficiency : 98%
564–572 Reaction time : 90 min
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 Skofic I K, Sturm S, Photocatalyst : cerium oxide
8 CeO2 thin films obtained by sol– Ceh M, et al. (2002) Synthesis method : sol–gel dip coating
gel deposition and annealed in air Journal of Thin Dye : Remazol Red RB-133 dye
or argon. Solid Films, Degradation efficiency : 74%
422(1/2):170 Reaction time : 160 min

Visible light induced Debabrata, Photocatalyst : TiO2 nanoparticles

9 photocatalytic degradation of Chatterjee, (2005) Synthesis method : sol–gel dip coating
organic pollutants Journal of Dye: Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye
Photochemistry and Degradation efficiency: 55 – 72%
Photobiology Reaction time : 5 hours

10 Effect of doping mode on the Ying Yang, Xin-jun Photocatalyst : TiO2 nanoparticles
photocatalytic activities of Li, Jun-tao Chen, Dye: Methyl orange dye
Mo/TiO2 Liang-yan Wang / Methodology: Sol gel method
Journal of Degradation efficiency: 40%
Photochemistry and Reaction time : 80 minutes

11 Titanium dioxide nanomaterial Mona Saif , M.S.A. Photocatalyst : TiO2 nanoparticles

doped with trivalent lanthanide Abdel-Mottaleb Dye: Remazol Red RB-133 dye
ions of Tb, Eu and Sm: Journal of Inorganic Methodology: Sol gel method
Preparation, characterization and ChimicaActa Degradation efficiency: 74%
potential applications Reaction time : 62.9 min

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 3. OBJECTIVE / FUTURE WORK

 Preparation of suitable photo catalyst and synthesize by simple method

at lower cost.
 Selection of a better visible light source which gives higher
degradation.
 Preparation of catalyst in beads form to make them reusable
 To characterize and compare the results obtained.

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 4. REFERENCE

1. N.K. Renuka et al. (2015). A facile route to ceria nano tubes. Journal
of Materials Letters,141:107–109
2. V. Ramasamy, G. Vijayalakshmi. (2015). Effect of Zn doping on
structural, optical and thermal properties of CeO2 nanoparticles.
Journal of Superlattices and Microstructures, 85: 510–521.
3. G. Zhou et al. (2014). Influence of CeO2 morphology on the catalytic
oxidation of ethanol in air. Journal of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, 20: 160–165
4. Synthesis and properties of (Yb, N)-TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation
of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation J. Zhang et al. /
Materials Research Bulletin 70 (2015) 358–364
5. Y. Chen et al. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of CeO2 Nano
rods. Journal of Ceramics International, 39: 6607–6610.
6. M. Sun et al. (2012). Non aqueous synthesis, characterization and
catalytic activity of ceria Nano rods. Journal of Materials Chemistry
and Physics, 134: 912-920.
7. Arul et al. (2011). Photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of
CeO2/Tb2O3 nanotubes. Journal of Applied surface science, 349: 459-
464.
8. H.R. Poure et al, (2010). Synthetic CeO2 Nanoparticle Catalysis of
Methylene Blue Photo degradation: Kinetics and Mechanism. Chinese
Journal of Catalysis, 31: 1328–1334.

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9. Skofic I K, Sturm S, Ceh M, et al. (2002). CeO2 thin films obtained by
sol–gel deposition and annealed in air or argon. Journal of Thin Solid
Films, 422(1/2):170.
10. F. Gao et al.(2001) Hierarchical Bi based nanobundles: An excellent
photocatalyst for visible-light degradation of Rhodamine B dye,
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 448 ,564–572
11. Ying Yang, Xin-jun Li, Jun-tao Chen, Liang-yan Wang (2002), Effect
of doping mode on the photocatalytic activities of Mo/TiO2, Journal of
Photochemistry 31: 1328–1334

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