RAMM

AR
UMM
ARY
 INDEX

1. Question forms
2. Present simple and continuous
3. Past simple and Past continuous
4. Present perfect with yet already and just, for or since
QUESTION
FORMS
5. Going to
6. Will wont shall might
7. Must have to can Should shouldn’t
8. Imperatives
9. Comparatives and superlatives
10. Used to / didn’t use to
11. The passive: present and past simple
12. First conditional
13. Verb patterns
14. Second conditional
15. Quantifiers
16. Defining relative clauses
17. Articles
18. Past perfect
19. Reported speech
 WH-
Questions
Wh-question Function

Auxiliary verb
WH-QUESTION or+ +
What Specific thing

When Time
Modal
subject + verb Verb
+ complement +?
Where Place, direction
Examples:
Which Choice, alternative What are you going to do tomorrow? Where are you from? What
does the teacher bring for us? What did she explain? When will
you go to the supermarket? Who is the handsome guy who wrote
Who Person
this?

Whom Person (object)

Whose Possession

Why Reason

How* Way, manner, form

BUT…, WHICH ARE THE AUXILIARY
AND MODAL VERBS COMMON
*although “HOW” it´s not a WH-question it works like as one USED IN QUESTIONS??? YOU CAN FIND
Auxiliary verb
- or

Modal Verb Question

complement + ?
+ subject + verb +

s
Examples:

Are you going to do this tomorrow? Is she from Mexico? Does the
teacher bring copies for us? Did she explain the lesson? Will you do
the homework today? Will the handsome guy keep writing this?
PRESENT SIMPLE Present Simple and
SUBJECT + VERB +
COMPLEMENT
Is used to express habits and routines, short
Present Continuous
actions, general facts and permanent situations
In future, it’s used to talk about programmed
events or used before some conjugations*
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Examples: SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + VERB-
-
-
He drinks tea at breakfast.
We catch the bus every morning.
ING + COMPLEMENT
- Water freezes at zero degrees.
- Our holiday starts on the 26th March Is used to express unfinished actions, temporary
- She'll see you before SHE LEAVES* situations, temporary habits, future plans and
also arrangements
In the third person, the verb always ends with -S
Examples:
- he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks. I’m working at the moment
I’m living in London
He is eating a lot these days
I’m meeting my father tomorrow
I’m getting married next month
These tenses are
usually, accompanied
with Adverbs of
Frequency* which
describes how often
something occurs
 PAST SIMPLE

Past Simple and SUBJECT + VERB IN PAST SIMPLE +

COMPLEMENT

Past Continuous
Is used to express actions completed in the past

Examples:
I worked as an accountant ten years ago

PAST CONTINUOUS I was in my house last weekend

She ran two kilometers and won the first place

SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB-

ING + COMPLEMENT
 Describing a past action that hasn't been
completed yet
 Describe a past action that was
interrupted by another action
 When describing to past events that took
place at the same time, this tense is used
to describe the longest of two events
 Describing a past action took place in
specific time and may have gotten it
afterward We can use WHEN TO THE TO PARTS OF A
SENTENCE
EXAMPLES: E.g. when i was i driving to work, my car broke
I was working on my summary down
I was eating when my friends arrived
I was studying for the iTEP two months ago
 PRESENT SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

PERFECT VERB + COMPLEMENT

We can use the contraction I ‘ve or She’s

EVER - NEVER
to talk about our whole life experience
 We use the present perfect to talk about past *ALWAYS BEFORE THE PAST PARTICIPLE VERB*
experiences and in refers to the whole past, not
particular time Example:
 we can also use once/twice/three times… to say I´ve never been in Japan
I’ve ever gone to Chichen Itza
how many time we have had an experience



In a negative statement to show that something is
not complete
In a question to ask if something's complete
In a positive statement says that something
happened at a very short time ago
Example:
JUST
 yet comes at the end of the sentence I´ve just seen this topic
She´s just broken up with him

FOR - SINCE ALREADY

Example:
shows that something's complete, often before
we expect

We use for and since to describe a situation that I´ve already done the homework
started in the past and continues in the present

YET
In negative sentences to show that something is
Example: not complete
I´ve studied since I was third years old In questions to ask if something is complete
I´ve won this game for the last couples of hours Example:
I haven’t finished my homework yet
Has he finished yet?
 WILL
GOING TO-WILL-SHALL SUBJECT + WILL/WON’T+
VERB+COMPLEMENT
GOING TO We use will to show we are deciding
something while we are speaking or to
SUBJECT + GOING TO+ make offers and promises
INFINITIVE+COMPLEMENT Examples:
I will pay you next week
Tells people about a plan or intention You will need to leave a deposit
when you have already decided to do I won’t tell anyone about this

something in the future

SHALL
Examples:
(WH-QUESTION+) SHALL + SUBJECT +
I am going to pass my iTEP
We are going to study animation VERB + COMPLEMENT
Are you going to have vacations in December?
We use shall in questions to make offers a
suggestion and also, we can use it to ask for a
suggestion
Examples:
Shall I pay for your food?
What shall we do this evening?
 PREDICTI
We use will and might to make predictions about what
we expect to happen in the future. Will show that we
are very sure and might shows we are less sure

ONS
EXAMPLES:
SUBJECT+ WILL/MIGHT + VERB +
COMPLEMENT
They might try say something meaningful
I won’t win the lottery
I will get the job
 MUST

MUST / HAVE TO / CAN SUBJECT+ HAVE

+ VERB
CAN
TO + COMPLEMENT

Express a strong obligation and logical

MUST / MUST NOT conclusion

Must not express prohibition

EXAMPLE:
I must pass my iTEP
He must be tired after that training
Student must not talk during class

We use have to when something is NECESSARY

HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO Don’t have to means something unnecessary

EXAMPLE:
You have to get the best grades
I have to do my homework

Today, we don’t need to wear uniform

I don’t have to work in December 1st

Can means ability, permission and possibility

CAN / CAN’T Can’t means not allowed or not possible

EXAMPLE:
I can run very fast
You can take a bottle of water
Smoking can cause cancer

You can’t smoke here

 SHOULD
IMPEREATIVE; SUBJECT + SHOULD + VERB +
COMPLEMENT
SHOULD Examples:
Should express advice and obligation

I should go to the doctor

IMPERATIVE
You should study for your iTEP
You shouldn’t stay up late

It tells somebody exactly what to do. We use

it to give advices, instructions or warnings
Examples:
Don’t stay up late
We often use phrases like I think...I don’t think
Don’t turn right!
Come here! do you think….? To introduce advice should
Be careful!
 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPARATIVE + SUBJECT + VERB +THE +
THAN + SUBJECT2
We use comparatives adjectives or
COMPARATIVE
We + SUBJECT
use superlatives to describe 2 or
an object
adverbs to compare the differences action which is extremely superior o inferior
between to objects or actions

SUBJECT + VERB + COMPARATIVE +

C

We
SUBJECT + VERB +THE +
use superlatives
LESS / LEAST is the oppositetoofdescribe an object
MORE / MOST. We canor
THAN + SUBJECT2 COMPARATIVE + SUBJECT
useaction which
it with all is extremely
adjectives superior o inferior
and adverbs:
2
I'm less happy than I was
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
She drives less slowly than me.
Short adjectives Adj + er The adj + est It was the least interesting meeting ever!
Ending in y Adj- -y + ier The adj- -y + iest We can use AS…. AS to show that two things are equal
He's as tall as me
Two or more She drives as carefully as me
More + adj The most + adj
syllables We can use NOT AS... AS to mean less than:
Good – better The best He isn't as clever as me. He is less clever than me.
Bad – worse The worst
We often use COMPARATIVES or AS….AS to compare
Irregular Far – further The furthest
past with present
Clever – cleverer The cleverest
Quite – quitter The quitest He's much better than he was
Bored/tired/ill  more / the most + He's not as bad as last time
Bored/tired/ill We often use superlatives with EVER and the present
perfect
This is the best meal I've ever eaten
It was the least interesting book I've ever read
 USED TO SUBJECT + USED TO/DIDN´T USE +
INFINITIVE + COPLEMENT
EXAMPLE:

DIDN’T USE TO
I used to play with toy when I was kid
I used to sleep eight hours per day
He didn’t use to work
Did you used to smoke?
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPARATIVE +
I used to be overweight

We used to talk about past situations

THAN + SUBJECT2
and habits which have now changed.
“Used to” tell us something was
different in the past
 THE PASSIVE SUBJECT + TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE +
COMPLEMENT
ACTIVE: the DOER of the verb comes
before the verb
PASSIVE: The OBJECT comes before
the verb BY
SUBJECT + THE
WE USE BY TO INTRODUCE
VERB
DOER+OF
COMPARATIVE
THE VERB
THAN + SUBJECT2
+

The most common for PASSIVE uses are: The Gioconda was painted BY Leonardo da Vinci
When the doer isn’t important
Star Wars was filmed in 1997
When we don’t know who did something
La Gioconda was painted in Italy
ZERO CONDITIONAL

CONDITIONALS
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE SENTENCE+ , + SIMPLE FUTURE SENTENCE

Zero conditional is used to talk about real and

possible general facts
Examples:
If it rains, the grass gets wet
I get sweat if I run during the midday

FIRST CONDITIONAL SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE SENTENCE+ , + SIMPLE FUTURE SENTENCE IF + PAST SIMPLE SENTENCE+ , + WOULD/COULD + INFINITIVE

First conditional is used to talk about possible future
situation and its result. Is composed by two clauses,
the if clause and the main clause. The if clause can
go before or after the main clause
Examples:
If I study for the iTEP, I will reach C1 level
I will be tired if I run 2 kilometers
THIRD CONDITIONAL
IF + PAST PARTICIPLE SENTENCE+ , + WOULD + PRESENT PERFECT SENTENCE
Second conditional is used when we imagine an
imagine situation in the present. This situation is
unreal or impossible
We talk about the imagine situation in the if clause
and its result in the main clause
Examples:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a Lamborghini
I could run 2 kilometer if I trained every day

Third conditional is used to express something unreal that

happened in the past and its result
Examples:
If I had learnt physics, I wouldn’t have failed it in Highschool
I would have won the lottery if I had bought that ticket
 RELATIVE We use relative clauses to define a noun, it explains what kind
of thing, or which particular thing we are talking about.
Relative clauses give extra information about the noun

CLAUSES
To add a relative clause, we use a relative pronoun (who,
which, that, etc.) or a relative adverb (where, etc.)

WHO / THAT
Refers to people (subject)
WHOM EXAMPLES:

Refers to people (object) The person who/that I was looking for was in the school

WHICH / THAT She is the woman about whom I told you

The watch which/that I bought was expensive
Refers to things
The house where we used to live was too small
WHERE I was eight-year-old when I found money in the bus
Refers to place IBM whose personal computer was launched in 1981
WHEN
Refers to time
WHOSE
Refers to possession
 SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE +
COMPLEMENT
PAST
Past Perfect express that an action was completed at some
point in the past before something else happened.
PERFECT
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPARATIVE +
EXAMPLES:
I had lived in Mexico.
THAN + SUBJECT2
I had finished my homework

The past perfect is often used with the past When  when + past simple, past perfect
simple. The two clauses are joined with “when, Because  past simple, because + past perfect
because or so” So  past perfect, so + past simple

EXAMPLES:
When I noticed that I skipped a topic, I had printed my
homework
I had already dressed, when everything was canceled
I was tired, because I had run a marathon
I had never lost my wallet, so I was frightened
 CONJUNCTIONS A CONJUNCTION IS A WORD WHICH LINK TWO
IDEAS, CLAUSES OR PHRASES OR SENTENCES
It exists two kinds of conjunctions, coordinated
and subordinated

Coordinating Subordinating
Conjunctions Conjunctions
We can use the acronym FANBOYS to remember
F FOR:them
indicates purpose or reason
easily Conjunctions
A AND: to link words or sentences

N NOR: to link two negative ideas

B BUT: to contrast two ideas

O OR: to present an idea or alternatives

Y YET: it adds a contrary idea to the last one

S SO: it shows the result or consequence

 DOUBTS
What is the difference between Phrasal
Verbs and Collocations?

Phrasal Verbs are conformed by a verb and a preposition which has a different
meaning than the main verb, while Collocations are two or more words that mostly
get together to conform a new meaning

There are a lot of different phrasal verbs, but I will give you the most common ones
What are the modal verbs?

Modal verbs are a group of words which are used when we believe something
is possible or not, also are used to ask for permissions, request or offers.

can could

may might

shall should

will would

must
 AUXILIARY VERB

BE DO HAVE
AM DOES HAS
IS DO HAVE
ARE DID HAD
WAS
MODAL VERB
CAN
MIGHT COULD SHOULD
OUTGH TO MAY SHALL
WILL MUST WOULD