DESIGN SPECIFICATION

1. LOADINGS

1.1 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY

1.1.1 DEAD LOAD

a.) Self -weight
unit weight of concrete 𝜸𝑾 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑

b.) MEMBER LOAD

100 mm CHB (4”) = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 per meter height
150 mm CHB (6”) = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 per meter height
c.) FLOOR LOADS

Floor loads Floor roof

150 mm slab 3.6 kN/m2 ---
Roof framing --- 0.211 kN/m2
Corrugated roofing --- 0.10 kN/m2
sheet
Ceiling 0.10 kN/m2 0.10 kN/m2
Floor finish 1.10 kN/m2 ---
MEP 0.10 kN/m2 0.10 kN/m2
Interior partition 1.00 kN/m2 ---
Water proofing --- ---
Total: 5.9 kN/m2 0.511 kN/m2

1.1.2 LIVE LOAD

1.9 kN/m2 0.60 kN/m2

1.1.4 SEISMIC PARAMTERS

UBC 1997/NSCP 2015
ZONE = 4

Seismic type source =

Importance factor (l)= 1.0 (standard occupancy)
R=
 2. STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

SAFETY PROVISION

Using this method, the service loads are multiplied by certain factors to determine the load
at which failure of the structure is considered to be eminent. This method traditionally divides the
safety provisions in two parts, the load factors, and the capacity reduction factors.

A. Capacity Reduction Factors

These are the factors used to reduce the theoretical capacity of a structural
member to provide for the probability of under strength due to imperfections both in
production of materials and workmanship. The ACI Code/NSCP specifies the following
values:

Reduction Factors Ø
1. Flexure, with or without axial tension 0.90
2. Axial tension 0.90
3. Shear and torsion 0.85
4. Compression members (spirally reinforced) 0.75
5. Compression members (tied reinforcement) 0.70
6. Bearing in concrete 0.70
7. Flexure in plain concrete 0.65

For low values of axial compression, Ø shall be permitted to be increased in

accordance with the following:

a. For members in which ƒγ does not exceed 415 MPa, with symmetric
reinforcement and with (h – d’ – dѕ)/h not less than 0.70, Ø shall be permitted
to be increased linearly to 0.90 as ØPn decreases from 0.10 ƒ’c Ag t zero.
Where dѕ is the distance from the extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement.

b. For other reinforcement, Ø shall be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as

ØPn decreases from 0.10 ƒ’cAg or Pb whichever is smaller to zero.
B. Load Factors

Load factors account for the probability of overload. Service loads must be
multiplied by load factors as specified by ACI Code and NSCP. The following combinations
of load factors are given in the code:

1. Structures subjected to dead load (D) and live load (L)

U = 1.4D + 1.7L
2. Structures subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), and wind load (W)
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
U = 0.90D + 1.3W, but shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
3. Structure subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), and earthquake load (E)
U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
U = 0.90D + 1.1 E, but shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L

(1992 ACI Code provision)

U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.87E)
U = 0.90D + 1.43E, but shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
4. Structure subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), and earth pressure (H)
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
U = 0.90D + 1.7H, but shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
5. Structure subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), and fluid pressure (F)
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4F
U = 0.90D + 1.4F, but shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
6. Structure subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), and structural effects (T) of
differential settlements, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-
compensating concrete or temperature change maybe significant in design
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4T)
But shall not be less than U = 1.4D + 1.4T
FLEXURE ASSUMPTIONS:

1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to

the distances from the neutral axis.
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme compression fiber, Єc, shall be assumed
equal to 0.003.
3. For ƒѕ<ƒγ, ƒѕ shall be taken as EsЄ, for Єѕ>Єγ, ƒѕ = ƒγ
4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural
calculations.
5. Relationship between comprehensive stress distribution and concrete strain
may be assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other form that
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results from
comprehensive tests.
6. For rectangular distribution of stress:
a.) Concrete stress of 0.85 ƒ’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over
an equivalent compression zone bounded be edges of the cross-
section and straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance,
α = βıc from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.
b.) Distance c from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis shall
be measured in the direction perpendicular to the neutral axis (N.A.)
c.) Factor βı (Beta One), for ƒ’c> 30 MPa

If ƒ’c ≤ 28 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85

0.05(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 −28)
If ƒ’c > 28 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85 − but not less than 0.65
7

If ƒ’c > 56 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.65

ACI CODE LIMITATIONS FOR RECTANGULAR BEAMS

For Ductile Failure: ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax

0.18𝑓′𝑐
Deflection must be checked if, 𝜌>
𝑓𝑦

0.18𝑓′𝑐
Deflection need not be checked, 𝜌≤ 𝑓𝑦

Economical and acceptable range of depth/width ratio is 1.0 ≤ d ≤ 3.0 preferably between
1.50 to 2.20.

PHILIPPINE STANDARD REINFORCING BARS

Philippine Standard Near ASTM Nominal Sectional Unit Weight

Designation Designation Area, mm² kg/m

6 mm #2 (1/4”) = 6.35 mm 28.27 0.222

10 mm #3 (3/8”) = 9.52 mm 78.54 0.616
12 mm #4 (1/2”) = 12.70 mm 113.10 0.888
16 mm #5 (5/8”) = 15.88 mm 201.06 1.579
20 mm #6 (3/4”) = 19.05 mm 314.16 2.466
25 mm #8 (1”) = 25.40 mm 490.87 3.854
28 mm #9 (1 1/8”) = 28.65 mm 615.75 4.833
32 mm #10 (1 ¼”) = 32.26 mm 804.25 6.313
36 mm #11 (1 3/8”) = 35.81 mm 1017.90 7.991
Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

I. Minimum Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Concrete

a. Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm
b. Concrete exposed to earth or weather
20 mm diameter through 36 mm diameter bar 50 mm
16 mm diameter bar, W31 or D31 Wire and smaller 40 mm
c. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
1. For slabs, walls, and joists
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 40 mm
36 mm diameter and smaller 20 mm
2. For beams and columns
Primary reinforcements, ties, stirrups, spirals 40 mm
3. Shells, folded plate members
20 mm diameter bar and larger 20 mm
16 mm diameter bar, W31 or D31 Wire and smaller 15 mm

II. Minimum Concrete Cover for Precast Concrete

a. Concrete exposed to earth or weather
1. Wall panels
45 mm diameter and 60 mm diameter bars 40 mm
36 mm diameter bar and smaller 20 mm
2. Other members
45 mm diameters and 60 mm diameter bars 50 mm
20 mm diameter through 36 mm diameter bar 40 mm
16 mm diameter bar, W31 or D31 Wire and smaller 30 mm
b. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
1. For slabs, walls, and joists
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 30 mm
36 mm diameter and smaller 15 mm
2. For beams and columns
Primary reinforcements 𝑑𝑏 but not less than
15 mm and need not
exceed 40 mm
 Ties, stirrups, spirals 10 mm
3. Shells, folded bar and larger
20 mm diameter bar and larger 15 mm
16 mm diameter bar, W31 or D31 Wire and smaller 10 mm

III. Minimum Concrete Cover for Bundled Bars shall be equal to the equivalent
diameter of the bundle, but not be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast
against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.

Spacing Limits for Reinforcement

1. Minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be 𝑑𝑏 (bar diameter)
but not less than 25 mm.
2. Where parallel bars/reinforcements are placed in two or more layers, bars in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with a clear
distance between layers not less than 25 mm.
3. In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 db or less than 40 mm.
4. Clear distance limitation between bars shall apply also to the clear distance between
a contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars.
5. In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than three times the wall or slab
thickness nor farther that 450 mm.

Bundled Bars

1. Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited
to four bars in one bundle.
2. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties.
3. Bars larger than 36 mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams.
4. Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least 40 db stagger.
5. Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on the bar
diameter db, bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derive from
the equivalent total area.
Time Dependent Factor for Sustained Loads

TIME TIME DEPENDENT FACTOR, ξ

5 years or more 2.0
12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

The full dead load of a structure can be classified as a sustained load but the type of
occupancy will determine the percentage of live load that can be called sustained load.
For an apartment house or office building, only 20% to 25% of the service live load
should be considered as being sustained and for warehouse 70% to 80% of the service live load
is being sustained.