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Buckminsterfullerenes, or usually
Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob just fullerenes for short, were discovered in 1985 by a
Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν: "to team of scientists from Rice University and
draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the most the University of Sussex, three of whom were
common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are
graphite is an electrical conductor, and can be used, named for the resemblance of their allotropic structure
to the geodesic structures devised by the scientist and
for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an
architect Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller.
electrical arc lamp. Graphite holds the distinction of Fullerenes are molecules of varying sizes composed
being the most stable form of carbon under standard entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow
conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.
as the standard state for defining the heat of
formation of carbon compounds.
Step 3: peat changes to lignite (soft brown coal made from peat)
Step 4: bituminous coal is formed (black and brittle and very polluting)
Step 5: anthracite coal is formed (highest amount of carbon and clean burning)
Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. When organic
aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are deposited, they are very saturated with water and
rich in minerals. Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial, water is
forced out and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new structures that comprise a waxy
material known as “kerogen” and a black tar like substance called “bitumen”. All of this occurs within the
first several hundred meters of burial.
Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns kerogen into petroleum and natural gas
As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis begins, which is the
thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains. Importantly, the process of catagenesis is
catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and persist through marine diagenesis. The conditions of
catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature and pressure lead to more complete
“cracking” of the kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller hydrocarbons. Petroleum formation, then,
requires a specific window of conditions; too hot and the product will favor natural gas (small
hydrocarbons), but too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as kerogen.
DONNALD MAITEM CE-1R
Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have
any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-
range pattern of atomic positions.While entirely amorphous carbon can be made, natural amorphous carbon (such as
soot) actually contains microscopic crystals of graphite, [1] sometimes diamond [2]. On the macroscopic scale,
amorphous carbon has no definite structure as it conisists of small irregular cystals, but on the nanomicroscopic scale,
we can see it is made of regularly arranged carbon atoms.
Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν:
"to draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is
an electrical conductor, and can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp.
Graphite holds the distinction of being the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Therefore, it is
used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.
Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon, whose hardness and high
dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry. Diamond is the hardest known
natural mineral, which makes it an excellent abrasive and makes it hold polish and luster extremely well. No known
naturally occurring substance can scratch, let alone cut, a diamond.
Step 3: peat changes to lignite (soft brown coal made from peat)
Step 4: bituminous coal is formed (black and brittle and very polluting)
burning)
Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. When organic
aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are deposited, they are very saturated with water and
rich in minerals. Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial, water is
forced out and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new structures that comprise a waxy
material known as “kerogen” and a black tar like substance called “bitumen”. All of this occurs within the
first several hundred meters of burial.
Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns kerogen into petroleum and natural gas
As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis begins, which is the
thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains. Importantly, the process of catagenesis is
catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and persist through marine diagenesis. The conditions of
catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature and pressure lead to more complete
“cracking” of the kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller hydrocarbons. Petroleum formation, then,
requires a specific window of conditions; too hot and the product will favor natural gas (small
hydrocarbons), but too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as kero
JUSTINE OLOR CE-1R
Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have
any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range
order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic
positions.While entirely amorphous carbon can be made, natural amorphous
carbon (such as soot) actually contains microscopic crystals
of graphite, [1] sometimes diamond [2]. On the macroscopic scale,
amorphous carbon has no definite structure as it conisists of small irregular
cystals, but on the nanomicroscopic scale, we can see it is made of regularly
arranged carbon atoms.
Glassy carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon which is widely used
as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature
crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices. It was first
produced by workers at the laboratories of The General Electric
Company, UK, in the early 1960s, using cellulose as the starting material.
A short time later, Japanese workers produced a similar material
from phenolic resin. The preparation of glassy carbon involves subjecting
the organic precursors to a series of heat treatments at temperatures up to
3000oC. Unlike many non-graphitizing carbons, they are impermeable to
gases and are chemically extremely inert, especially those which have been
prepared at very high temperatures.
Step 3: peat changes to lignite (soft brown coal made from peat)
Step 4: bituminous coal is formed (black and brittle and very polluting)
burning)
Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. When organic
aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are deposited, they are very saturated with water and
rich in minerals. Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial, water is
forced out and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new structures that comprise a waxy
material known as “kerogen” and a black tar like substance called “bitumen”. All of this occurs within the
first several hundred meters of burial.
Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns kerogen into petroleum and natural gas
As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis begins, which is the
thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains. Importantly, the process of catagenesis is
catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and persist through marine diagenesis. The conditions of
catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature and pressure lead to more complete
“cracking” of the kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller hydrocarbons. Petroleum formation, then,
requires a specific window of conditions; too hot and the product will favor natural gas (small
hydrocarbons), but too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as kerogen.
VALERIA MONGHIT CE-1R
Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have
any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range
order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic
positions.While entirely amorphous carbon can be made, natural amorphous
carbon (such as soot) actually contains microscopic crystals
of graphite, [1] sometimes diamond [2]. On the macroscopic scale,
amorphous carbon has no definite structure as it conisists of small irregular
cystals, but on the nanomicroscopic scale,
Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν: "to draw/write", for its
use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike
diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor, and can be used, for instance,
as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite holds
the distinction of being the most stable form of carbon under standard
conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard
state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.
Step 3: peat changes to lignite (soft brown coal made from peat)
Step 4: bituminous coal is formed (black and brittle and very polluting)
burning)
Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. When organic
aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are deposited, they are very saturated with water and
rich in minerals. Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial, water is
forced out and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new structures that comprise a waxy
material known as “kerogen” and a black tar like substance called “bitumen”. All of this occurs within the
first several hundred meters of burial.
Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns kerogen into petroleum and natural gas
As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis begins, which is the
thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains. Importantly, the process of catagenesis is
catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and persist through marine diagenesis. The conditions of
catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature and pressure lead to more complete
“cracking” of the kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller hydrocarbons. Petroleum formation, then,
requires a specific window of conditions; too hot and the product will favor natural gas (small
hydrocarbons), but too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as kerogen.