Internship Report on

“Study of Substation Maintenance at Sharavathi

Receiving Station (SRS) 220/66/11KV”
(July 11th to August 11th )
Peenya, Bengaluru-560058
SUBMITTED BY

1. POORNIMA U M (1AY16EE425)
2. PRAJWAL R (1AY16EE426)
3. SHANKAR METI (1AY16EE438)
4. SUNIL K K (1AY16EE447)
5. SUNILKUMAR (1AY16EE448)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Smt. H.N.MANJULA KUMARI
AEE(Ele), SRS, KPTCL, Bengaluru.

Date: 11/08/2018 Signature

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 DECLARATION
The internship report is submitted in partial fulfilment of academic
requirements for the award of getting certificate from respectable organization of KPTCL.
The report submitted here with is a result of our own work and in conformance to the
guidelines on plagiarism as laid out as per the rules of KPTCL. All sections of the text and
results which have been obtained from other sources are fully referenced.

sl/no Reg. No. Student Name Signature

1 1AY16EE425 POORNIMA U M

2 1AY16EE426 PRAJWAL R

3 1AY16EE438 SHANKAR METI

4 1AY16EE447 SUNIL K K

5 1AY16EE448 SUNILKUMAR

Date: 11/08/2018

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very beginning we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Smt.
H.N.Manjula Kumari (AEE) for giving us the strength and the composure to complete our
Internship and prepare this report within the scheduled time.

During the period of our internship work, we have received generous help from
many quarters, which we would like to put on record here with deep gratitude and great
pleasure.

First and foremost, we are grateful to our supervisor, Smt.Swetha (AE), Mr.Nithin
(AE), and also thankful to Smt.Sahana (JE). They allowed us to encroach upon their
precious time freely right from the very beginning to till the completion of our internship.
Their guidance, encouragement and suggestions provided us necessary information. We have
no hesitation to say that, without their constant support and valuable advices from time-to-
time, we would probably fail to complete the work in an appropriate manner.

We are grateful especially to Mr. Asif Iqbal (AE), And all other departmental heads,
officials and also all office staffs of SRS Substation for their sincere co-operation and support
for giving us the opportunity and always help and support for make a standard report.

Finally, we extend our appreciation to our collage “ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY” for their support and encouragement they provided us during the
internship.

Thanking You

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 CONTENT

 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Single line Diagram of 220/66/11KV SRS
 Lightning Arrester
 Isolators
 Circuit Breakers
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Bus Bars
 Bus Coupler
 Transformers
 Capacitor Bank
 Feeders
 Battery Bank
 Relays
 Control and Relay Panel
 Maintenance
 Visited Stations
 KPTCL Brigade Gateway 66/11kv GIS Substation
 KPTCL Brindavana 66/11kv Sub station
 BMRCL Station (66/33kv)
 KPTCL Station of MUSS ,IISE (66/11kv)
 KPTCL Nandini MUSS 66/11kv
 Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED.

 Type Public company

 Industry Power transmission
 Predecessor Karnataka Electricity Board
 Founded 1st Aug 1999
 Headquarters Bangalore, India
 Area served Karnataka
 Key people D K Shivakumar, chairman
Jawaid Akhtar, MD
H. Nagesh, Director (Transmission)

 Product Power transmission

 Revenue Rs 2,875.43 Crore (2015-16)
 Website kptcl.com

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 Introduction to 220/66/11KV Sub Station

Sharavathi Receiving Station (SRS) was established on 25th Jan 1965. It consists of
six 220 KV incoming lines and thirteen 66KV outgoing lines .The main power source of
incoming is from Nelamangala which is of NL-2, NL-3, and NL-4 which is of 220KV line.
The station is transmitting three different level of voltages they are 220Kv, 66Kv, 11Kv.

This station delivers power to the NRS, Subramanyapuram, CPRI, (220KV) and from
Hebbala (220KV) line the power is imported as well as exported. But they are using
Subramanyapuram as ideal whenever they want an excess load we can draw from this line.

This station serves 13 outgoing lines of the voltage of 66KV then they are stepping
down 66kv to 11kv by using 20MVA transformers and 31.5MVA transformer. The 11Kv
lines are associated with 4 banks and 27 feeders which is of 11KV each bank contain 7
feeders except bank 1 it contain only 6 feeders.

They have used 4 step down transformers to bring down the voltages from 220KV to
66KV and their ratings are 150MVA (3 No’s) and 67.5MVA (1 No’s). They also have a
stepdown transformer of 20MVA (3 in No’s) and 31.5MVA (1 in No’s) which are used to
step down from 66Kv to 11Kv.

LILO system is used in this station in which the power can be transferred or can be
taken. The whole station has been earthed by using GI plate, MS Plate which is of 0.9-1mtr.

There are 2 sets of batteries rooms they call it as Set A and Set B consists of 115 cells
and 110 cells respectively. Providing DC voltage of 220V.

As the battery sets are 50 years old and it is of open type lead acid battery the SRS
substation has received a proper maintenance certificate from the Exide battery company.

They have two bus bars called as South Bus, North bus A and North bus B. North bus
B is an extinction of the North bus A. The entire substation is powered by their own auxiliary
transformer which they have installed which is of 500KVA rating.

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The relays or any other DC power operating devices are powered using the battery. They
have previously installed 30MVAR of capacitor bank delivering reactive power and now
additional 5*5.8MVAR of capacitor bank is under construction.

The equipment’s present in the substation are listed as below.

• Transformer 1:67.5MVA Mitsubishi (220/66/11KV)

• Transformer 2: 150 MVA Crompton Greaves (220/66/11KV)

• Transformer 3: 150 MVA CGL (220/66/11KV)

• Transformer 4: 150 MVA CGL (220/66/11KV)

• Transformer 4: (31.5 MVA): kanoher(66/11KV)

• Transformer 1: (20MVA): NGEF (66/11KV)

• Transformer 2:(20MVA): NGEF (66/11KV)

• Transformer 3:(20MVA): NGEF (66/11KV)

• Capacitor bank: 30240 KVAR (BHEL)

• Current Transformers: Mitsubishi, Automatic Electric Ltd

• Circuit Breaker: ABB,CGL,SEIMENS

• Voltage transformers

• Feeders: 66KV and 11KV MEI make

• Lightning arrester

• Relays

• Wave trap

• Gang operating system(GOS)

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220/66/11KV STATION
(SRS)

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 Lightening/Surge Arrestor

 Surge arresters are devices that help prevent damage to apparatus due to high
voltages. The arrester provides a low-impedance path to ground for the current from a
lightning strike or transient voltage and then restores to a normal operating conditions.

 A surge arrester may be compared to a relief valve on a boiler or hot water heater. It
will release high pressure until a normal operating condition is reached. When the
pressure is returned to normal, the safety valve is ready for the next operation.

When a high voltage (greater than the normal line voltage) exists on the line,
the arrester immediately furnishes a path to ground and thus limits and drains off the
excess voltage. The arrester must provide this relief and then prevent any further flow of
current to ground. The arrester has two functions; it must provide a point in the circuit at
which an over-voltage pulse can pass to ground and second, to prevent any follow-up
current from flowing to ground

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 Gang Operating System (GOS)

GOS is also known as disconnector or isolator switch. This switch is used

to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or
maintenance. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as
when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe
maintenance works.

Operation of Electrical Isolator

1. As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no
chance of current flowing through the circuit no live circuit should be closed or open by
isolator operation.
2. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation and also a live
circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator operation to avoid huge arcing in
between isolator contacts.
3. That is why isolators must be open after circuit breaker is open and these must be closed
before circuit breaker is closed.
4. Isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by motorized mechanism from remote
position.
5. Motorized operation arrangement costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision
must be taken before choosing an isolator for system whether hand operated or motor
operated economically optimum for the system.
6. For voltages up to 145 Kv system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher
voltage systems like 245 Kv or 420 Kv and above motorized isolators are used.

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as

 Double Break Isolator

 Single Break Isolator

 Pantograph type Isolator

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In SRS ,two types of isolators are available such as

 Double Break Isolator

 Single Break Isolator

Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as

1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.

Single Break Isolator

The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other female
contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the contact arms
are fitted. Rotation of both post insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the
isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post insulators stacks open the contact
arm and isolator becomes in off condition. This motorized form of this type of isolators is
generally used but emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.

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Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators

Double Break Isolator

Let’s have a discussion on constructional features of Double Break Isolators.

These have three stacks of post insulators as shown in the figure. The central post insulator
carries a tubular or flat male contact which can be rotated horizontally with rotation of central
post insulator. This rod type contact is also called moving contact.
The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both
sides of the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring
loaded figure contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into
female contacts and isolators becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in opposite
direction make to it out from female contacts and isolators becomes open. Rotation of the
central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base of the post insulator
and it connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in case of
motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is a device that interrupts an electric circuit to prevent unwanted

current, caused by a short circuit, typically resulting from an overload. Its basic functionality
is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. In SRS Substation they have SF6 circuit
breaker at the 220KV side and Vaccum circuit breaker at the 11KV feeder side.

SF6 Circuit Breaker:

The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong
tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure
air and an arc is struck between them. The SF6 gas capture the conducting free electrons in
the arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.

Construction:

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A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in a
chamber. The chamber is called arc interruption chamber which contains the sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6) gas. This chamber is connected to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir. A valve
mechanism is there to permit the gas to the arc interruption chamber. When the contacts of
breaker are opened, the valve mechanism permits a high pressure sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas
from the reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber. The fixed contact is a hollow
cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with an arc horn. The moving contact is also a hollow
cylinder with rectangular holes in the sides. The holes permit the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6)
gas to let out through them after flowing along and across the arc. The tips of fixed contact,
moving contact and arcing horn are coated with copper-tungsten arc resistant material. Since
sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed using suitable
auxiliary system after each operation of breaker.

Working:

In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at a pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2. When the breaker operates, the
moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts. The movement of
the moving contact is synchronised with the opening of a valve which permits sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption
chamber.

The high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free electrons in
the arc path to form immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers. The
result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and
causes the extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation that is after arc extinction, the
valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.

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 Vaccum circuit breaker

A vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes
place in vacuum medium. The operation of switching on and closing of current carrying
contacts and interrelated arc interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker
which is called vacuum interrupter.

Construction:

The Vacuum circuit breaker consists of a fixed contact, a moving contact and a
vacuum interrupter. The moving contact is connected to the control mechanism by stainless
steel bellow. The arc shields are supported by the insulating housing such that they cover on
these shields and is prevented from condensing on the insulating enclosure. The possibility of
a leak is eliminated due to permanent sealing of vacuum chamber for that a glass vessel or
ceramic vessel is used as the outer insulating body.

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Working:

The arc interruption in vacuum interrupters is different from other types of circuit
breakers. The separation of contacts causes the release of vapour which is filled in the contact
space. It consists positive ions liberated from contact material. The vapour density depends
on the current in the arc. When the current decreases, the rate of vapour released decreases
the after current zero, the medium regain its dielectric strength if the vapour density is
reduced.

When current to be interrupted is very small in a vacuum, the arc has several parallel
paths. The total current is divided into many parallel arcs which repel each other and spread over
the contact surface. This is called diffused arc which can be interrupted easily.

At high values of current, the arc gets concentrated in a small region. It causes rapid
vaporization of the contact surface. The interruption of the arc is possible if arc remains in
diffused state. If it is quickly removed from the contact surface, the arc will re-strike.

Arc extinction in vacuum breakers is greatly influenced by material and shape of the
contacts and the technique of considering metal vapour. The path of the arc is kept moving so
that temperature at any one point will not be high.

After the final arc interruption, there is rapidly building up of dielectric strength which
is peculiar of the vacuum breaker. They are suitable for capacitor switching as it will give a
restrict free performance. The small current is interrupted before natural current zero, which
may cause chopping whose level depends on the material of contact.

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER

live tank Current transformer.

Dead tank Current Transformer.

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 A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or
protective devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary current
(under normal conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is approximately
zero.

Functions
Current transformers perform the following functions:

 Current transformers supply the protective relays with currents of magnitude

proportional to those of power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude that is
1A/5A.

 The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies.
Hence current transformers are used to supply those devices with currents of
magnitude proportional to those of power.

 A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from high voltage
circuits

Principle

The basic principle of the current transformer is the same as that of the power
transformer. Like the power transformer, the current transformer also contains a primary and
a secondary winding. Whenever an alternating current flows through the primary winding,
alternating magnetic flux is produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary
winding. In the case of current transformers, the load impedance or “burden” is very small.
Therefore the current transformer operates under short circuit conditions. Also the current in
the secondary winding does not depend on load impedance but instead depends on the current
flowing in the primary winding.

The current transformer basically consists of an iron core upon which primary and
secondary windings are wound. The primary winding of the transformer is connected in series
with the load and carries the actual current flowing to the load, while the secondary winding
is connected to a measuring device or a relay. The number of secondary turns is proportional
to the current flowing through the primary; i.e., the larger the magnitude of current flowing
through the primary, more the number of secondary turns.

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 The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the current
transformation ratio of the CT. Usually the current transformation ratio of the CT is high.
Normally the secondary ratings are of the order 5 A, 1 A, 0.1 A, whereas the primary ratings
vary from 10A to 3000A or more.

The CT handles much less power. Rated burden can be defined as the product of
current and voltage at the secondary side of the CT. It is measured in volt ampere (VA).

The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its rated
burden while current is flowing in the primary. As the primary current is independent of the
secondary current, the entire primary current acts as a magnetizing current when secondary is
opened. This results in deep saturation of the core, which cannot return to normal state and so
the CT is no longer usable.

The secondary side of the current transformer should not be kept open circuit it
always shorted with the burden resistor.

There are two types of current transformers and they are

1. Live tank CT’s

2. Dead tank CT’s
1. Live tank CT: The main core of the transformer is placed in the top tank. The top
tank also houses the secondary winding which is termed as ‘live’ part of the
transformer body. Before placing them inside the tank, which is typically made of
mild steel, the core and secondary winding is insulated with various types of
insulating material to protect it from high voltage current.
2. Dead tank CT: The core of the transformer and its secondary winding are placed in
the bottom part of the transformer tank. This tank is earthed which gives it the term
‘dead’ tank.
The primary winding in a dead tank CT is insulated similarly to other current transformers
and is then brought down to the bottom tank where it is earthed. Further, the primary is made
to pass through insulated porcelain. In Dead tank CTs, the length of the primary conductor
decides the mechanical force exerted on the transformer when it is exposed to short time
dynamic current. It is therefore important to increase the length of the primary conductor to
ensure that there is no damage to the transformer when it is exposed to high currents.

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The ratings of CT in the station are as below

6 CT for 150 MVA Transformers

Sl . CCTR MC
No

1) Transformer – 3 ( 220 KV ) 400/1 6667

2) Transformer ( 66 KV ) 1600/1 960

3) Transformer – 4 ( 220 KV) 600/1 10000

4) Transformer ( 66KV ) 1600/1 960

5) Transformer – 2 ( 220 KV ) 400/1 40000

6) Transformer ( 66 KV ) 1600/1 960

2 CT for 67.5 MVA Transformers

1) Transformer – 1 ( 220 KV 500/1 15000

)
2) 600/1 310
Transformer ( 66 KV )

2 CT for Bus coupler

Sl.No CCTR MC

1 800/1 1600 (220 KV)

2 400/1 240 ( 66 KV)

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 Voltage Transformer

Voltage Transformer.
Potential transformer or voltage transformer used in electrical power system for
stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and
relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage.

A voltage transformer theory or potential transformer theory is just like a theory of

general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected across the
phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential
transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its secondary.

The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that
transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals
of the PT.

The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal potential transformer

or voltage transformer, when rated burden gets connected across the secondary.

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 Bus Bars

220KV rigid bus bar.

An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for
collecting electrical energy from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing
feeders. In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and
outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the electrical energy at
one location. When the fault occurs in any section of the bus bar, all the circuit equipment
connected to that section must be tripped to give complete isolation in the shortest possible
time.

 The bus-bars used in electrical substations usually have rectangular cross section bars,
but they can be in another shape also, as round tubes, solid round bars, or shape tubes.
The bus-bar are usually made up of aluminium. Aluminium have several advantages
over copper such as higher conductivity, lower cost, excellent corrosion resistance,
etc.
 The most common of the bus-bars are 40×4mm (160 mm2); 40×5 mm (200 mm2) ;
50×6 mm (300mm2) ; 60×8 mm (480 mm2) ; 80×8 (640 mm2) and 100×10 mm
(1000 mm2).
 Types of bus bar arrangements

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 1. Single bus bar arrangement.
2. Single Bus-Bar Arrangement With Bus Sectionalized
3. Main and Transfer bus arrangement.
4. Double bus double breaker arrangement
5. One and half breaker arrangement.
6. Ring main arrangement.
7. Mesh arrangement.
8. Sectionalised double bus bar arrangement.

In SRS Substation at 220KV side they have used rigid bus bar type system and for
66KV side they are planning to reconstruct/ replace conventional type to rigid bus bar type.
11KV feeders are directed through underground (UG) cables.

Meaning of Rigid bus bar: The rigid bus bars are used in low, medium or high
voltage applications, constructed with aluminium or copper bars and they make use of
porcelain to insulate them. As for the strain bus bars, they are mostly used in high voltage
applications and are usually strung between the metal structures of a substation. They are held
in place by suspension-type insulators. Lastly, as for the insulated-phase bus bars, they are
used at medium voltage and similar to the rigid bus bars, they are rigid bars that are supported
by insulators. These bus bars are able to eliminate short circuits between adjacent phases.

Bus Bar maintenance

1. Bus bar maintenance can be done when the generators are not running and no power is
supplied to main or emergency switchboards
2. If the main switchboard bus bars are to be inspected or to be work on, keep emergency
generator running. Keep in mind that there will be some portion of the main switchboard
which will be fed by emergency switch board. Hence know the complete system properly
and keep away from those areas.

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 Bus Coupler
A bus coupler is another breaker that connects two buses together such that total
power transfer take place from these two bus but in case of any fault in feeder of any bus and
its required to trip the whole bus supplying its feeder fault then the bus coupler operates and
disconnects the faulty bus system such that a healthy is still available to supply at least 50%
of power to loads

The bus couplers remain NC while healthy operation of power supply without fault
supplying maximum power. In case of any fault the bus coupler remains open to isolate the
faulty part and supply healthy part of system after all it’s just a circuit breaker but connected
between two buses.

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 Transformers
Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to
another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual induction
between two windings. This device is the costliest and important equipment in the whole
station so it will be protected by various kinds of devices like relays, GOS, CB, lighting
arresters etc.

It contain of 3 core windings which is been filled with transformers oil to provide insulation
as well as cooling of transformer. Station contains three 150MVA and one 67.5MVA
transformer which are used to step down the 220KV voltage to 66KV. The figure will show
the view of the transformer.

150MVA CGL make transformer.

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Mitsubishi 67.5 MVA transformer

26
 150MVA CGL make transformer

150MVA CGL make transformer

The above four transformers are used to step down the voltage from 220KV to 66KV
We have another set of transformers which are 3*20MVA transformer and 1*31.5MVA
transformer used to step down the voltage from 66KV to 11KV and feed it to the BESCOM
by using feeders.

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 31.5MVA transformer 4 KANOHAR make transformer

20MVA transformer 3 NGEF make transformer

28
 20MVA transformer 2 NGEF make transformer

20 MVA transformer 1NGEFmake transformer

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 On Load Tap Changer (OLTC):

The OLTC is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable turn ratios to be
selected in discrete steps. In larger electrical power transformer, for proper voltage regulation
of transformer, on load tap changer is required. As there is no permission of switching off the
transformer during tap changing. It is connected to primary side of the transformers because
the LV windings are placed inside the HV winding as HV windings are outer side hence the
tapping’s can be easily taken out and also HV winding will have more turns than LV
winding.

The purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of a transformer. It does
this by altering the number of turns in one winding and thereby changing the turn’s ratio of
the transformer. Note that not all transformers have tap changers.

An OLTC varies the transformer ratio while the transformer is energized and carrying
load. The switching principle uses the “make before break” contact concept. An adjacent tap
is bridged before breaking contact with the load carrying tap for the purpose of transferring
load from one tap to the other without interrupting or appreciably changing the load current.
While in a bridging position that is contact is made with two taps, some form of impedance
resistive or reactive is present to limit circulating current. A high speed resistive type OLTC
uses a resistor pair to absorb energy and does not use the bridging position as a service
position. A reactive type OLTC uses a reactor that is designed for continuous loading, e.g., a
preventative autotransformer, and therefore uses the bridging position as a service position.

There are two primary OLTC designs. A diverter design, used for higher voltages and
power, has both a tap selector and a separate diverter switch (also called arcing switch). The
switching arc may occur in oil or may be contained in a vacuum bottle. A non-diverter
design, used for lower voltage ratings, simply uses a so-called selector switch (also called
arcing tap switch) that combines the functions of a diverter switch and tap selector.

The OLTC set must be taken for service after 5000th operation or once in a five years
whichever is earlier possible. To change one tapping it requires 23 manual tuning if in case
motor fails.

30
 Protection of Transformers:-
Since transformers are the costliest devices in the whole station they are been protected
by many subordinate devices as below Buchholz relay,
RELAYS: - A relay is an electrically operated switch which controls a circuit by a separate
low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. There are
various relays are been used to protect the transformer they are Oil surge relay, Buchholz
relay, earth fault relay, over current relay etc.

 Buchholz relay: This relay is designed to detect transformer internal fault in the
initial stage to avoid major breakdown. Internal fault in transformers generates gases
by decomposition of oil due to heat and spark inside the tank. These gases pass
upward towards the conservator tank trapped in the housing of the relay, thereby
causing oil level to fall. The upper float rotates and switches contact close and thus
giving alarm. In case of a serious fault gas generation is more which causes operation
of lower float and trips the circuit breaker. The gas can be collected from a small
valve at the top of relay for dissolved gas analysis.

Buchholz relay

 Oil surge relay: It is similar to buchholz relay with some changes. It has only one
float and operates when oil surge reach and strike the float of OSR. It is used with
OLTC (On Load Tap Changer) for detection of any damage or fault inside the tap
changer and prevents tap changer from damages in case of low oil level in OLTC
tank.

31
  Over current relay: The relay which operates only when the value of the current is
greater than the relay setting time. It protects the transformer from the fault current.
 Earth fault relay: it is used to protect feeder against faults involving ground.
Typically, earth faults are single line to ground and double line to ground faults
There are also some external devices to protect the transformer they are as below

 Explosion vent: It consists of a bent pipe with Bakelite diaphragm at both ends. A
protective wire mesh is fitted on the opening of transformer to prevent the pieces of
ruptured diaphragm from entering the tank. The wire mesh is also provided at the
upper end to protect upper diaphragm from any mechanical damages. At the lower
end there is small oil level indicator. When the lower diaphragm ruptures due to
excess internal pressure the oil level rises in the vent pipe and is visible through the
indicator. In case the internal pressure developed is not reduced to safe value after the
bursting of lower diaphragm upper diaphragm gives away throwing the gas and oil
outside and prevents further mechanical damages.
 Pressure relief valve: When the pressure in the tank rises above predetermined safe
limit this valve operates and performs the following functions;
1. Allows the pressure to drop by instantaneously opening the port.
2. Gives visual indication of valve operation by raising a flag.
3. Operates a micro switch which gives command to breaker.
 Oil temperature indicator: It is a dial type thermometer works on the vapour
pressure principle. The bulb which is known as Probe is exposed to the temperature to
be measured is connected by a length of flexible tubing to a Borden gauge tube which
is also known as ‘Operating Bellow’. This bellow is filled with volatile liquid. The
change in bulb temperature causes change in the vapour pressure of the liquid and
pointer moving on a dial calibrated in degree centigrade indicates the consequent
movement of the operating bellow. It has two pair of contacts one for alarm and
another for trip. In general the oil temperature alarm is set at 80 o-85o C and oil
tripping is set at 85_90o C.

 Winding temperature indicator: This device measures the LV and HV winding

temperature. A winding temperature indicator or WTI is also used as protection of
transformer. The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI. But only difference
is that the sensing bulb pocket on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil

32
 surrounded it. This heater coil is fed by secondary of current transformers associated
with transformer winding. Hence the current through the heater coil is directly
proportional to the current flowing through transformer winding. This is because there
is no scope of direct measuring of temperature inside a winding. When load of
transformer increases, the winding temperature is also increased and this increased
temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as the heater coil surrounds it. Rest of the
working principle of winding temperature indicator is same as principle of oil
temperature indicator.

Oil and wind temperature gauges

 Conservator tank: This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the

roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer
is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer.
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume
of oil inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides
adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for
transformer insulating oil.
This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from both ends. One large
inspection cover is provided on either side of the container to facilitate maintenance
and cleaning inside of the conservator. Conservator pipe, i.e. pipe comes from main
transformer tank, is projected inside the conservator from bottom portion. Head of the
conservator pipe inside the conservator is provided with a cap.

33
 This pipe is projected as well as provided with a cap because this design
prevent oil sludge and sediment to enter into main tank from conservator. Generally
silica gel breather fixing pipe enters into the conservator from top. If it enters from
bottom, it should be projected well above the level of oil inside the conservator. This
arrangement ensure that oil does not enter the silica gel breather even at highest
operating level.

Working: When volume of transformer insulating oil increases due to load and
ambient temperature, the vacant space above the oil level inside the conservator is
partially occupied by the expanded oil. Consequently, corresponding quantity of air of
that space is pushed away through breather. On other hand, when load of transformer
decreases, the transformer is switched off and when the ambient temperature
decreases, the oil inside the transformer contracts. This causes outside air to enter in
the conservator tank of transformer through silica gel breather.

Conservator tank.

34
 Breather: Silica gel crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. When air
passes through these crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is absorbed by
them. Therefore, the air reaches to the conservator is quite dry, the dust particles in
the air get trapped by the oil in the oil seal cup. The oil in the oil sealing cup acts as
barrier between silica gel crystal and air when there is no flow of air through silica gel
breather. The colour of the silica gel crystal is dark blue but when it absorbs moisture
it becomes pink. When there is sufficient difference between the air inside the
conservator and the outside air, the oil level in two components of the oil seal changes
until the lower oil level just reaches the rim of the inverted cup, the air then moves
from high pressure compartment to the low pressure compartment of the oil seal.

Both of these happen when the oil acts as core filter and removes the dust from the
outside air.

Breather.

 Oil level indicator: This device is used to indicate the position of transformer
insulating oil level in conservator of transformer. This is a mechanical device.
Magnetic oil level indicator of transformer consists of mainly three parts-
1. One float,
2. Bevel gear arrangement
3. An indicating dial.

35
 All oil immersed distribution and electrical power transformers are
provided with expansion vessel which is known as conservator of transformer. This
vessel takes care of oil expansion due to temperature rise. When transformer
insulating oil is expanded, the oil level in the conservator tank goes up.
Again when oil volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the
oil level in the conservator goes down. But it is essential to maintain a minimum oil
level in the conservator tank of transformer even at lowest possible temperature. All
large electrical power transformers are therefore provided with a magnetic oil level
indicator or magnetic oil gauge. In conventional conservator tank, a light weight
hollow ball or drum floats on the transformer insulating oil. The float arm is attached
with bevel gear as we already explained during the discussion on the construction of
magnetic oil gauge. Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending
upon the oil level in the conservator and consequently the alignment of float arm
changes. Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of bevel gear is
transmitted to the pointer outside the conservator, as this pointer is magnetically
coupled with the bevel gear.

The pointer of magnetic oil level indicator is also incorporated with a

mercury switch. So it is need not say, when oil level in the conservator goes up and
down, the pointer moves on the MOG dial to indicate the actual level of transformer
insulating oil in conservator tank. As the alignment of mercury switch changes along
with the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible alarm when pointer
reaches near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event alerts us for
topping up oil in electrical power transformer. In air cell conservator, the float arm is
attached with air cell and alignment of float arm changes with the changing size of air
cell due to the expansion and contraction of oil.

 Radiator: When an electrical transformer is loaded, the current starts flowing through
its windings. Due to this flowing of electric current, heat is produced in the windings,
this heat ultimately rises the temperature of transformer oil. We know that the rating
of any electrical equipment depends upon its allowable temperature rise limit. Hence,
if the temperature rise of the transformer insulating oil is controlled, the capacity or
rating of transformer can be extended up to significant range.

36
 The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of transformer. Thus, it plays
a vital role in increasing loading capacity of an electrical transformer. This is basic
function of radiator of an electrical power transformer.
Under loaded condition, warm oil increases in volume and comes to the upper
portion of the main tank. Then this oil enters in the radiator through top valve and
cools down by dissipating heat through the thin radiator wall. This cold oil comes
back to the main tank through the bottom radiator valve. This cycle is repeated
continuously till the load is connected to the transformer. Dissipation of heat in the
transformer radiator; can be accelerated further by force air provided by means of
fans. These fans are fitted either on the radiator bank itself or fitted nearby the bank
but all the fans must be faced towards the radiator. Sometime, the cooling rate of
convectional circulation of oil is not sufficient. That time an oil pump may be used for
speeding up oil circulation.

Radiator.

 Bushings: The windings (both HV and LV) of any transformer is sealed in a tank
filled with transformer oil. There must be a way to access those windings, since the
tank is made of iron and iron is conductive in nature the tank must be insulated from
the connecting leads of the windings.

37
 Bushings are nothing but insulator disks with a hole in centre. Number of
disks are connected together to get higher level of insulation (for higher voltage).

HV side Bushings.

Neutral current transformer (NCT):

A neutral current transformer (NCT) is a current transformer which is used in the star
winding of a transformer (Since, only the Star winding has a neutral). This NCT is basically
used to measure current flow through the neutral of the transformer that we are concerned
with. The secondary of this NCT is connected to protective relays such as, stand by earth
Fault relay, restricted earth fault relay, etc.

Transformers cooling methods:

The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or I2R loss. Although
there are other factors contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis and eddy current
losses but contribution of I2R loss dominate them. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the
temperature of the transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in paper
insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer. So it is essential to control the
temperature with in permissible limit to ensure the long life of transformer by reducing
thermal degradation of its insulation system.

38
 1. ONAN: This is the simplest transformer cooling system. The full form of ONAN is
"Oil
Natural Air Natural". Here natural convectional flow of hot oil is utilized for
cooling. In convectional circulation of oil, the hot oil flows to the upper portion of the
transformer tank and the vacant place is occupied by cold oil. This hot oil which comes to
upper side, will dissipate heat in the atmosphere by natural conduction, convection and
radiation in air and will become cold. In this way the oil in the transformer tank continually
circulate when the transformer put into load. As the rate of dissipation of heat in air depends
upon dissipating surface of the oil tank, it is essential to increase the effective surface area of
the tank. So additional dissipating surface in the form of tubes or radiators connected to the
transformer tank. This is known as radiator of transformer or radiator bank of transformer.
We have shown below a simplest form on natural cooling or ONAN cooling arrangement of
an earthing transformer below.
2. ONAF: Heat dissipation can obviously be increased, if dissipating surface is
increased but it can be make further faster by applying forced air flow on that
dissipating surface. Fans blowing air on cooling surface is employed. Forced air takes
away the heat from the surface of radiator and provides better cooling than natural air.
The full form of ONAF is "Oil Natural Air Forced". As the heat dissipation rate is
faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling method than ONAN cooling system,
electrical power transformer can be put into more load without crossing the
permissible temperature limits.
3. Nitrogen Injection Instrument ( CTR): It Consists of fire extinguishing cubicle
near the transformer, control box in control room, fire detector on transformer tank
top cover, specially designed non-return valve in conservator pipe between buchholz
relay and conservator tank, and signal box placed on transformer. Fire extinguishing
cubicle is connected to transformer tank by pipes for oil drain and nitrogen injection.
Cable connections are provided from signal box to Control box and from Control box
to Fire Cubicle.
Nitrogen injection fire prevention and extinguishing system designed for oil
filled transformer, shall prevent, tank explosion and the fire during internal faults
resulting in an arc where tank explosion will normally take few seconds after arc
generation and also extinguish the external oil fires on transformer top cover due to

39
tank explosion or external failures like bushing fires, due to OLTC fires and fire from
surrounding equipment’s.
This system works on the principle of “DRAIN AND STIR” and on activation,
shall drain a predetermine quantity of oil from the tank top through the outlet valve, to
reduce the tank pressure and inject nitrogen gas at high pressure from the lower side
of the tank through inlet valves to create stirring action and reduce the temperature of
top oil surface, below flash point to extinguish the fire.
Conservator tank oil shall be isolated during tank explosion and oil fire, to
prevent aggravation of oil fire. Transformer isolation shall be an essential
precondition for activating the system. The system shall be designed to operate
manually, in case of failure of power source.

CTR panel.

40
Nitrogen injection connection at transformer.

41
 Auxiliary transformer

Auxiliary transformer (100KVA).

Auxiliary transformer is used to supply power for AC power system inside substation
such as lighting, air conditioners and other AC supply system and DC power system such as
protection relays, batteries, SCADA & telecom system and other DC supply system.

Testing of transformers in substation:

1. Ratio test
2. Polarity test
3. Megger test:

42
 Ratio test: The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of
specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an
essential type test of transformer. The voltage should be applied only in the
high voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage.

Ratio test equipment

 Megger test: Insulation Resistance or IR Test is carried out by maintenance

engineers to ensure the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical
power transformer. It reflects the presence or absence of harmful
contamination, dirt, moisture and gross degradation. IR will be usually high
(several hundred Mega ohms) for a dry insulation system. Maintenance
engineers use this parameter as an index of dryness of the insulation system.
 This test is performed at or above rated voltage to determine if there are low
resistance paths to ground or between winding to winding as a result of
winding insulation deterioration. The test measurement values are affected by
variables such as temperature, humidity, test voltage, and size of transformer.
 This test should be conducted before and after repair or when maintenance is
performed. The test data should be recorded for future comparative purposes.
The test values should be normalized to 20°C for comparison purposes.

43
 Capacitor Bank

30MVAR Capacitor bank.

 The demand of this reactive power is mainly originated from inductive load connected
to the system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuit of electric
motors, electrical transformers, inductance of transmission and distribution networks,
induction furnaces, fluorescent lightings etc. This reactive power should be properly
compensated otherwise, the ratio of actual power consumed by the load, to the total
power i.e. vector sum of active and reactive power, of the system becomes quite less.

 The equipment’s used to compensate reactive power are mainly of two equipment’s
used for this purpose.
1. Synchronous condensers
2. Static capacitors or Capacitor Bank

44
1. Synchronous condensers: synchronous condensers, can produce reactive power
and the production of reactive power can be regulated. Due to this regulating
advantage, the synchronous condensers are very suitable for correcting power
factor of the system, but this equipment is quite expensive compared to static
capacitors. That is why synchronous condensers, are justified to use only for
voltage regulation of very high voltage transmission system.
2. Static capacitors or Capacitor Bank: Static Capacitor bank can be further
classified into two categories.

 Shunt capacitor
 Series capacitor
Shunt capacitor draws almost fixed amount of leading current which is
superimposed on the load current and consequently reduces reactive components
of the load and hence improves the power factor of the system.
Series capacitor on the other hand has no control over flow of current. As these
are connected in series with load, the load current always passes through the series
capacitor bank. Actually, the capacitive reactance of series capacitor neutralizes
the inductive reactance of the line hence, reduces, effective reactance of the line.
Thereby, voltage regulation of the system is improved.

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 Feeders

11KV feeders
Feeders are supply unit for distribution of power, it contain CT, vacuum circuit breaker,
OCR, EFR and master trip relays, it also consist of various metering’s

Internal view of feeder

46
 SRS substation has 4 banks associated with 27 feeders. Bank 1, Bank 2, and Bank 3
each has 7 feeders and Bank 4 has 6 feeders.

The lower voltage level from the SRS substation feeds the downstream stations and the
list of those downstream 66KV substations are

1. Widia Line.
2. DG 1 Cell.
3. DG 2 Cell.
4. DG 3 Cell.
5. DG 4 Cell.
6. Hebbala 1.
7. Hebbala 2.
8. NRS 1.
9. NRS 2.
10. Nelegadaranahalli.
11. TG Halli.
12. Brindavana (UG Cable)
13. BMRCL (UG Cable)

47
 Battery bank

1000AH old battery bank.

27: 400*2=800 AH new battery bank.

Battery bank is the heart of the station without this no equipment in the control room
will work. It will provide DC supply to the relays and make them work instantaneously.

In SRS we have two battery sets they are old battery set of 1000AH and new battery
set of 400*2= 800AH battery they will use one set in service and one more as standby. The
specific gravity and voltage of each and every battery will be checked daily it must be with in
rated value that is the specific gravity must be around 1220 and the voltage of each battery
should be above 1.8V. The total load on the DC supply for SRS substation carries 8 amps. In
which the installed battery capacity bank can give back up for 10hrs as the capacity of the
battery bank is 1000Ah. The backup capacity in 1000Ah is 100Amps for 10 hours and in
2*400Ah i.e 40Amps for 10 hours

48
 Relays
A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that
can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a
coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it)

Types of Relays

Instantaneous time over current relay:

In this type of relays, operating time is inversely changed with current. So, high
current will operate overcurrent relay faster than lower ones. There are standard inverse, very
inverse and extremely inverse types

Over current relay:

In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal
current flows through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to
move the moving element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than
deflecting force. But when the current through the coil increased, the magnetic effect
increases, and after certain level of current, the deflecting force generated by the magnetic
effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force, as a result, the moving element starts moving
to change the contact position in the relay.

Distance relay:
An impedance relay is a voltage controlled overcurrent relay. The relay measures
impedance up to the point of fault and gives tripping command to the circuit breaker if the
impedance is less than the relay setting Z. Relay setting Z is the is known as the replica
impedance, and it is proportional to the set impedance, i.e., the impedance up to the reach of
the relay. The relay monitors continuously the line current I through CT and the bus voltage
V through PT and operates when the V/I ratio decline below the set value.

This is one type of relay which functions depending upon the distance of fault in the
line. More specifically, the relay operates depending upon the impedance between the point
of fault and the point where relay is installed. These relays are known as distance relay or
impedance relay.

49
Earth fault relay:
Earth fault relay function is it calculates the vector sum of all three currents flowing
in RYB lines. If the sum is not zero then this relays sense that there is a fault current flowing
through and hence giving the signal to trip.

Distance protection relay:

Distance protection relay principle differs from other forms of protection because their
performance does not depend on the magnitude of the current or voltage in the protective
circuit but it depends on the ratio of these two quantities. It is a double actuating quantity
relay with one of their coil is energized by voltage and the other coil is energized by the
current. The current element produces a positive or pick-up torque while the voltages element
has caused a negative and reset torque.

The relay operates only when the ratio of voltage and current falls below a set value.
During the fault the magnitude of current increases and the voltage at the fault point
decreases. The ratio of the current and voltage is measured at the point of the current and
potential transformer. The voltage at potential transformer region depends on the distance
between the PT and the fault.

If the fault is nearer, measured voltage is lesser, and if the fault is farther, measured
voltage is more. Hence, assuming constant fault impedance each value of the ratio of voltage
and current measured from relay location comparable to the distance between the relaying
point and fault point along the line.

Differential protection relay:

A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of
two or more identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential
relay works on the principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or
more similar electrical quantities. Comparing two electrical quantities in a circuit using
differential relays is simple in application and positive in action.

Directional overcurrent relay:

In this type of relays, operating time is inversely changed with current. So, high current will
operate overcurrent relay faster than lower ones. There are standard inverse, very inverse and
extremely inverse types

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 Control and Relay panel

Transformer control and relay panel.

51
 Control and Relay panel is most important equipment of the substation as it work as
shield guard for all substation equipments and electrical network. Moreover, these panels are
useful to control the flow of electricity as per the Voltage class and detect the faults in
transmission lines.

In this panel, varieties of numerical & electromechanical relays are installed to

provide damage protection to equipments. Meters, Semaphore indicators, Control Switches,
Indicating lamps, Push Buttons, Annunciator, Test Blocks and Test Plugs are among of major
equipment’s installed as per designing requirements.

Conductor

Aluminium conductors.
Conductor is a physical medium to carry electrical energy form one place to other. It
is an important component of overhead and underground electrical transmission and
distribution systems. The choice of conductor depends on the cost and efficiency.

At 220KV side conductor carries 1600 Amps in a single line. In SRS substation they
have used hallow conductor type for power transmission for 220KV side. And at the 66KV
side Aluminium conductors are used.

Types of conductor:

1. AAC (All Aluminium Conductor)

2. ACAR (Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Reinforced)
3. AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor)

52
 4. ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
5. IACS ( International Annealed Copper Stand )

Maintenance
Substation maintenance is a key part of any plant's maintenance program. Failures in
key components such as racking mechanisms, meters, relays and busses are the most common
cause of unplanned outages. Transmission, distribution and switching substations generally
have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformers.

By having proper maintenance the station equipment’s can be safeguarded so that the
equipment will give its maximum efficiency and reliable operation.

Maintenance may be defined as the upkeep of the substation electrical equipment in

proper working and efficient condition to derive the following:

 Reliable and efficient operation

 Optimum utilization

 Availability

 Reduced down time

 Detection of premature faults

 Minimizing revenue loss etc.

Classification of maintenance activity

 Corrective or breakdown maintenance.

 Preventive maintenance.

 Condition based maintenance.

 Reliability centered maintenance.

 Equipment failure analysis.

 Techniques for reducing down time.

 Spares management.

53
 Documentation/ Computerization on maintenance.

Preventive Maintenance

Preventive Maintenance calls for advance planning based on previous

experience, equipment manufacturer guidance and preparation of equipments specific
maintenance schedule.

Generally, in annual maintenance plan is made to carry out preventive

maintenance. The advantage lies in uninterrupted power supply, increased availability
of equipment and reduction in maintenance cost.

Condition based maintenance

Condition based maintenance is based on condition assessment of the

equipment by test ON and OFF the line. This is ideal for prevention of equipment
failure and other associated equipment damages.

Reliability centered maintenance

Reliability centered maintenance is generally carried out on old equipment by

conducting ‘Remaining life assessment studies’ and based on economics, life
extension techniques are adopted without sacrificing reliability and availability. The
maintenance costs are also reduced.

Equipment failure analysis

Equipment failure analysis is the major responsibility of maintenance

personal to prevent repeated failure of equipment and provide inputs for necessary
change in design parameters, new equipment design, quality control plan, erection and
subsequent maintenance technique.

Documentation/ Computerization on Maintenance

The Documentation is the record of the type of maintenance activity carried

out, any abnormalities noticed during checking etc., chronologically documented and
computerized for further analysis and action.

54
The Maintenance schedule of an SRS substation is as follows

1. The batteries in the battery room are daily inspected for their specific gravity
that should lie in between 1180-1220o and each cell should carry a voltage in
between 1.8-2.2V, the float voltage must be 2.25±0.02V.
2. The SF6 gas pressure will be inspected by the staff and in which lower gas
pressure will be noted down out of 3 limbs. This pressure limit should be in
the range of 19-21 Kg/cm2

3. The transformer winding and oil temperature readings are which is high out of
3 phases are taken down. If the temperature is beyond the rated value then the
transformer load will be reduced by load scheduling.

General maintenance of all substation equipments:

1. GOS: Line GOS
Bus GOS
Breaker GOS
 Tightening are replacing of clamps, bolts, and nuts on the basis of thermo
vision scanning readings (monthly basis).
 Applying petroleum for male and female contacts.
 Oiling for rotary or moving joints.
2. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
 Tightening are replacing of clamps, bolts, and nuts on the basis of hotspot
readings.
 Checking the secondary connection spacing in marshalling box
 IR test and value should be minimum 500M-ohm.
3. CIRCUIT BREAKER:
 Checking of auto start/stop compressor motors for maintaining air pressure of
Breakers at rated pressure.
 Checking of SF6 gas and air leakage points.
 Checking of contacts on monthly basis.
 Checking of compressor oil on quarterly basis.
 Checking of air SF6 gas pressure on daily basis.
ABB: 20-22kg/cm2 (AIR)
CGL and SIMENS : 7bar 15/16(air)

55
  Tightening are replacing of clamps, bolts, and nuts on the basis of hotspot
readings.
 Meggering values of CB and CT must be 500M-ohm.
4. CONDUCTORS:
 In case of De-Stranded conductors/Deteriorated conductors will be replaced
by new.
 If conductors are carbonised/melts or if its looses its conductivity, are replace
it.
5. BUS BAR:
 Bus conductors will be strengthened while carrying out maintenance works
and all junction clamps will be tightened as per thermovision scanning report.
 Tightening or replacing of clamps, bolts and nuts on the basis of hotspot
readings.
6. CAPACITOR BANK:
 Individual cells are checked if the capacitance is lower than the required
standard value and so we replace it.
 To maintain constant standard MVAR value (30MVAR).

7. TRANSFOREMER :
 Tightening or replacing of clamps, bolts, and nuts on the basis of hotspot reading.
 Checking of bolts and nuts on either side of HV and LV side of bushing.
 To release the air pressure collected in the buchholz relay.
 To check the value of the oil and winding temperature on the daily basis.
 For 66 kvg :
 Oil temperature is 500C .
 Winding temperature is 600.
 For 11kv:
 Oil temperature is 700C
 Winding temperature is 880C.
 In the breather, the colour of the silica gel is checked. If it turns from bluish
colour to pinkish white colour then we replace the gel for healthy working
condition
 In tap changing wiring contacts are checked.

56
  Oil condition are examined yearly.
 Visual inspection of oil level in OLTC and conservator tank.
 Cooler fan bearing, motors radiator bolt, oil pipeline valve are checked on the
quarterly basis.
 Meggering valve should be in Giga ohm IR test will be carried out.

8) RELAYS AND MOTORS

 To check calibration of relay (quarterly).

9) NITROGEN INJECTION INSTRUMENT (CTR)

 Replacing of nitrogen cylinder gas after every usage (once in year).

 Nitrogen injector (CTR)will be leaked while carrying out maintenance work
to avoid malfunctioning

10) FEEDERS

 To check the value amps /volts / MW consumption of particular feeder

 For 11kv breaker / switchgear the checking of tripping and closing circuit
is done every half yearly.
 Checking of healthiness of trip/close coils
 Operation if the switch gear on the relay is checked
 Spring charge mechanism is also checked.
 Maintenance will be carried out quarterly to keep up the healthy operation
of the breaker

11) BATTERIES

 Cleaning and applying of petroleum jelly for batteries terminals

 The batteries are daily inspected for their specific gravity which should
lie between 1190-1240.
 Each cell should carry a voltage in between 1.8-2.2V
 To check the pilot cell reading everyday.
 Adding H 2 SO4 if the standard value of electrolyte is low and adding of
distilled water if the specific gravity is above 1240.

57
12) CONTROL PANELS:

 To check the AC and DC values, contact on quarterly basis

13) DG SET

 Cleaning and checking of oil fuel every half yearly.

Maintenance schedule of SRS sub-station.

58
We have visited various stations which are under
SRS Peenya they have been shown below

STATION 1:- 17/07/2018

KPTCL BRIGADE GATEWAY (66/11KV) GAS

INSULATED SUB-STATION (GIS)
This is the first GIS station in the Karnataka constructed on 2010. This is fully
internal station we can see only transformers outside in the yard. In this station they are using
SF6 gas for all the purpose. The station totally contain 2 transformers and it is receiving the
66KV voltage from NRS and stepping down to 11KV. This 11KV is been divided in to
2banks with each of 5 feeders.

The most beautiful part of the station is the all the equipment will be mounted in the
one room that is lightning arrester, CT, PT, CB, bus bar, bus coupler etc. the gas pressure will
be maintained properly for scheduled operation of the station. The pressure of the gas will be
equal to the 92 LPG cylinders. Here they are using the underground cables for tacking as well
as feeding the power.

The conductors have they separate chambers but they all mounted within the one
pipe made of aluminium the insulation effect will be maintained by using the SF6 gas. SF6
gas can with stand 276 kg-Pascal/ cm of gas pressure.

The main advantage of this station is they cost high only during installation after
that the maintenance will be much low when compared to AIR stations and the space
compatibility as well as the reliability of the station will be more.

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 Single Line Diagram of 66/11KV.GIS Sub Station

Overall view of the BRIAGDE station equipment’s

This above figure will show you the arrangement of the equipment in the station there are
totally two bays with a bus coupler in between them.

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STATION 2: 19/07/2018

Brindavana station, KPTCL (66/11KV)

This station contain three transformers of 20 MVA and 3 banks of 7 feeders each
this station have 1 underground cable and two overhead cables

The single line diagram of this station will show us the incoming and outgoing lines of this
station. This station will import power from SRS and NRS 66kv and it will send one 66KV
line out from this station.

Single line diagram of Brindavana station

UG cable view in Brundavana station

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STATION 03:

KPTCL Station at MUSS, IISC (66/11kv)

The main speciality of this station is it contain a hybrid circuit breaker and
underground cables. This station contain two 20 MVA transformers and two banks
containing 5 feeders each. The hybrid circuit breakers are combination of three devices
lightning arrester, horizontal circuit breaker and current transformer.

Single line diagram of MUSS, IISC

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 Hybrid circuit breaker

STASTION 04:

BMRCL STATION 66/33KV, PEENYA

It is one of the newly constructed station in Bangalore especially for running the
metro in Bangalore. This station is well upgraded station with all well versed upgraded
instruments. This station contain two transformers of 20 MVA and 10 feeders, here 2
incoming lines and 10 outgoing lines.

The single line diagram of this station will show us the incoming and outgoing
line of this station. This has 2, 66 KV incoming supply, one from SRS and other one is well
cast (it is used for back up)

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Single line diagram of BMRCL

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 Single line diagram in software with their respective readings of equipment’s

This station they are using an open transformer which is used to step down the voltage from
33KV to 750 volts which is used to run the train. This is the speciality of this station. Specific
gravity for BMRCL battery supply is 1.2 to 1.6, here all cell are connected in series.

Open axillary transformers in BMRCL

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STASTION 04: 26/07/2018

KPTCL SUB STATION NANDINI LAYOUT 66/11KV

In this station there are two 66kv incoming lines, one from 66KV SRS Peenya and
another one 66KV NRS. There are two 20MVA step down transformer and 12 outgoing
feeders and also 20MVAR capacitor bank.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 66/11KV NANDHINI MUSS

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FEEDERS DETAILS OF NANDINI LAYOUT MUSS

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20 MVA TRANSFORMERS

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Conclusion:
By seeing the above scenario can finally conclude that since the SRS substation is 60
years old the station equipment’s are replaced by newer once. In this station there is one 67.5
MVA transformer which is 50 years old but still in service.

The rigid bus system makes the system more complex as the equipment’s from the
old ages are working fine while newer equipment are not up to the mark compare to them.

Here one more speciality of this station is there is an open type lead acid battery, excide
make are still in service with their fine DC backup.

Here R and M work is under progress, in this strung bus system in replacing the rigid bus
system and other equipment’s.

There are also some preventive measures are been taken in the station that is they are
erecting a new 100MVA transformer to cater the existing load to carry out R and M works.

References:

• Busbar: http://circuitglobe.com/electrical-bus-bar-and-its-types.html#ixzz4n0ZFPZgg
• Buscoupler:https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-a-Bus-Coupler-in-
aDouble-Bus-Single-breaker-busbar-configuration.
• Conductor: https://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-overhead-conductor/
• Relay: http://circuitglobe.com/differential-protection-relay.html#ixzz4nCqtPvFc

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