Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OBJECTIVES:
Identify the different ideas in psychology about self
Create our own definition of the “self” based on the definitions from psychology; and
Analyze the effects of various factors identified in psychology in the formation of the “self”
INTRODUCTION:
In every field of studies, at least in the social sciences, have their own research, definition
and conceptualization of self and identity. some are specific only in their studies .
This lesson also seem to define the concept of self from a larger context to individual
concept.
However, it must be pointed out that modern researches acknowledge the contributions of
each fields and not some sort of nurture vs. nature, society/culture vs. individual/brain, and
other social sciences vs psychology debates.
SELF
- it is the sense of personal identity and who we are as individuals(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014).
WILLIAM JAMES(1890)
-one of the earliest psychologist to study the self. He conceptualize the self as having two aspects,
the “I” and the “ME”.
ME `-the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes you who
you are (Gleitman,Gross, and Reisberg 2011;hogg and Vaughan 2010).
Personality Theory also used the same term, the I as the one who acts and decides while the ME
is what I think about my self as an object.
Self Identity and Self-concept are not fixed in one time frame.they are not also fixed for life nor
are they ever-changing at every moment.
SCHEMA- a mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive
processes and behaviour.
COMPONENTS of SELF:
HOBBIES,RELIGION, NATIONALITY and FAMILY
schema is not limited to the example above , this may also includes your interest, works,
name,age and physical characters.
SELF-SCHEMA- refers to the impressions that you have of yourself and how they influenced
your behavior.
What is the function of Self-Schema?
- these categories of knowledge reflect how we expect ourselves to think, feel, and act in
particular settings or situations.
CARL ROGER- Captured an idea in his concept of SELF-SCHEMA , for him it is our
organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are.
Theories generally see the self and identity as mental constructs, created and recreated in
memory(Oyserman,Elmore and Smith 2012).
Several psychologist ,especially during the field's earlier development,followed this trend of
thought ,looking deeper into the mind of the person to theorize about the self ,identity and
concept and in turn ,ones personality.
The most influential of them is Sigmund Freud. Basically Freud saw the self, its mental
processes, and one's behavior as the result of interaction between the Id, Ego and Superego.
One cannot full discount the effects of society and culture on the formation of self, identity and
self-concept. Even Freud and other researcher and theories try to understand the person by
digging deeper into the mind .
Social interaction always has a part to play in who we think we are. This is not NATURE VS.
NURTURE but instead a NATURE-and-NURTURE Perspective.
Under the Theory of Symbolic Interactionism ,G.H. Mead(19340 argued that the self is created
and developed through human interaction(Hogg and Vaughan 2010).
There are 3 Reasons why self and identity are Social Products:
We do not create ourselves out of nothing.
Whether we like to admit it of not, we actually need others to affirm ad reinforce who we
think we are.
What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by what is important in our
social or historical context.
Social interaction and Group affiliations are vital factors in creating our self-concepts especially
in the aspects of providing us with our social identity or our perception of who we are based on
the membership to certain froups(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014).
There are times that we are aware of our self and it is called Self-Awareness.
Carver and Scheier(1981) identify Two Types of Self that we can be aware of:
The private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings.
The public self or your public image commonly generated toward having a good presentation of
your self to others.(Hogg and Vaughan 2010).
Social Comparison also entails what we called Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, which states
that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us ,especially when that person is close
to us(i.e. a family or a friend)(Tesser 1988 in Jhagiani and tarry 2014).
In this case, We usually React in 3 ways:
We distance ourselves from that person or redefine our relationship with them( Jhagiani and
tarry 2014).
We may also reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which we
out-performed( Jhagiani and tarry 2014).
We may also strenghten our resolve to improve that certain aspects of ourselves( Jhagiani
and tarry 2014).
Sometimes, there is a thin line between high self-esteem and narcissism and there are a lot of test
and measurements for self-esteem like the Rosenberg scale but the issue is that the result can be
affected y the desire of the person to portray herself in a positive and advantageous way.
Incase you want to take a test and find a numerical value or level of yourself-esteem, try to be
honest and objective about what you feel and see about yourself.
Although self-esteem is a very important concept related to the self, studies have shown that it
only has a correlation, not causality, to positive outputs and outlook.
It can be argued that high or healthy self-esteem may result to an overall good personality, but it
is not, and should not be the only source of a person's healthy perspective of herself.
People with high self-esteem are commonly describe as outgoing, adventurous and adaptable in a
lot of situations. They may also be bullies and experiment on abusive behaviors with drugs,
alcohol and sex.
This Duality in the behavior and attitudes only proves the above mentioned
correlation.Baumeiser, Smart and boden(1996) in their research on self eteem concluded that
programs, activities and parenting styles to boost self esteem should only be for rewarding good
behavior and other achievements and not for the purpose of merely trying to make children feel
better about theme selves or to appease them when they get angry or sad.
KOMUNIKASYON SA FILIPINO
PANAHON NG KOMONWELT
-dito nagsimulang ipagamit ang wikang pambansa para sa mga gurong gustong magturo ng
Wikang Pambansa. Kaya bago pa man nagsimula ang ika lawang digmaang pandaigdig may mga
guro nang nagtuturo ng Wikang Pambansa.
MAYO 3, 1940
- sa isang sirkular na iniatas ni Direktor Celedonio Salvador ng kawanihan ng Edukasyon
ang pagtuturo ng wikang Pambansabilang regular na assignatura sa ika apat na taon sa paaralang
sekundarya.
At pagkaraan ng digmaan, unti-unti ng binuksan ang mga assignatura sa elementarya at
sekundarya na nagtuturo ng wika at panitikan at gumagamit ng wikang pambansa bilang Wikang
Panturo.
PATAKARANG BILINGGUWALISMO
- ito ay ang pagpapatupad ng mga Seksiyon 2-3, Artikulo XIV ng 1987 konstitusyon ng
Pilipinas hinggil sa paggamit ng Filipino at Ingles bilang mga opisyal na wika ng komonikasyon
at instruksiyon.
-ang mga assignatura sa elementarya at sekundarya ay hinati sa dalawang pangkat kung saan
ang isang pangkat ay magtuturo sa Filipino(panitikan sa Filipino at araling panlipunan) at ang
isang pangkat ay magtuturo sa wikang Ingles(agham,matematika at panitikan sa Inles).
Itinatag din sang Programang MTB-MLE(Mother Tongue Based-Multi Lingual Education) kung
saan naging dagdag na wikang panturo sa antas na Kinder to Grade 3 ang ibang mga wikang
katutubo ng rehiyon.
Higit bang naitaguyod ng 1987 konstitution ng pilipinas ang paggamit ng Wikang pambansa?
-hindi lamang naitaguyod ng 1987 konstitusyon ng pilipinas ang paggamit ng wikang
pambansa sa katunayan mas nilinaw ito sa pamamagitan ng pagtatag ng mga patakarang mas
maisusulong ang paggamit ng wikang pambansa.
Mga patunay na nagsusulong ng paggamit ng wikang Pambansa:
SEKSIYON 6
nakasaad dito na ang wikang pambansa ng pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang nililinang ito
ay dapat pagyabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa umiiral na wika sa pilipinas at sa iba pang
mga wika.
SEKSIYON 8
Nakasaad naman dito na kailangan ang kostitusyon ay nakasulat sa Filipino at Ingles at dapat
isalin sa pangunahing wika ng rehiyon maging sa wikang Arbic at kastila.
SEKSIYON 9
Nakasaad dito na dapt magtatag ang konseho ng isang komisyon ng wikang pambansa na
binubuo ng mga kinatawan ng iba’t-ibang rehiyon, sa ganitong sistema hindi laman ang wikang
pambansa ang higit na mapapaunlad kundi pati narin ang paggamit nga mga wika sa bawat
rehiyon sa Pilipinas.