Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version

Electronic Devices
Conventional Current Version
Thomas L. Floyd
Ninth Edition

Floyd
9e
ISBN 978-1-29202-564-3

9 781292 025643
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ISBN 10: 1-292-02564-6

ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02564-3

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 T RANSISTOR B IAS C IRCUITS

Power (kW)
Maximum power output
200
180 Furling
160
140 Shut down
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 Wind speed (mph)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Cut in Start up

䊱 F IGURE GA – 5
Example of a wind power curve for a wind turbine.

Questions
Some questions may require research beyond the content of this coverage.
1. What does HAWT stand for?
2. Why does the input voltage to the ac-to-dc converter vary in amplitude and
frequency?
3. What are the physical factors that determine the amount of power available in the
wind that strikes the blades of a turbine?
4. What is the Betz limit?
5. In wind farms, how close together should the turbines generally be placed?

The following websites are recommended for viewing HAWTs in action.

Many other websites are also available.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXejxcW-XGo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFPj9frhKuo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PLvr-lpADM&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rlVMJgPRc4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeVClBaQI_Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEEAl9laoUg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9_FKGxD27g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v05MuBseBQE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBRfboAscww

280
 T RANSISTOR B IAS C IRCUITS

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

1. Saturation (c) Transistor shorted (d) Open emitter
3. 18 mA collector-to-emitter

5. VCE = 20 V; IC(sat) = 2 mA 37. (a) 1: 10 V, 2: float, 3: -3.59 V, 4: 10 V

7. See Figure ANS–1. (b) 1: 10 V, 2: 4.05 V, 3: 4.75 V, 4: 4.05 V

9. (a) IC(sat) = 50 mA (c) 1: 10 V, 2: 0 V, 3: 0 V, 4: 10 V

(b) VCE(CUTOFF) = 10 V (d) 1: 10 V, 2: 570 mV, 3: 1.27 V, 4: float

(c) IB = 250 mA; IC = 25 mA; VCE = 5 V (e) 1: 10 V, 2: 0 V, 3: 0.7 V, 4: 0 V

(f) 1: 10 V, 2: 0 V, 3: 3.59 V, 4: 10 V
39. R1 open, R2 shorted, BE junction open
41. VC = VCC = 9.1 V, VB normal, VE = 0 V
PD(min) = 20 mW 1.2 k⍀ 43. None are exceeded.
45. 457 mW
186 k⍀ +
10 V 47. See Figure ANS–3.
+ –
10 V
–

+15 V
䊱 F IGUR E A NS– 1

RC
11. 63.2 2.0 k⍀
RB
13. IC ⬵ 809 mA; VCE = 13.2 V 2N3904
Nearest standard values
15. See Figure ANS–2. 286 k⍀
assuming βDC = 100

VEE
䊱 FIGURE ANS–3
+9 V

RE
49. See Figure ANS–4.
R2
15 k⍀ 1.0 k⍀
9V

R1 RC RC
47 k⍀ R1
2.2 k⍀ 2.0 k⍀ 3.0 k⍀

2N3904

R2
䊱 F IGUR E A NS– 2 RE
620 ⍀
1.0 k⍀

17. (a) -1.63 mA, -8.16 V (b) 13.3 mW

19. VB = -186 mV; VE = -0.886 V; VC = 3.14 V
䊱 FIGURE ANS–4
21. 0.09 mA
23. IC = 16.3 mA; VCE = -6.95 V
25. 2.53 kÆ 51. Yes
27. 7.87 mA; 2.56 V 53. VCEQ will be less, causing the transistor to saturate at a slightly
29. ICQ = 92.5 mA; VCEQ = 2.75 V higher temperature, thus limiting the low temperature response.
31. 27.7 mA to 69.2 mA; 6.23 V to 2.08 V; Yes 55. RC open
33. V1 = 0 V, V2 = 0 V, V3 = 8 V 57. R2 open
35. (a) Open collector (b) No problems 59. RC shorted

281
282
 BJT A MPLIFIERS

CHAPTER OUTLINE APPLICATION ACTIVITY PREVIEW

1 Amplifier Operation The Application Activity in this chapter involves a preamplifier

2 Transistor AC Models circuit for a public address system. The complete system
3 The Common-Emitter Amplifier includes the preamplifier, a power amplifier, and a dc power
supply. You will focus on the preamplifier in this chapter.
4 The Common-Collector Amplifier
5 The Common-Base Amplifier
VISIT THE COMPANION WEBSITE
6 Multistage Amplifiers
7 The Differential Amplifier Study aids and Multisim files for this chapter are available at
8 Troubleshooting http://www.pearsonhighered.com/electronics
Application Activity
INTRODUCTION
GreenTech Application: Wind Power
The things you learned about biasing a transistor are now
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
applied in this chapter where bipolar junction transistor
(BJT) circuits are used as small-signal amplifiers. The term
◆ Describe amplifier operation small-signal refers to the use of signals that take up a rela-
◆ Discuss transistor models tively small percentage of an amplifier’s operational range.
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-emitter Additionally, you will learn how to reduce an amplifier to an
amplifiers equivalent dc and ac circuit for easier analysis, and you will
learn about multistage amplifiers. The differential amplifier
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-collector is also covered.
amplifiers
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-base
amplifiers
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of multistage
amplifiers
◆ Discuss the differential amplifier and its operation
◆ Troubleshoot amplifier circuits

KEY TERMS
◆ r parameter
◆ Common-emitter
◆ ac ground
◆ Input resistance
◆ Output resistance
◆ Attenuation
◆ Bypass capacitor
◆ Common-collector
◆ Emitter-follower
◆ Common-base
◆ Decibel
◆ Differential amplifier
◆ Common mode
◆ CMRR (Common-mode
rejection ratio)

From Chapter 6 of Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version, Ninth Edition, Thomas L. Floyd. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson
Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
283

1 A MPLIFIER O PE R ATI O N
HISTORY NOTE
The American inventor Lee De
Forest (1873–1961) is one of
several pioneers of radio
development. De Forest
experimented with receiving long-
distance radio signals and in 1907
patented an electronic device
named the audion, which was the
first amplifier. De Forest’s new
three-electrode (triode) vacuum
tube boosted radio waves as they
were received and made possible
what was then called “wireless
telephony,” which allowed the
human voice, music, or any
broadcast signal to be heard.
284
BJT A MPLIFIERS
The biasing of a transistor is purely a dc operation. The purpose of biasing is to estab-
lish a Q-point about which variations in current and voltage can occur in response to
an ac input signal. In applications where small signal voltages must be amplified—
such as from an antenna or a microphone—variations about the Q-point are relatively
small. Amplifiers designed to handle these small ac signals are often referred to as
small-signal amplifiers.
After completing this section, you should be able to
❏ Describe amplifier operation
❏ Identify ac quantities
◆ Distinguish ac quantities from dc quantities
❏ Discuss the operation of a linear amplifier
◆ Define phase inversion ◆ Graphically illustrate amplifier operation
◆ Analyze ac load line operation
AC Quantities
In the previous chapters, dc quantities were identified by nonitalic uppercase (capital) sub-
scripts such as IC, IE, VC, and VCE. Lowercase italic subscripts are used to indicate ac quan-
tities of rms, peak, and peak-to-peak currents and voltages: for example, Ic, Ie, Ib, Vc, and
Vce (rms values are assumed unless otherwise stated). Instantaneous quantities are repre-
sented by both lowercase letters and subscripts such as ic, ie, ib, and vce. Figure 1 illustrates
these quantities for a specific voltage waveform.
䊳 FIG UR E 1 V
Vce can represent rms, average, peak,
or peak-to-peak, but rms will be
assumed unless stated otherwise. vce
can be any instantaneous value on rms
the curve. avg
Vce
Vce Vce
VCE Vce
vce
0 t
0
In addition to currents and voltages, resistances often have different values when a cir-
cuit is analyzed from an ac viewpoint as opposed to a dc viewpoint. Lowercase subscripts
are used to identify ac resistance values. For example, Rc is the ac collector resistance, and
RC is the dc collector resistance. You will see the need for this distinction later. Resistance
values internal to the transistor use a lowercase r¿ to show it is an ac resistance. An exam-
ple is the internal ac emitter resistance, r¿e.