Doc

3/30/2019
5G New Radio
Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects
Reiner Stuhlfauth
Technology Manager Wireless
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

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Disclaimer
This presentation contains forward looking statements and milestones on products and technology. Such statements are based on our
current expectations and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and are of course subject to be changed.
What is 5G? – It’s a paradigm shift

5G is a true use-case driven cellular technology
5G
Audio, Video, Apps, AR/VR (eMBB)
Sensors (mMTC)
Sensors/Actuators (URLLC)
4G Voice, Audio, Video, Apps

3G Voice, SMS, Web
2G Voice, SMS
1G Voice
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 2
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Expected 5G commercial launch dates (mobile or FWA)
Source: GSA report: Evolution from LTE to 5G: Global Market Status, January 2019
Industry activities and 3GPP

5GTF will be deployed limited in time
A triangle of
enhanced Mobile applications…
Broadband (eMBB)
Ultra reliable &

low Latency
communication
massive Machine (URLLC)
2 specific use cases: Type Communication
 Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) (mMTC)
 5G Trial Services
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Review of 5G Use Cases eMBB – the known playground

eMBB remains priority 1 but … ı Established ecosystem (operators, manufacturers,
certification of devices)
ı Evolution from existing technologies and revolutionary
Massive IoT enhanced Mobile additions (cm- / mm-wave)
ı A diverse ecosystem Broadband ı It’s all about data (speed and capacity)
(operators, manufacturers, ı Realizing and facing the challenges of cm-wave
local authorities, certification eMBB spectrum and OTA testing; 3.5GHz is important!
only for some technologies)
ı Mix of technologies
(GSM, Lora, Zigbee, WLAN, URLLC
Bluetooth, Cat M, NB-IoT,…) ı A significantly enhanced and
ı It’s all about cost efficiency diverse ecosystem (operators (?),
and massive connectivity manufacturers, verticals,
ı 3GPP: No NR based solution; mMTC URLLC certification not existing (yet))
will be addressed by evolving ı Principal support with high SCS
LTE-M (eMTC) and NB-IoT and self-contained slots
Massive Machine Ultra reliable &
ı It’s all about reliability and security
Type Communication low latency
communication (data and capacity)
… the URLLC potential is the future!

5G – A problem solver
ı Ericsson conducted a survey of large
Source: Ericsson report
companies (with a minimum of 1,000

employees) across 10 key industries
during October and November 2017.
ı Each of the 10 industries identified
key areas that could be resolved
through business process
transformation with respect to 5G.
ı The survey revealed that, across
all sectors, 5G technology will
improve issues that center around
data security, connectivity issues,
and automating processes.
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Frequency trends for 5G Europe

700 MHz
3.4 - 3.8 GHz
24.25 - 27.5 GHz
China
2.5 – 2.6 GHz
3.3 - 3.6 GHz
4.8 - 5.0 GHz
24.75 - 27.5GHz (study)
37 - 43.5 GHz (study)
0.7 / 3.6 / 26GHz US
600 MHz 3.5 / 5 / 26 / 43.5 GHz 600 MHz
(2.1) / (3.5) / 28 / 39GHz
2.4 GHz
3.5 / 4.6 / 28 GHz
[CBRS band (3.5GHz)]
27.5 - 28.35 GHz
NR frequency range 1 NR frequency range 2 37.0 - 40 GHz
reserved numbers 65-256 Reserved numbers 257-512 Australia
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink 3.6 GHz
26 GHz
… … … n257 26.5 – 29.5 GHz 26.5 – 29.5 GHz
3.6 / 26 GHz Korea
n77 3.3 – 4.2 GHz 3.3 – 4.2 GHz n258 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 3.42 - 3.7 GHz
n78 3.3 – 3.8 GHz 3.3 – 3.8 GHz n259 n/a n/a 26.5 – 28.9 GHz
Japan
n79 4.4 – 5.0 GHz 4.4 – 5.0 GHz n260 37 – 40 GHz 37 – 40 GHz 4.4 - 4.9 GHz
… … … 28 GHz
5G Key Technology Components

NR builds on four main pillars
New Spectrum Massive MIMO & Beamforming
ı < 1GHz ı Hybrid beamforming

ı ~ 3.5 GHz ı > 6GHz also UE is expected
ı ~ 26/28/39 GHz to apply beam steering
Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization

Initially based on ı Flexible physical layer
Dual Connectivity numerology
eNB gNB with E-UTRA as
ı Network Slicing
MCG MCG split SCG split SCG
master ı NFV/SDN
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NR: New Radio
3GPP RAN NR Standardization Overview SA: Standalone

NSA: Non Standalone
eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
Status after 3GPP RAN #82 (December 2018)

URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication
mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication
2017 2018 2019 2020
Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA Now

LTE Adv deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, NTN)
Pro Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …) Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …)
Rel-14 Release 15 Rel-15 “Late Drop” Release 16 Rel-17
Rel-15
June 2019 / RAN #84 (“late drop”)
Milestones Dec 2017 / RAN #78 L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7
L1/L2 specification for June 2018 / RAN #80 completed
NSA option 3 / eMBB L1/L2 specs. for SA option March 2019 / RAN #83 (“late drop”)
completed 2 & 5 / URLLC completed L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl.
NR-NR-DC completed June 2020 / RAN #88
Mar 2018 / RAN #79
Sep 2018 / RAN #81 L3 specs (Rel-16
L3 specs. (ASN.1)
L3 specs (ASN.1) for Dec 2019 / RAN #86 ASN.1) completed
for option 3 / eMBB
option 2 & 5 completed Rel-16 RAN1 PHY
completed March 2020 / RAN #87
specification frozen Rel-16 completed
Rel-16
Milestones Rel-16 Study-Items / Work-Items (see next slide)
3GPP RAN Workplan and Priorities

Timeframe: July 2018 – Dec 2019
ı Complete NR Rel-15 specifications
 Bugfixes and corrections to Rel-15
 Specify Option 4 & 7 and NR-NR DC (“late drops”)
ı Enhance NR in Rel-16 to support vertical markets and new industries beyond eMBB
 V2X (Basic use cases included in LTE Rel-14/15, NR Rel-16 covers advanced use cases)
 Industrial IoT (LPWA use cases included in LTE eMTC/NB-IoT, Advanced URLLC use cases such
as industry automation in NR Rel-16)
 5G in unlicensed spectrum / 5G over satellite
 Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) for NR
ı Increase NR UE and network efficiency in Rel-16
 Reduce 5G UE power consumption
 5G location and positioning enhancements
 5G Interference mitigation
 5G MIMO and beamforming enhancements
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3GPP RAN Rel-16 Study-Item / Work-Item Overview

NR Study-Item / Work-Item SI WI LTE Study-Item / Work-Item SI WI
NR MIMO WI NB-IoT enhancements WI
NR V2X SI WI eMTC enhancements WI
NR in unlicensed band SI WI LTE MIMO enhancements WI
NR NOMA SI WI LTE mobility enhancements WI
NR over non-terrestrial networks SI ENTV broadcasting enhancements SI WI
NR UE power consumption SI WI
NR positioning SI WI Acronyms
NR eURLLC SI WI
Study-Item
NR mobility enhancements WI Work-Item
NTN: Non Terrestrial Network
MR-DC enhancements SI WI
RIM: Remote Interference Management
NR SON / MDT SI WI CLI: Cross Link Interference
IAB: Integrated Access and Backhaul
NR Remote interference management SI WI
IIoT: Industrial IoT
NR Integrated Access and Backhaul SI WI SON: Self Organising Network
MDT: Minimisation of Drive Test
NR design beyond 52.6 GHz SI
DC: Dual Connectivity
2 NR UE antennas in vehicles SI MR-DC:Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity
NOMA: Non Orthogonal Multiple Access
Indoor channel model for Industrial IoT SI WI
5G stretching the use case of LTE eMBB
mMTC uRLLC
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LTE provides the foundation on the way to 5G

EPC  5GC EPC
FD MIMO Carrier eMBB (URLLC) LTE-A Pro + NR > 24 GHz eMBB @ 3.5GHz will
Aggregation be commercially
Dual C-V2X dominant
Connectivity Low eMBB / URLLC LTE-A Pro + NR < 6GHz
Latency Additionally high
Power Saving capacity cells @
Increased Coverage
mIoT NB-IoT < 1GHz 26/28/39 GHz
LTE-Advanced Pro Evolution (Rel14)

Overview
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LTE-Advanced Pro (Rel15) feCoMP

Non-coherent JT schemes
even feMTC, further NB-IoT enh.
Support higher UE velocity, lower UE
Release 15 building blocks power class, improve system latency
Small cell capacity

enhancements
1024QAM in Downlink
Additionally:
Many enhancements of existing building blocks

 Enhancements to LTE in unlicensed spectrum
 Highly reliable, low latency communication in LTE
 LTE support of Aerial Vehicles
5G-CN
 Uplink data compression
 Further video enhancements for LTE
 QoE measurement collection for streaming Enhancements on LTE-based V2X
services in E-UTRAN e.g. CA and 64QAM (up to 8 PC5 carrier),
 Study on evaluation method for new V2X use LTE connectivity to 5G TxD on PC5
cases for LTE and NR Core Network (5G-CN)
 UE positioning accuracy enhancements
System overview and

detailed technology description
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5G Network Architecture Vocabulary

LTE Core = EPC 5G Core = 5GC
MME SGW AMF UPF Data
EPC 5GC Control
MME = Mobility Management Entity
S-GW = Serving Gateway AMF = Access and Mobility Management Function
UPF = User Plane Function
LTE BS = eNB
(connected to EPC)
5G BS = gNB A base station in a DC (= Dual
Connectivity) connection with the
LTE BS = NG-eNB
(connected to 5GC) UE may have different roles:
MN = Master Node
or
SN = Secondary Node
5GC overall architecture
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Architecture Options Data

Control
Option 3 is priority 1 in 3GPP, followed by Option 2
Option 3: Option 2:
DC EN: E-UTRA-NR Standalone
eNB is the
Master Node
eNB gNB gNB
MME SGW AMF UPF

EPC 5GC
Architecture Evolution – Option 3

Option 3 data flow details SCG Bearer
(Option 3A)
MCG
Bearer
ı Remember all control MCG SCG
(Option 3)
information through LTE Split Bearer Split Bearer
connection (Option 3) (Option 3X)
ı MCG split bearer (= 3) Xn
 User data routed via eNB
or gNB – decision in eNB E-UTRA or NR PDCP NR PDCP
ı SCG split bearer (= 3X)
NR PDCP NR PDCP
 User data routed via eNB E-UTRA E-UTRA E-UTRA

RLC RLC RLC NR RLC NR RLC NR RLC
or gNB – decision in gNB
ı SCG bearer (= 3A) E-UTRA MAC/PHY NR MAC/PHY
 User data routed via gNB

eNB (MN) gNB (SN)
ı Majority of NWOP favor
option 3X
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Architecture Options Data

Control
Additional options are specified
Option 4 Option 5 Option 7
DC NE: NR-E-UTRA DC NGEN: NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR
NG-gNB is the
gNB is the Master Node
Master Node
NG-eNB gNB NG-eNB NG-eNB gNB
AMF UPF AMF UPF AMF UPF

5GC 5GC 5GC
Architecture Options, LTE and 5G NR
Difference between sectorized eNB and SSB-beamformed sectorized gNB cells
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Function Split between NG-RAN and 5GC
ı AMF = Access and Mobility

Management Function
ı UPF = User Plane Function
ı SMF = Session Management
function
ı No change regarding base

station functions
ı Mobility anchoring and IP
address allocation maintained
ı EPS bearer control (4G)
develops to PDU session control
NG
Enabling QoS differentiation
ı Per packet QoS ID allows differentiating services inside a single session

ı SDAP (Service Data Application Protocol) maps the QoS flows onto appropriate radio bearers
on the radio protocol side
Packets Data radio bearer

Marking
from with QoS
applications flow IDs
5G-RAN
UPF
Mapping to
data radio
QoS flow 2 PDU bearers
QoS flow 1 session
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5G NR: Quality of Service flow

NG-RAN 5GC
UE NB UPF
PDU Session
Radio Bearer NG-U Tunnel
QoS Flow
QoS Flow
Radio Bearer
QoS Flow
Radio N3
5G NR quality of service flow classification

TS 23.501 defines
standardized 5QI for
GBR, non-GBR and
latency critical GBR
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5G NR data rate calculation

10 3
Ts 
14  2 
Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06)
FR1 example for single layer 15kHz SCS in DL with 256QAM:

Number of Carriers “J” Sub carrier per RB
Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm” Numerology “μ“
Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 * 1 * 1 * 8 * 1 * (948/1024) * (270 * 12) * (14 *𝟐𝟎 ) / 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 * (1 - 0.14) = 288.9 Mbps
Number of Layers “v” Max. coderate “Rmax” Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts”
Adjustment to Mbps Scaling factor “f” Max. number of RBs “N” Overhead “OH”
values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4 270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS 0.14 for DL frequency range FR1
signaled per band 273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS 0.18 for DL frequency range FR2
135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS 0.08 for UL frequency range FR1
264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS 0.10 for UL frequency range FR2
264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS
Maximum 5G NR data rate per layer
Frequency SCS Bandwidth DL UL Efficiency Efficiency

Range DL UL
FR1 15 kHz 50 MHz 288.9 Mbps 309.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz
FR1 30 kHz 100 MHz 584.3 Mbps 625 Mbps 5.84 bps/Hz 6.25 bps/Hz
FR1 60 kHz 100 MHz 577.8 Mbps 618.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz
FR2 60 kHz 200 MHz 1.08 Gbps 1.18 Gbps 5.40 bps/Hz 5.90 bps/Hz
FR2 120 kHz 400 MHz 2.15 Gbps 2.37 Gbps 5.38 bps/Hz 5.93 bps/Hz
Compare 15 kHz 20 MHz 100 Mbps 100 Mbps 5.00 bps/Hz 5.00 bps/Hz
to LTE
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5G NR security mechanisms
5G NR applies independent security functions for UP and CP:
• Authentication
• Encryption
• Integrity protection
5G NR security mechanisms
Example: Encryption key depends on varios parameters
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5G NR security mechanisms – key generation
5G NR – physical layer aspects
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5G NR Basics
ı Two basic frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) are used in 3GPP specifications
 FR1: 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz, FR 2: 24.25 to 52.6 GHz for 3GPP Release 15
ı Note that requirements throughout the RF specifications are in many cases defined separately
for these different frequency ranges.
ı RAN4 definition for reference frequencies (channel raster, synchronization raster):
frequency-band specific
(equal or greater than ΔFGlobal) FREF = FREF-Offs + ΔFGlobal (NREF – NREF-Offs)
NR-ARFCN
Frequency range FGlobal FREF-Offs NREF-Offs Range of NREF
0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 0 – 599999
3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666
24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250.08 MHz 2016667 2016667 - 3279165
Source: TS 38.104
5G NR – physical layer aspects, general idea behind F-OFDMA
5G NR physical layer simplified:

Use OFDMA, but make OFDMA more flexible!
• Subcarrier spacing not constant.
• Cyclic prefix length not constant.
• Symbol duration not constant.
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5G NR F-OFDMA features flexible numerologies

Subcarrier spacing (kHz) 15 30 60 120 240
Symbol duration (µs) 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17
CP duration (µs) 4.7 2.3 1.2 (normal) 0.59 0.29

4.13 (extended)
Max. nominal bandwidth (MHz) 50 100 100 for FR1 400 400
200 for FR2
Max. FFT size 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096
Symbols per slot 14 14 14 14 14

12 (extended CP)
Slots per subframe 1 2 4 8 16
Slots per frame 10 20 40 80 160
5G NR F-OFDMA flexibility in spectrum, bandwidth parts
5G NR idea:
Channel bandwidth
Using different BWP
and numerologies to
enable QoS on layer1
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5G New Radio (NR) offers a flexible air interface

Summary of key parameters Changed to 7.125 GHz
Parameter FR1 (450 MHz – 6 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz)

Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers
Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz
Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory)
Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM)
Radio frame length 10ms
Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms)
MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink
Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD
Access scheme DL: CP-OFDM; UL: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM
5G NR spectrum: operating bands in FR1 (<24GHz)

NR Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex
Operating BS receive BS transmit Mode
Band UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz SDL
n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL
n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A SUL
n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A SUL
n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A SUL
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5G NR spectrum: operating bands in FR2 (>24GHz)
NR Operating Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode
Band BS receive BS transmit
UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
n261 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz TDD
5G NR bandwidth utilization
19.08MHz
FR1
Channel bandwidth [MHz]
SCS
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
[kHz]
NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB
15 25 52 79 106 133 [160] 216 270 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
30 11 24 38 51 65 [78] 106 133 162 [189] 217 [245] 273
60 n/a 11 18 24 31 [38] 51 65 79 [93] 107 [121] 135
FR2
Channel bandwidth [MHz] ı Note:
SCS
50 100 200 400  NRB (15kHz) = 180kHz
[kHz]
 NRB (30kHz) = 360kHz
NRB NRB NRB NRB 380.16MHz
60 66 132 264 n/a  NRB (60kHz) = 720kHz
120 32 66 132 264 Source: 3GPP TS 38.104 V1.0.0  NRB (120kHz) = 1440kHz
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5G NR spectrum utilization
Dual connectivity, for Non-Standalone (NSA) mode operation
ı Two band combinations (2CC) of 1CC in NR band and 1CC in LTE band; example below
LTE frequency bands
1 3 5 7 8 11 18 19 20 21 25 26 28 38 39 41 42 66 71
n7 (FDD 700MHz)
5G NR frequency ranges
n28 (FDD 2.6GHz)

n41 (TDD 2.6 GHz)
n71 (FDD 600MHz)
n77: 3.3 – 4.2 GHz
n78: 3.8 – 3.8 GHz
n79: 4.4 – 5 GHz
n257: 26.5 – 29.5 GHz
n258: 24.25 – 27.5 GHz
ı Additional tables for three band (3CC), four band (4CC) and five band (5CC) in TS38.101-3
5G NR – motivational aspects behind wider subcarrier spacing
Problem:
No perfect fLO
Degradation of EVM
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5G NR – motivational aspects behind wider subcarrier spacing
Phase noise behaves as another impact in

the equalization formula = wider SCS mitigates
the effect
Mathematical model: phase noise

as another “disturbing“ factor
Countermeasures:
• Wider subcarrier spacing
• Additional reference signals (see PTRS)
5G NR – physical layer resources
5G NR uses similar terms as LTE:

Subcarrier, resource element,
resource block, subframe etc.
1 resource block is defined only in

the frequency domain!
12 subcarriers = 1 resource block
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Resource Grid One subframe
ı One RE (Resource Element) defined as one symbol and one OFDM symbols
subcarrier (same as LTE)

ı One RB (Resource Block) defined as 12 subcarriers in the
frequency domain without any time dimension (note LTE defined
this per slot/TTI)
subcarriers
ı Definition of CRB (Common Resource Block) and PRB
subcarriers
(Physical Resource Block); PRB is related to Bandwidth Part Resource element
Resource block
(BWP), i.e. with fixed offset to CRB
5G NR – resource grid details
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5G NR – resource grid details
5G NR – resource grid details, SSB position within resource grid
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5G NR – frame structure
NR physical layer
OFDMA based waveform with flexible numerology

 f = 2  15 [kHz] Cyclic prefix
0 15 Normal
1 30 Normal Note that
480kHz was
2 60 Normal, Extended
initially
3 120 Normal considered,
but finally not
4 240 Normal
included.
f 5 480 Normal
Basic time unit Ts :

TC = 1/(fmax  NFFT)
= 1/(480kHz  4096)  0.51 ns
Serial / Parallel
Sub- CP
QAM
carrier IFFT insertion Constant  = 64 = TS/TC where
Modulator
Mapping TS = 1/(fmax  NFFT)
Data symbols = 1/(15kHz  2048)  32,55 ns
 “LTE =   NR” (time unit wise)
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5G NR – frame structure
NR physical layer details

CP structure identical in each subframe
1442-TC
-
CP (1442 +16)TC
insertion
IFFT
0 … … x

f = 2  15 Slots / Slots /
1ms 
[kHz] frame subframe
1 2 3 10 0 15 10 1
1 30 20 2
10 subframes per frame (10ms) 2 60 40 4
3 120 80 8
ı Always 14 symbols per slot, but different number 4 240 160 16
of slots per subframe depending on SCS

ı Note: For extended CP only 12 symbols per slot (extended CP only for 60kHz SCS)
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Cyclic prefix (CP) structure identical in each subframe – 15 kHz (LTE like)
144 x 2 x  x TC = 4.7 µs
-
(144 x 2- + 16) x  x TC = 5.2 µs …….
CP
insertion 0 … 7 … 13
IFFT
Symbol length = 66.67 µs


1 ms 
f = 2  15 Slots / Slots /
1 2 3 10 0 15 10 1
1 30 20 2
10 subframes per frame (10 ms)
2 60 40 4
3 120 80 8
1 Slot = 1 subframe = 1 ms 4 240 160 16

Cyclic prefix (CP) structure identical in each subframe – 60 kHz
144 x 2- x  x TC = 1.2 µs
(144 x 2- + 16) x  x TC = 1.7 µs …….
CP
insertion 0 … 28 … 55
IFFT
Symbol length = 16,67µs


f = 2 x 15 Slots / Slots /

0 15 10 1
1 Slot = 0.25 ms 1 2 3 4 40
1 30 20 2
40 slots per frame (10ms) 2 60 40 4
3 120 80 8
4 240 160 16
1 subframe = 1 ms 1 2 3 10
10 subframes per frame (10ms)
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5G NR – frame structure, interworking with multiple numerologies
5G air interface aspects: beam sweeping for initial access

traditional approach:
omnidirection TX of
BCCH for cell detection
Friis equation
γ
𝑃𝑅𝑥 𝑐
= 𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝑃𝑇𝑥 4𝜋𝒇𝑑
At higher frequencies: Free space path loss is Beam sweeping procedure for power
high -> beamforming with high gain efficiency and cell detection
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5G air interface: beam reporting, general aspects
„the received power

level on the specific
beam is …. (define
RSRP based on
beams)“
Various beams have to

be distinguished. Idea of
beam specific reference
UE reports the beam status via CSI reports signals
5G NR air interface aspects: beam switching procedure
Beam switch to strongest

Beam_A beam RSRP indicated by UE
in previous report
CSI report. Strongest beam

will be new beam index
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5G air interface aspects: beam reference and refinement
Beam forming
reference signals to
identify beam and
sent feedback
CSI based on beam_RSRP
DCI scheduling requests

CSI reports. Network can
optimize Tx within a beam
based on CSI feedback
CSI based on beam_RSRP
SS/PBCH Blocks
SS/PBCH block
ı In the time domain, an SS/PBCH block
consists of 4 OFDM symbols, numbered in
increasing order from 0 to 3 within the
SS/PBCH block, where PSS, SSS, and
PBCH with associated DM-RS occupy
different symbols
ı In the frequency domain, an SS/PBCH
block consists of 240 contiguous
subcarriers with the subcarriers numbered
in increasing order from 0 to 239 within the
SS/PBCH block.
ı Two SS/PBCH block types: ı Like in LTE the Cell ID can be determined
 Type A (15kHz and 30kHz) from the used PSS/SSS sequences
 Type B (120 and 240 kHz)
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SS/PBCH Blocks
Occurrence in the frame depends on SCS
slot SC spacing fc < 3GHz 3GHz < fc < 6GHz fc > 6GHz
OFDM symbol (Lmax = 4) (Lmax = 8) (Lmax = 64)
Case A: 15 kHz 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50 N/A
Case B: 30 kHz 4,8,16,20 4,8,16,20,32,36,44,48 N/A
Case C: 30 kHz 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50 N/A

1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 Case D: 120 kHz N/A N/A 4,8,16,20, …,
508,512,520,524
Case E: 240 kHz N/A N/A 8,12,16,20,…,

480,484,488,492
Start symbol of SSB depends on SC spacing
SS/PBCH Blocks
Occurrence in the frame: Case A, B and C
Case A (15kHz) 5ms 5ms
f  3GHz (L=4) …
3.6MHz
3  f  6GHz (L=8) …
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1
Case B (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)
7.2MHz
Case C (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)
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SS/PBCH Blocks details

239
Resources PSS, SSS, PBCH, and DM-RS for PBCH

. . . . . .
192
ı The sequence used for DM-RS in PBCH depends on the cell ID, . . . . .
the number of the half frame the PBCH is transmitted in the frame 182
and the SS/PBCH index (details in TS38.213, section 4.1)

ı This essentially allows to transmit Lmax different “common” beams . . . . .
Channel or signal OFDM symbol number l Subcarrier number k

56
relative to the start of an relative to the start of an
SS/PBCH block SS/PBCH block . . . . .
PSS 0 56, 57, …, 182
47
SSS 2 56, 57, …, 182
0 0, 1, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 236 . . . . .

Set to 0
2 48, 49, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 191
1, 3 0, 1, …, 239
ı  depends on the
9
PBCH
0, 1, …, 47,
2
192, 193, …, 239
1, 3 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 236+ cell ID according to: 5

Example
DM-RS for PBCH 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 44+
2 v  N ID
cell
mod 4 with  =1
192+, 4+, 196+, …, 236+ 1
0
SS/PBCH demodulation reference signals

Each SS/PBCH block has its own DMRS sequence, depending on cell ID

cinit  211 iSSB  1 N ID
cell
  
4  1  2 6 iSSB  1  N ID
cell
mod 4 
r (m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)  j 1
1  2  c(2m  1) With initials iSSB  4iSSB  n hf
2 2
SSB index within half frame will init
Different DMRS sequences sequence generation r (0),..., r (143)
5ms
SSB blocks can 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1
be mapped Mapping of SSB onto antenna: beam sweeping

onto antenna
ports
individually Mapping of SSB onto antenna: static beam
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How to determine beams at initial access?
ı “The system information informs the UE of the association between the SS blocks and the
RACH resources. The threshold of the SS block for RACH resource association is based on the
RSRP and network configurable.”
5ms 5ms
Case A (15kHz)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1
ı Since each block uses different DM-RS embedded in the PBCH, the UE is able to perform
RSRP measurement per beam.
ı Consequently the base station determines the best beam to use for the UE based on the
received RACH and may use this for configuring UE specific DM-RS for beamforming in the
data allocation for this UE.
Synchronization signal burst set
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System information in 5G NR
System information encoding in 5G NR
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NR-ARFCN channel number
5G NR – physical channels
35
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5G NR - baseband signal generation downlink

Scrambling code
depends on RNTI and
Cell ID
Antenna Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Mapping
Mapping toto
Scrambling Modulation Layer port
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
Scrambling mapper mapping
Layer Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
mapper mapping
Layer
mapping Precoding
mapping
Precoding Resource
blocks
Resource
Layer
mapping
Layer Precoding
Precoding blocks
Resource
blocks
Resource
mapping
Layer Precoding blocks
blocks
mapping blocks
blocks
mapping
mapping blocks
Mapping on
physical
Max. 2 Avoid QPSK Tx-diversity
resource, i.e.
codewords constant 16 QAM or Beamforming
resource
for MIMO sequences 64 QAM Spatial and selection of
elements not
=> Crest 256 QAM Multiplexing reference signals
used for
factor Up to 8 (=antenna ports)
reference
increase layers
signals
DL-SCH transport block DL-SCH transport block
CRC attachement CRC attachement
LDPC base graph selection LDPC base graph selection
Code block segmentation + Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC codeblock CRC
Channel coding (LDPC) Channel coding (LDPC)
Rate matching Rate matching
Codeblock concatenation Codeblock concatenation
Scrambling Scrambling
Modulation Modulation
Layermapping
mapping(up (up to 4 Layermapping
Layer mapping(up
(up to 4
Layer
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Layer mapping(up(up toto44
layers)to 4
layers)
Layer mapping
layers) to 4
layers)
layers)
layers) layers)
layers)
Antenna port mapping, up to 8 ports
Resource block mapping

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5G NR - baseband signal generation uplink

Scrambling code DFT-s-OFDM for single layer only!
Depending on RNTI and Goal for coverage limited scenarios
Cell ID
Optional!
Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Transform
Transform Mapping to
Scrambling Layer Transform Precoding
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Resource to
mapper Layer
mapping
mapping Transform
precoding
precoding Precoding Resource
mapping precoding Precoding Resource
blocks
blocks
mapping precoding blocks
blocks
Mapping on
Discrete For closed physical
Avoid (π/2-BPSK) Tx-diversity
Fourier loop-MIMO resource, i.e.
constant QPSK or
Transform: resource
sequences 16 QAM Spatial
CP-OFDM elements not
=> Crest 64 QAM Multiplexing
Or used for
factor 256 QAM Up to 4
DFT-s-OFDM reference
increase layers
signals
DL-SCH transport block
CRC attachement
LDPC base graph selection
Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC
Channel coding (LDPC)
Rate matching
Codeblock concatenation UCI control information

multiplexing
Scrambling
Modulation
Layermapping
Layer mapping(up (up to 4
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Transform precoding
layers)to 4
layers) if activated
layers)
layers)
Antenna port mapping, up to 8 ports
Resource block mapping

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5G NR aspects of lean channel

Coverage aspects:
Certain control channels need to
be „detectable“ within a certain
coverage area
Beamforming:
Control channels with directivity and
UE specific control channels.
Coreset Carrier bandwidth
self-contained Tx:
Self-decodable bandwidth parts, Idea: „Always on“ => „on request only“!
Control channel on a narrow
bandwidth only
5G NR – physical uplink control channel
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5G NR – PDCCH and control resource set (CORESET)
5G NR – control resource set (CORESET) + bandwidth part
39
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5G NR – control resource set, control channel elements (CCE)
5G NR – control resource set, control channel elements (CCE)
40
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5G NR – search space types
5G NR – search space types
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Reference signals in 5G NR – motivational aspects
Old style: one reference New style: repurposing of

signal always on air and reference channels:
used for everything: Specialist for various
Channel estimation purpose:
Power detection Channel status estimation
CQI evaluatoin etc. Demodulation assistance
Position estimation etc.
5G NR – physical signals
UL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PUSCH and PUCCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PUSCH
• Sounding reference signal (SRS)
DL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PDSCH, PDCCH and PBCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PDSCH
• Channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS)
• Tracking reference signals (TRS)
• Primary synchronization signal (PSS)
• Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)
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5G NR – physical signals. Demodulation reference signals (DMRS)
43
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44
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5G NR – physical signals. Phase tracking reference signals (PTRS)
5G NR – Channel status information reference signals (CSI-RS)
45
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5G NR – Channel status information reference signals (CSI-RS)
5G NR – Tracking reference signals (TRS)
46
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What are antenna ports?
ı 3GPP TS 38.211(Downlink)
“An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is
conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna
port is conveyed.”
ı What does that mean?
ı The UE shall demodulate a received signal – which is transmitted over a certain antenna port – based on
the channel estimation performed on the reference signals belonging to this (same) antenna port.
What are antenna ports?
ı Mapping „Antenna Port“ to „Physical Antennas“

Antenna Port Physical Antennas
AP0 1 PA0
AP1 1 W 5,0
AP2 1 PA1
W 5,1
AP3 1
PA2
AP4 … W 5,2
W 5,3 PA3
AP5
AP6
…
AP7 …
AP8 …
The way the "logical" antenna ports are mapped to the "physical" TX antennas lies
completely in the responsibility of the base station. There's no need for the base station
to tell the UE.
47
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5G NR – antenna port concept
5G NR – precoding for beamforming, simplified example
48
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5G NR – precoding for beamforming, precoding matrix
5G NR – precoding for beamforming, general model
49
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5G NR – precoding. Idea of Singular value decomposition (SVD)
5G NR – precoding. Idea of Singular value decomposition (SVD)
50
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5G NR – precoding, general model
5G NR – TDD duplexing operation. Reminder to TD-LTE
51
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5G NR – TDD duplexing operation
52
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5G NR – Random access procedure
53
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5G NR – physical random access channel (PRACH)
5G NR – physical random access channel (PRACH), long sequences
54
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5G NR – physical random access channel (PRACH), short sequences
5G NR – physical random access channel (PRACH) occasions
55
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5G NR – Random access procedure, PRACH configuration
5G NR – Power control aspects
56
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57
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5G NR – Power control aspects. Accumulative PUSCH power control
5G NR – Power control aspects. Absolute PUSCH power control
58
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5G NR – Power control aspects. PRACH power control
5G NR – Channel coding aspects
59
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5G NR – Channel coding aspects. The basics: parity check
Parity check matrix

Parity check matrix Generator matrix
Design the parity check matrix that the number of “ones“ is sparse, i.e. low density
Low density parity check

(LDPC) coding example:
code word +
parity check matrix
60
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LDPC decoding example: Tanner graph principle
61
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5G NR – Channel coding aspects, LDPC codes for data transfer

1. Design a base graph based on higher layer parameter like MCS etc. and circulent matrix
2. Design a parity check matrix based on several shuffling and permutation operations
5G NR – Channel coding aspects. Polar codes
62
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5G NR – Channel coding aspects, Polar codes principle
63
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64
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65
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Bandwidth part scenarios
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Bandwidth Parts (BWP)

Motivation: support various UE Bandwidth, switch between numerology , power mode optimization
BWP: specific allocation of a certain frequency spectrum within the overall carrier bandwidth
- in either direction, uplink and downlink
- contiguous subset of physical resource blocks
frequency
BWP BWP Fixed Up to four BWP in downlink/uplink per UE
3 3 numerology
per BWP! Single BWP at a given time ( Active BWP )
Carrier N BWP BWP BWP - No reception of PDSCH or PDCCH outside DL BWP
2 4 2 - No Transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH outside UL BWP
Carrier 1
BWP can be switched by RRC, DCI or Timer
BWP BWP
1 1 time
Bandwidth part scenarios
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Bandwidth part switching
5G NR – RRC parameterization for UL and bandwidth part
68
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5G NR – Definition of the initial uplink bandwidth part
5G NR SA mode data connection establishment procedure
69
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5G NR NSA mode data connection establishment procedure
5G NR SA mode data connection establishment procedure
70
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5G NR downlink assignment principle
71
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72
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5G NR HARQ operation, timing principle
5G NR Transport block size calculation – first part
73
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5G NR Transport block size calculation – second part
5G NR PDSCH allocation in time domain
74
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5G NR PDSCH allocation in time domain, mini-slot operation
5G NR PDSCH allocation in frequency domain, type 0
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5G NR PDSCH allocation in frequency domain, type 1
5G NR HARQ operation – general principle
76
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5G NR HARQ operation – downlink principle
5G NR HARQ operation – uplink principle
77
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5G NR HARQ operation – timing relations
5G NR UL channel combination - example
78
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5G NR PUSCH resource allocation, time domain
5G NR Uplink channel information (UCI)
79
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5G NR CSI report configuration
5G NR CSI report configuration
80
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5G NR protocol stack: control plane

5GC
QoS Flow
SDAP
Radio bearer
PDCP
RLC channel
RLC
Logical channel
MAC
Transport channel
PHY
Physical channel
Protocol stack Header compression (ROHC)

Transfer of user data
User plane Reordering and duplicate detection
Retransmissions of PDCP SDU
Ciphering, deciphering and integrity
PDCP re-establishment and data recovery
Mapping between a QoS flow and a
data radio bearer
Marking QoS flow ID (QFI) in both DL UE gNB
and UL packets SDAP SDAP
AM, UM, TM
PDCP PDCP ARQ
(Re-)segmentation
RLC RLC In-sequence delivery
Mapping between logical and transport Duplicate detection
MAC MAC SDU discard
channels
(De)-Multiplexing Re-establishment…
PHY PHY
Scheduling information reporting
HARQ PDCP = Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Priority handling, dynamic scheduling RLC = Radio Link Control
Padding MAC = Medium Access Control
PHY = Physical Layer
SDU = Service Data Unit
(H)ARQ = (Hybrid) Automatic Repeat Request
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Protocol stack
Control plane
Broadcast Authentication
Paging Mobility management
RRC connection establishment, UE gNB AMF Security control
maintenance and release NAS NAS
Security functions including key
RRC RRC
management
Radio Bearer Control PDCP PDCP
Mobility functions
RLC RLC
QoS management
UE measurement control MAC MAC
Detection / Recovery from
PHY PHY
radio link failure
NAS message transfer
RRC = Radio Resource Control

NAS = Non Access Stratum
5G NR protocol layers – downlink data flow example
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5G NR protocol layers – downlink data flow example
5G NR RLC protocol layers – difference between LTE and 5G
83
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5G NR timing advance control
5G NR MAC PDU formats
84
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5G NR MAC DRX operation
5G NR MAC DRX operation
85
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5G NR scheduling request procedure
5G NR scheduling configuration
86
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5G NR beamforming aspects
Same PCI, different SSB indices
gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on

„static“ beams. PDSCH & PUSCH will
also follow SSB beam concept
Example: gNB with 16 beam patterns - extract
Pattern # Horizont Vertical Tilt Azimuth

al HPBW HPBW
1 110° 6° ±9° -
Beamforming
codebook 11 15° 12° ±6° ±47°
15 25° 25° - ±42°
Operator configures via codebook several beam patterns to adapt cell to most likely coverage
& service scenario => MNT testing is required to verify success of this configuration
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CSI-RS for beamforming support

UE specific scrambling ID
10 slot 𝜇
𝑐init = 2 𝑁symb 𝑛s,f + 𝑙 + 1 2𝑛ID + 1 + 𝑛ID mod231
Orthogonal sequences
for CDM
r (m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)  j 1
1  2  c(2m  1)
2 2
ak( ,pl,  )   CSIRS wf k   wt l   rl , ns,f m

 k 
m  n   k    RB 
 N sc   Multiple CSI-RS-Resources corresponding to
k  nN scRB  k  k 
different beam direction
l  l  l
density
 for X  1
   UE measures different CSI-RS resources and
2  for X  1
selects the best beam
n  0,1,...
 CSI-RS Resources Indicator (CRI) is reported

CSI can be non-zero power NZP
corresponding to best beam + RI/PMI/CQI
or zero power ZP
reports are conditioned on reported CRI
Same PCI, different SSB indices
+ UE specific CSI-RS for gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
beamforming support „static“ beams.
PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE

specific beams. CSI-RS and reporting
needed to support beam adjustment
CRI feedback
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5G NR Channel status report concept
NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS-Resources
CSI-ReportConfig CSI-ResourceConfig CSI-SSB-ResourceSet CSI-SSB-Resources
CSI-IM-ResourceSet CSI-IM-Resources
Resources for channel status CSI (UE specific

CSI-RS ), cell specific channel status (SSB) &
What & how to report? Where & how to measure?
interference measurements IM
Example: Reporting Configuration (2 TRPs and 3 Beams)

Beam 0 Beam 4
Beamformed Beamformed
CSI-RS CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
Set0_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS Set0_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS
Channel status Resource setting 0

CSI-
Report Set1_1: 2 ZP CSI-RS for IM Set1_2: 1 ZP CSI-RS for IM
Config_ Interference Resource setting 1

0 on ZP CSI-RS
Set2_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM Set2_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM
Interference Resource setting 2

on NZP CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
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Same PCI, different SSB indices + UE gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
specific CSI-RS & precoding for „static“ beams.
beamforming support
Layers
 1 Wq1,q (1) (2)  Wq1 ,q (1) (2)

1 2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , p1 ,i2,1,1 1 2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , p1 ,i2,1,1
2 Wq(2), q
1
(1) (2) (1) (2)
1  1
2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , p1 , i2,1,1 , p2 , p2 ,i2,1,2
W
2  q1 ,q2 ,n1 ,n2 , p1 , p1 ,i2,1,1
(1) (2) Wq2,q ,n ,n , p(1) , p(2) ,i 
1 2 1 2 2 2 2,1,2  PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE
 L 1 
  vm1( i ) , m2( i ) pl ,i pl ,i l ,i 
specific beams. Beam refinement due
(1) (2)
1  i 0  , l  1, 2 ,
where W l

q1 , q2 , n1 , n2 , pl(1), pl(2) , cl 2 L 1  L 1 
N1 N 2   pl(1)
,i pl ,i    m1( i ) , m2( i ) l ,i  L l ,i  L l ,i  L 
(2) 2
v p (1) p (2) 
and the mappings from i1 to q1 , q2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , and

(1)
i 0  i 0 
p 2(1) , and from i2 to i2,1,1 , i2,1,2 , p1(2) and p2(2) are as described
to precoding and PMI feedback
above, including the ranges of the constituent indices of i1 and i2 .
PMI & CRI feedback
5G NR Beam RSRP level measurements
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5G NR Inter-RAT mobility state transitions
5G-NR mobility scenarios
91
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5G NR beam mobillity
5G NR beam mobillity
92
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5G NR beam failure detection and recovery
5G-NR UE capabilities
93
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5G Challenges
5G Challenges
PA Implementation Challenge
ı Existing power amplifier designs need to be adapted
 changed bandwidth requirements below 6 GHz
 new design for broadband support at cm-/mm-wave frequencies (e.g. 28 GHz)
ı Demanding requirements for T&M instruments (f, BW, EVM, flatness, …)
Measure modulation
Support high accuracy (EVM)
Support high bandwidth
Provide 5G waveforms frequency
RF A RF B
PA RF
Take into account

influence of test fixtures
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5G Challenges
Characterizing Massive MIMO / Beamforming Systems
Development challenges:
Phase shifter tolerances,
thermal effects of the PAs,
TRx
frequency drifts between
modules, desired beam
patterns, …
Test challenges:
RFIC RFIC
OTA testing becomes the
default use case, increased
FPGA
measurement uncertainty,
Digital IQ
3D channel models, …
5G Challenges
Security is a major concern in many Verticals
Data rate Capacity Automotive Industry 4.0 / Robots
Mobility Low latency
Secure & reliable
eMBB Smart cities / Smart homes eHealth
mIoT URLLC
95
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Massive MIMO Theory &

Hardware
Energy Efficiency: Why Massive?
Waste
d
...
Power
PBS = 1 PBS = 0.008
Number of UEs: 1
Number of Antennas = 1
120 antennas per UE
Number of BS Transmit
Antennas
1 120
Normalized Output Power of

Antennas
Normalized Output Power of

Base Station
Source: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2013
192
Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects
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Beamforming - principles
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Hardware Perspective: Massive MIMO = Beamforming + MIMO

MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream
x1(t)
M = 4 Transceivers
x2(t)
x3(t)
x4(t)
+ x1(t) TRx
Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs
Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna
elements
Multi User-MIMO
Increase SINR and capacity for
each user
i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2
MIMO
UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO
196
98
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Massive MIMO Challenges
COMPANY
RESTRICTED
197
Massive MIMO Challenges

Mutual Coupling Irregular Arrays
Data Bottleneck Calibration Complexity
R
x
CPRI Bottleneck
RFIC RFIC
FPGA
Digital IQ
Increased Costs Reduced MU-MIMO Reduced Capacity Grating Lobes Increased Costs

198
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Limitations of Digital IQ on Fiber: Latency & Capacity

Latency CPRI Data Bottleneck
Digital I/Q is constant bit-rate (always operates at full capacity)
BWCPRI  S  A  fs bs  2 O  LC
S: Sectors O: Overhead bs: bits/samples LC: Line Coding
Round Trip Time Value
Fronthaul RTT < 1ms fs: Sample Rate A: Antennas
Sub-frame Processing 400-800 μs Bandwidth requirement scales linearly

with antennas and signal bandwidth
FHRTT - SFPRTT (15 MS/s per 10 MHz radio bandwidth)
Optical Fiber RTT
200-400 μs
v fiber  2 10 8 m/s System IP Data Rate CPRI Data Rate
Therefore Maximum Radius = 20-40 km 2G: GSM with 3 sectors 114 kbps 1.44 Gbps
4G: LTE with 1 antenna 150 Mbps 3.70 Gbps
Lower Latencies will further reduce fiber radius
5G: 32 antennas 10 Gbps 786 Gbps
Active Antenna Arrays: The Calibration Problem
RF Feeding Network
Phase Shifter Tolerances
Group Delay Variations
Dynamic Thermal Effects in PAs
General
RFIC RFIC Timing Errors in ADCs Manufacturing Tolerances of
Components & Thermal Effects
FPGA LO Frequency Drift Between Modules
Digital IQ
Phase/Magnitude/Frequency Tolerances (Static & Dynamic)
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Phase Tolerances
MU-MIMO
Multiple beams
Places nulls at UEs
(Null-steering)
Δϕ < ± 2.5°
~20 dB
Gerhard Doblinger, June 2010, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Comparison between ideal and calibrated Comparison between ideal and non-calibrated
Mar. Requires
2019 adaptive
5G New self-calibration
Radio – Fundamentals, in testing
procedures, operation
aspects
201
Antenna Self-Calibration
R R R
x x x
RFIC RFIC RFIC RFIC RFIC RFIC

L
FPGA FPGA LO FPGA
O
Digital IQ Digital IQ Digital IQ
Module Calibration Array Calibration

Directional Couplers Directional Couplers + External LO + OTA?
101
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Mutual Coupling vs. Capacity: antenna element distance

antenna radiates RF signal Solution: Measurement with multi-
®
port VNA
R&S ZNBT
e.g. planar
RF signal is absorbed by other antennas => mutual coupling antenna array:
Problem: Antenna mutual coupling reduces capacity 1 antenna
has up to
17 direct
neighbours
0.4λ 1.2λ
Source: Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE,
Jan 2013
In order to maintain capacity, square antenna arrays require
more spacing to reduce antenna mutual coupling
Irregular Arrays
Invisible, but irregular arrays
144 Element Array for TD-LTE
Absorbed into the Environment More Sidelobes and Lower Mutual Coupling
102
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Massive MIMO = Complex Basestations

Mutual Coupling Adaptive Self-
Isolation Calibration
Beamforming
128 Element AAS
Architecture
Receiver + Prototypes:
DSP/FPGA Complexity increased
Wideband: PA by 8 times
and Filter Banks
mmWave = Non-
CMOS RFIC RFIC
components
Clock
FPGA LO Synchronization
Fiber
Transceivers Digital IQ Heat
Fiber Multiplexing Dissipation

205
Beamforming + massive MIMO: design challenges
Design challenges for beamforming:

• Size
• Weight
• Power Consumption
• Cost
• Complex interface within antenna
• Fronthaul
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RF Radio DAC
Transceiver Processing Unit
Frontend ADC
Fronthaul
Digital
connection
RF Radio DAC frontend: Beam- Fronthaul
Transceiver Digital OFDMA
Frontend ADC forming interface
predistortion
Crest factor
reduction
Up&Down-
Conversion
RF Radio DAC
Transceiver
Frontend ADC
Switch Calibration DAC

Unit
network ADC
RF Radio DAC
Frontend ADC
Fronthaul
Digital
connection
predistortion
Crest factor
reduction
Up&Down- Working areas & improvement possibilities:
Conversion
RF Radio DAC • Size and form factor
Frontend Transceiver
ADC
• Duplexer shrinking
• Materials: SAW filter -> BAW or ceramic
• Interference cancellation implementation
Switch Calibration DAC • phase noise compensation
Unit
network ADC
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RF Radio DAC
Frontend ADC
Fronthaul
Digital
connection
predistortion
Crest factor
reduction
Up&Down- Working areas & improvement possibilities:
Conversion
RF Radio DAC • Power amplifier efficiency
Frontend Transceiver
ADC • Power consumption
• Heat dissipation
• Linearization of PA: hybrid approach, ET
+ DPD and Doherty
Unit
network ADC • New materials, GaN

Working areas & improvement possibilities:
• Reducing
RF # of interfaces
Radio DAC
Processing Unit
• Data rate over Transceiver
Frontend fronthaul ADC
• Fronthaul interface definition: new Fronthaul
Digital
approaches, S-CPRI or Radio over frontend: connection
RF RoE Radio DAC Beam- Fronthaul
Ethernet Transceiver Digital OFDMA
Frontend forming interface
• Repartitioning ADC
and Integration predistortion
Crest factor
reduction
Up&Down-
Conversion
RF Radio DAC
Transceiver
Frontend ADC

Unit
3GPP discussion
network ADC what is sent over
Shift from PHY to higher layer reduces data rate over fronthaul,
but increases complexity, heat dissipation and power fronthaul?
consumption of antenna unit
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Why is OTA such an important topic for 5G NR?

ı 5G NR addresses – besides others – the eMBB use case eMBB
(enhanced mobile broadband)
ı eMBB wants to achieve data rates in the range of 20Gbps
ı According to Shannon‘s law this can only be achieved by using
BW
wide bandwidth channels

ı Frequency ranges used in mobile communications so far mmW
do not provide enough bandwidth
ı Available contiguous wide bandwidth can only be found at pathloss
high frequencies (mmW bands)
ı High frequencies yield to high path loss
ı As a counter measure to the path loss beamforming techniques
beamforming
are required
ı Beamforming can only be done using active antenna arrays with AAS
multiple phase steered antennas
ı Such phased arrays do not allow connection through cables OTA
ı Testing can only be done wirelessly – over the air - OTA
5G over the air testing
ı High number of antenna  Development challenges like

phase shifter tolerances, thermal
TRx
elements each connected

to phase shifters and PAs effects of the PAs, frequency
 Limited test interfaces
drifts between modules, desired
RFIC RFIC beam patterns, …
FPGA
Digital IQ
 Over the air (OTA) measurements
ı High integration in in far field becomes the default
particular at cm- and test scenario
mm-wave spectrum
 OTA measurements require
 No RF connectors shielding
 Cost / Complexity impact
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5G over the air testing – there are several challenges
TRx
RFIC RFIC
FPGA
Digital IQ
 Development challenges
like phase shifter
The 5G numerology: tolerances, thermal effects And it should be sent
Wide bandwidth, high order of the PAs, frequency over a „pencil“ beam
modulation schemes, short symbol drifts between modules,
duration, multiple physical signals etc. non-linear and dispersive
components etc.
Fundamental properties: electromagnetic fields

0.1 m apperture size at 28 GHz
Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field

field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude
𝐷3 *
2𝐷2
0.62 = 19 𝑐𝑚 = 1.87 𝑚
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆
* = formula commonly taken for radiators with D>
2
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What and where is the far-field (FF)?

D = radiating aperture size Free space far field condition:
(1) 𝐸 and 𝐻 orthogonal and connected by ZF0=120𝜋 Ω
(2) Only radial component of
I = ⍴r = |⍴| = |𝐸 x 𝐻| relevant
Poynting vector ⍴
⍴=𝐸x𝐻 Remember the
D 𝐻 „right-hand rule“
𝐸
Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field
field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude
2D cut
𝐷3 2𝐷2
0.62
𝜆 𝜆
Reactive near field – radiated near field – far field D = size of radiating aperture
λ = wavelength
ı In the reactive near field close to the antenna every object couples with the antenna and
influences the antenna pattern and performance
2𝐷2
ı In the far field (beyond 𝜆 ) the field is considered as locally planar and RF measurements are
easy since only magnitude measurements on the electric field are required
ı Between these two point is the radiated near field where the waves are not yet plane and hence
measurements need to be performed in magnitude and phase
ı Also the entire sphere has to be measured in the radiated near field in order to understand the
field distribution and be able to transform this to far field. Typically a positioner is used for this
ı This makes measurement in the radiated near field more complex and time consuming and the
setup more expensive
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Measurements that can be performed in the reactive near field
ı No RF parametric measurements like EVM, ACLR etc.

ı Stay away from the reactive near field
ı Measurements would influence the result since the antenna pattern is influenced
ı Things like SAR measurements are performed here
Measurements that can be performed in the radiated near field

ı If a spherical scan of the entire field in magnitude and phase is performed in radiated near field
all field parameters are known and can then be mathematically transformed into the far field by
using certain algorithms
ı With this all Tx measurements can also be performed in the radiated near field, however the
effort is much higher than in far field, but on the other hand the space requirements are lower
ı Directly in the radiated near field (without far field transformation) only some certain parameters
can be measured such as
 TRP (Total Radiated Power)
 Peak EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)
 ACLR
ı Measurement uncertainties are higher than in far field
ı The controversy is if you can test EVM in radiated near field
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Measurement dilemma: can we do measurements in near field?

E.g. EVM aspects NF vs. FF Measuring EVM in near field:
Near field samples are varying in
phase + amplitude => certain
unaccuracy is the result
Measuring EVM in far field:

Pathloss will reduce the received
signal to noise ratio
DUT has to be measured at max
and min power
Sensitivity level of test instrument
has to be considered
219
Measurement results
Active antenna array @ 28GHz
ı 5G NR signal (100 MHz, 64QAM data, fully
allocated) with crest factor of 11.5dB EVM <0,7% when
ı Generated with SMW200A and sufficient SNR.
received/analyzed with FSW43 Problem at higher
power due to
EVM overdriven + non-
measurement linear PA
in NF
possible?
110
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Solution transforming NF to FF by Software algorithm

𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Amplitude Phase

Complex near-field Plane wave far-
field received
SW algorithm
OTA aspects: near field Scanning at

various positions
to build a surface S
Scanning probe = „ideal dipole“

AUT
Planar scan
Cylindrical scan
Integrate E and H along

A surface given scanning
with „ideal dipole“ along
a surface
Spherical scan
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OTA aspects: near field – the maths behind
An Overview of Near-Field Antenna Measurements

ARTHUR D. YAGHJW
Spiral Scanner for Active & Passive Antenna Testing

Near-Field & Far-Field Measurements
1
Active Passive
Measurement 2
Antenna
Phase Shifter
φ = [0, ± π/2, π]
DUT
Reference
3
Antenna
Active
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Near-field to Far-field Transformation – FIAFTA

Features Performance Comparison Transformation
High precision positioner
angular resolution 0.1°

NF-FF transformation
Fast Spiral Scan
vs.
6 minutes 220 minutes
Software Field Transformations
Probe (hor/ver)
Example measurement:
DUT Ref Phase
NF  FF
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Measurements that can be performed in the far field
ı Measurements in the far field are comparably easy

ı Every RF measurement can be performed in the far field for example
 EiRP/EiS (Effective isotropic Radiated Power/Sensitivity)
 In beam measurements for R&D and Production
 EVM, ACLR, SEM, OBW, BLER etc.
ı Since the far field is far away from the emitting antenna the path loss is typically high for direct
far field measurements which is an additional challenge
Direct FF measurement Systems

Far Field
Magnitude
Dual-Polarized High-Gain
3D Rotation of DUT
Antenna
Single Measurement point
Device
Under
Test
DUT-MEAS Antenna Separation: R > 2D2/λ
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What size of a quiet zone (QZ) is needed? D = size of radiating aperture

λ = wavelength
ı Size and position of the antenna known D= 3 cm

 This size can be taken as D
 White box testing - device is a “white box” for the user
since position of the antenna is known
2𝐷2
e.g. QZ size 3 cm; 30 GHz  λ = 1cm ; far field distance 18 cm
𝜆
ı Size and/or position of the antenna is unknown

 Entire DUT maximum distance to be considered as D
D=
 Black box testing - device is a “black box” for the user 12 cm
2𝐷2
e.g. QZ size 12 cm; 30 GHz  λ = 1 cm; 𝜆 far field distance 2.9 m
How big of a chamber is required for direct far field?

ı Quiet zone size (black box)
12 cm
ı Chamber size 3 m…5 m
ı Quiet zone size (white box)

D= 3 cm
ı Chamber size 0.5 m

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What is the Far-field distance? 2 additional methods

HPBW (radians)
Half-power beam
Dant=4cm
28GHz UE Subarray width
DUT=10cm
(HPBW=15°)
2𝐷2 2𝜆
𝑅𝐹𝐹 = 𝑜𝑟
Criteria Far-field Distance 𝜆 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊2
2λ/HPBW2 0.30 meters θ
28GHz Entire UE
2D2/λ 1.86 meters 3dB power

difference
0.8633 0.8633 15 cm DUT @ 24 GHz

𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 FHD = 3.6 m
𝑅𝑓𝑓𝐷 =𝜆 0.1673 + 0.1632 RffD = 1.14 m
𝜆 𝜆
Consideration only in peak beam direction allows to re-consider FF distances: APEMC 2018 [Derat, « 5G
antenna characterization in the far-field – How close can far-field be? »] - based on spherical wave expansion
Far-field in Near-field Systems: Hardware Fourier Transforms

Complex near-field Plane wave far-
wave generated Amplitude Phase
field received
Holographic techniques
DUT
Fresnel Lens (Fourier Optics) Reflector: Compact Antenna Test Range Array: Plane Wave Convertor
116
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How to achieve far-field conditions? Basestation – plane wave idea
Based on principle of beamforming:

Antenna array with phase shifters. Goal
is not beamforming, but plane wave.
Frequency restricted but allows modulated
wideband signals analysis
R&S®PWC200: Gain & Pattern Results

5G NR @100MHz
LTE signal: 5CC @20MHz

Certified Lab Results
(Spain)
PWC200 Results
1.5m from DUT
Single Antenna
1.5m from DUT
EVM = 0.41%
Roughly the internal EVM of measurement
instruments
117
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3GPP: Permitted methods for RF conformance

Direct Far Field (DFF) Indirect Far Field (IFF)
Quiet zone typically smaller Quiet zone typically larger
x Range antenna
y
DUT reflector
1
4
2
Feed antenna
3
UE antenna configuration Direct Far Field Indirect Far Field IFF  CATR (compact PM/SG
antenna test range):
Configuration 1 – one array Yes Yes •
Positioner
loss = 0 between reflector  DUT
Path
controller
Configuration 2 – multiple arrays Yes Yes • QZ diameter = 25…50% of reflector
(strongly depends on edge treatment !)
Configuration 3 – one large array No Yes
PC
Possibilities to shrink the chamber size –

indirect far field
Reflector
DUT
Feed
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DFF solution for Whitebox IFF solution for Blackbox
Direct far field: typically smaller QZ Indirect far field: typically larger QZ
 Both systems fit

in ATS form factor
Elevation
arm
0-168°
Azimuth
Azimuth & Theta
+/- 180° +/- 180°
NR OTA RF test setup … and the winner is …
CATR: Compact Antenna Test Range
Parabolic
reflector DUT
Reflected
plane wave:
FF conditions
Quiet Zone
Blocker to de-couple
Minimum Frequency
feed from DUT =
Edge treatment
Primary feed and CATR Bandwidth R&S®ATS1800C
measurement antenna at
Maximum Frequency
focus parabolic reflector =
Surface roughness
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Illustration of reflected field from parabolic surface

Knife edge reflector Rolled edge reflector
Rolled Edge Radius > l/4

Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987 Determines lower frequency bound
CATR basics: Reflector Edge Treatment

No scattering of energy
back into quiet zone
Es
Wave ‘bends’
around corner
Ei
Rolled Edges
Low Scattering
Ei: Initial EM field (from feed horn)

Target Zone Corner forms
Amplitude Ripple a point source
High
Es
scattering of
Ei energy into
quiet zone
Knife Edge
High Scattering
Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987
Es: Scattered EM field (from edges)
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CATR reflector errors: surface roughness

Surface Roughness < l/100, i.e. determines CATR upper frequency bound!
ρmax
Ideal Actual
Maximum Surface
Deviation
ρmax = 0.007 λ
Maximum Frequency
Required surface Accuracy vs. complexity & price
Roughness (microns)
28 GHz 75
43 GHz (in band) 49
87 GHz (spurious emissions) 24
220 GHz (FCC 5th Harmonic) <1
What is the Quiet zone ?

Quiet Zone Phase Deviation vs. Measurement Error
φ(R+d)
d +D/2
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁𝐷2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
R 4𝜆Δ𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜆
Quiet Zone (D)
𝑁=∞
Phase
R Rmin(N)
Deviation 𝑁=2
Point Source φ(R) 𝐷 2 /𝜆 45 degrees

-20 dB
𝑁=4
2𝐷 2 /𝜆 22.5 degrees
(Measurement Antenna) -25 dB
4𝐷 2 /𝜆 11.2 degrees
8𝐷 2 /𝜆 5.6 degrees -30 dB

-D/2
High Gain Antenna Pattern
Note: Near field regions don‘t have „quiet zones“
121
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How good is the quiet zone?
CATR basics: Path Loss (I) Parabolic Reflector Power Density

ITU-R BS.1968 (2005)
Reflector Near Field
Quiet Zone
P. Walt “The power density in the

radiating near field region of directive
antennas”, 2012
Power Density is constant up to: 0.6D2/l

1800C (D = 30cm): 5.4 meters
Feed Antenna (low-gain) Far Field: FSPL No Path Loss from Reflector to DUT
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CATR basics: Path loss (II) Free Space Path Loss: from Feed to Reflector
Side View Top View Product

FSPL FSPL Cable
Vertical QZ Taper 28GHz 40GHz Loss
d1 > d0 < d2
1800C 59 dB 62 dB 5 dB
d2
WPTC 15-30
65 dB 68 dB
d0 DFF dB
d1 Amplitude Taper of Feed Horizontal QZ Taper

Antenna (HPBW)
FSPL: Different FF paths

to upper and lower
portions of reflector (d)
d1 < d0 < d2 frequency
CATR is a Bi-directional Device Reverse: DUT Tx
Forward: DUT Rx
Quiet Zone
Device
Under
Test
Quiet Zone
From: Reflector Focal Point (Feed) From: DUT Quiet Zone

To: Reflector and DUT Quiet Zone To: Reflector Focal Point (Feed)
Reflector transforms spherical field Reflector is a spatial filter that extracts

from focal point (feed antenna) into a the planar components of the spherical
planar wave in front of reflector to feed and focuses them at the focal
quiet zone point (feed antenna)
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Grid types
Constant step size

ΔΘ, ΔΦ
Constant density
Spherical scan systems

Conical cut = Distributed Axis Great circle cut = Combined Axis
e.g. R&S®ATS1000 or R&S®WPTC e.g. R&S®ATS1800C
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The world of regulation and standardisation

International
Electrotechnical
Commission
CISPR
Base station types defined in 3GPP TS 38.141

Conducted Hybrid OTA
ı BS type 1-C transmitter/receiver interface ı General architecture of BS type 1-H ı General architecture of BS type
1-O and BS type 2-O
BS type 1-C: NR base station operating at FR1 with requirements set consisting only of conducted requirements defined at individual antenna connectors
BS type 1-H: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting of conducted requirements defined at individual TAB connectors and
OTA requirements defined at RIB
BS type 1-O: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB
BS type 2-O: NR base station operating at FR2 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB
Source: 3GPP TS 38.141-1/-2 V15.0.0
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Test models
ı NR FR1 test models needed for BS type 1-C, BS type 1-H and BS type 1-O
ı NR FR2 test models needed for BS type 2-O
Test model Measurement Test model Measurement
NR-FR1-TM1.1 BS output power NR-FR1-TM3.1 Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
NR-FR2-TM1.1 NR-FR2-TM3.1 power with all 64QAM PRBs allocated)
TAE (Time Alignment Error)
Frequency error
Occupied bandwidth
EVM for 64QAM modulation (at max power)
ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.1a Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
Operating band unwanted emissions power with all 256QAM PRBs allocated)
Transmitter spurious emissions Frequency error
Transmitter intermodulation
EVM for 256QAM modulation (at max power)
NR-FR1-TM1.2 ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.2 Frequency error
Operating band unwanted emissions
EVM for 16QAM modulation
NR-FR1-TM2 Total power dynamic range (lower OFDM symbol power limit at min power)
NR-FR2-TM2 Frequency error (at min power)
EVM of single 64QAM PRB allocation (at min power)
NR-FR1-TM3.3 Frequency error
Frequency error (at min power)
EVM for QPSK modulation
NR-FR1-TM2a EVM of single 256QAM PRB allocation (at min power)
Frequency error (at min power)
Testing a NR UE in OTA environment

• UE is an „active antenna“ ► Reference signal is „unknown“
• UE contains multiple active antenna arrays ► no constant pattern
• Different Tx and Rx antenna arrays ► No Tx and Rx reciprocity
• No CW but modulated (wideband) signal analysis
• Phase center of antenna under test unkown ► Black box testing
• More than RF parameter testing needs:

• Demodulation performance ► OTA multipath emulation
• RRM ► OTA multiple angle of arrival simulation
• Protocol ► Ideal OTA radio link conditions
• Other features (e.g. LBS etc.) ► Introducting other radio technology OTA signals
126
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OTA measurement result analysis options

ı Transmitter: EIRP (θ, Φ) ı Receiver: EIS (θ, Φ)
 EIRP(θ,Φ) = GTX(θ,Φ) ∙ PTx  EISLevel(θ,Φ) = f(GRX(θ,Φ), SNRQAM)
 Single direction measurement  Single direction measurement

 Maximum gain ► Beam peak  Maximum sensitivity ► beam peak
 Modulation quality  Selectivity, blocking
 Demodulation quality
 Full sphere integral metric  Full sphere integral metric
 Total radiated power: TRP  Total isotropic/radiated sensitivity: TIS, TRS
 Statistical analysis  Statistical analysis

 Spherical coverage  Spherical coverage
 UE reported values: RSRP, RSRQ (RRM)
3GPP conformance testing
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OTA 3D Measurement (RSRP) The receiver antenna characteristics

determines UE RSRP measurement.
OTA 3D Measurement (RSRQ) UE RSRQ measurement does not depend on the

receiver antenna characteristics,
for sufficient distance from UE noise floor
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Conclusion on OTA testing
• It is mandatory today for CTIA certification in USA
• It will become mandatory for 3G and 4G certification according to RED in Europe
• It is the only option for 5G NR FR2
 The T&M future is OTA
DFF solution for Whitebox &

ATS1000 Antenna test system extreme temperature testing
Direct far field: typically smaller QZ
R&D DFF OTA solution

ı Customer target group: chipset and
antenna development R&D teams
ı Far field measurements in a compact test
setup
ı Designed for mobility. Includes wheels
ı Frequency range: 18-87GHz
ı Quiet zone: D 7 cm
ı Dimensions: 90x150x210 cm Quiet zone Whitebox
Applicabilty to multiple
ı Maximum DUT size: 20x20 cm

non-coherent apertures, D = 5 cm
ı Wide band feed antenna
Quiet Zone diameter = 15 cm
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5G device characterization under extreme temperature

conditions: ATS-TEMP
ı 5G antenna characterization
including thermal diagnosis
ı Extreme temperature testing
from -20°C to 85°C
ı Fast and accurate 3D
measurements
ı Far field measurements in a
compact test setup
ı RF performance+thermal testing
in one test setup
OTA test in extreme climatic conditions

RF
Climate bubble transparent
material
ı Minimized influence
on DUT radiation
ı Temperature tests
from -20°C to +85°C
ATS1000 Thermal stream
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ATS-TEMP: RF influence
ı ATS-TEMP dome material: Rohacell
ı Rohacell´s permittivity is close to air´s
ı Minimized influence on DUT radiation
ı Influence in amplitude is >0,2 dB@28 GHz
ZVA67
1. DFF vs. IFF

DFF Direct Far Field IFF Indirect far field
ı All common antenna properties are ı A solution for far field
defined in far field region condition in smaller test
ı No special post processing steps are ranges
required to measure the antenna ı Parabolic RF reflector
parameters creates a plane wave at short distance Quiet zoneto Blackbox
Applicabilty multiple
ı Whitebox approach ı QZ size depends on the size of the

ı R&S DFF solutions: reflector

 ATS1000 ı Reflector surfaceness is critical
 WPTC  even smallest bumps on the surface
QuietApplicabilty
zone Whitebox
to multiple cause scattering and phase
changes for the reflected RF waves

ı Blackbox approach
ı R&S solutions:
 ATS800B, ATS800C, ATS1800
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2. ATSx series overview

ATS800B ATS800R ATS1000 ATS1800
Application Benchtop R&D R&D R&D Conformance

+preconformance
Main frequency range 20-50 GHz 20-50GHz 18-87 GHz 18-87 GHz
Quiet zone (@1 dB D 20 cm D 20 cm D 7 cm D 30 cm

amplitude taper)
Automation/Positioner 2D positioner Under discussion 3D conical cut 3D great circle cut
SW Contest+API
Mar. 2019 Under
5G New discussion
Radio AMS32 testing aspects
– Fundamentals, procedures, 263 Contest
3. ATS800B: Benchtop CATR test setup

Benchtop R&D OTA solution
ı Customer target group: basic antenna R&D

teams, educational customers
ı Frequency range: 20-50 GHz
ı Dimensions: 120x60x80cm
ı Maximum DUT size: 40x40 cm (laptop)
ı 2D positioner
ı Basic set of absorbers
ı Shipped in unmounted parts
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4. ATS800R: CATR Rack-Mounted Test Chamber

Rack solution for OTA testing
ı Customer target group: chipset and mobile phone manufacturer R&D

teams
ı Frequency range: 20-50 GHz
ı Dimensions: 80x100x210 cm (rack)
ı 14 HE space für instruments: CMX, ZVA etc
ı Full set of absorbers
ı Shipped in pre mounted parts
5. ATS1000 Antenna test system

R&D DFF OTA solution
ı Customer target group: chipset and

antenna development R&D teams
ı Far field measurements in a compact test
setup
ı Designed for mobility. Includes wheels
ı Dimensions: 90x150x210 cm
ı Maximum DUT size: 20x20 cm
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6. ATS1800C: CATR OTA conformance solution
CATR Conformance solution
ı Customer target group: 3GPP conformance

ı Dimensions: 90x150x210 cm
ı 3D great circle cut positioner
ı Planned CTIA FR2 compliance: optional phantom
hands and head
TS7124: sub 6Gz production shieldbox

ı Frequency range: 300MHz to 6 GHz
ı 19“ Rack integrable! Compact production cell
ı Robustness >1M cycles
ı Automatic (pneumatic) and manual version
ı Antennas designed in our lab for different
technologies
ı Only shieldbox in the market with multiple antennas
inside: 4x4 MIMO testing
ı Antenna ring: flexible configuration of antenna
arrangement inside the box
ı Customized antenna pattern
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DST200 RF Diagnostic Chamber

ı Sub 6 GHz diagnostic chamber
ı Benchtop size
 770 mm x 760 mm x 695 mm
ı Shielding effectiveness >100 dB
ı Cross-polarized test antenna (option DST-
B215)
 700 MHz to 18 GHz
 OTA and RSE measurements
ı Test antenna kit (option DST-B231)
 For application specific test antennas,
designed by the customer
What is the R&S value added for the customer?

ı Collaboration
ı Flexibility
 In device sizes
 Cable management
 Satisfying various measurement purposes
 Upgradability
ı Most compact size as possible
ı Repeatibility, reproducibility, accuracy
135
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R&S 5G Lab Test Solution Overview
Portfolio Capabilities
R&S test solutions to develop and implement 5G NR products

Component Characterization RF development 5G NR Device Testing OTA solutions
PA characterization and calibration R&S®PWC200
Testing of 5G NR devices in
non-signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K541 R&S®SMW200A–K144
-K544 R&S®CMW100
(Sub6) R&S®ATS1xxx
R&S®FSW -K18D UP
-K544 R&S®CMP200
R&S®SMW200A < 40 GHz > 40 GHz (mmW)
DUT
R&S®FSW85 Testing of 5G NR devices in
signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K546 R&S®FSW
Digital Doherty -K144/K145
R&S®CMX500
I 40 GHz signal generation R&S®ATS800B R&S®CMQ200

R&S®ZNA I 90 GHz signal analysis
I 2 GHz bandwidth support R&S®CMWFlexx
(FSW: 5GHz with RTO2064 and B5000) supporting LTE for NSA operation
136
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R&S test solutions to deploy 5G NR networks

Field Services, Interference Hunting 5G NR network measurement solution Data Analytics
Passive measurements Active measurements SmartAnalytics Scene
R&S®TSMA6 R&S®FPH 31GHz R&S®FSH R&S®TSME6 R&S®TSMA6 5G Router Mobile Test

TDD gated trigger
Platform
Shoulder bag Backpack for mmwave QualiPoc Android ready for 5G

R&S®MNT100/PR100 R&S®MobileLocator
Site Acceptance
5G NR
Serving Cell 5G NR Cell
History
5G NR
Uplink
5G NR Cell
SmartAnalytics
5G NR Quality
Downlink
RSRP,
RSRQ Scene - NPS
Tx Power
DL Thp
QualiPoc Android R&S®ROMES4: 5G NR Software for network engineering, analysis and

R&S®TSMA6
(ready for 5G) optimization
R&S test solution

5G wideband signal generation and signal analysis
Signal and spectrum analysis Analysis up to 90 GHz w/o external mixer
and up to 2GHz demodulation bandwidth
RF
R&S®FSW
Device
Signal generation under test
RF
2 RF outputs up to 20GHz each or
R&S®SMW200A 1 RF output up to 58 GHz…65 GHz
(44GHz w/o V-Band up-converter)
with up to 2GHz bandwidth
137
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Cloud technology
Value Proposition
Central  Enables data sharing, consolidation and central access to all data across all
control locations and countries
Better  Achieves faster testing times for data-intensive tests through parallelization and
performance better computing power
Higher  Allows easy software maintenance and upgrades

flexibility  Simplifies requirements for test instrument hardware
Capex
optimization
 Supports as-a-service procurement and new licensing models
Both private and
public cloud
Actionable scenarios are
insights
 Enables advanced big data analytics
relevant to R&S
Automated cloud based testing Local Instrument Location

e.g. Production Floor
Block diagram - Private cloud Signal Playback
WebUI Corporate Network

Local
Instrument
PC
Server
DUT
Operator in Local Private
Cloud Server
Company Network
Customer Specific Cloud Data Signal Capturing

Environment, e.g. Storage
ı Scaled
Pa
ss/
Fa
il
Local
performance by License
Server
cloud optimized
R&S®Quickstep R&S®WinIQSIM2 R&S®VSE
analysis software VSE License
Test Execution Waveform Creation Signal Analysis Handling
138
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R&S portfolio for 5G NR device testing
4G 5G NR sub6 (FR1) 5G NR mmW (FR2)
Non-Signaling
(RF analyzer + generator)
R&S®CMW100 R&S®CMP200
R&S® “HEAD30”
Signaling
(Network emulation)
R&S®CMWflexx R&S®CMX500
R&S test solution

CMX500 – Key facts
High performance re-configurable computing with
massive number of CPU-cores and massively scalable
FPGA-based acceleration
High speed backplane to support 20+ Gbps e2e & large R&S®CMX500
RF bandwidths
Modular and scalable HW-Architecture to address

multiple applications
Asset-saving 5GNR Extension for CMW500 install base
Investments in Legacy SW-Licenses secured
Modern Web-Based User Interface

Single User Interface for RF-, Functional-, Application-
and Protocol test Directly connect Multi-Band-RRH‘s to the tester
139
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R&S test solution

CMW100 K06 with 160 MHz RF bandwidth
• Continuous frequency range up to 6GHz, bandwidth up to 160MHz
• Multi-technology solution supporting cellular + non-cellular (GSM, WCDMA, LTE, WLAN, BT, other)
• Mullti-DUT testing on up to eight RF ports
• High measurement performance / accuracy
• Support of a wide range of methods for reducing
test time and maximizing capacity utilization
New 5G NR Sub6 Non-Signaling test solution via

upgrade CMW-KM6000 measurement and CMW-KW6000
ARB generator personalities
R&S test solution

5G NR mmW One Box Test Solution*
General
• Split concept with separated IF tester and remote radio head
• Access to IF frequency for mmW RFIC testing
• Optimized link budget due to short mmW cabling
• System bandwidth 1 GHz
R&S CMP200 Radio Communication Tester

R&S CMP200
• Contains 1x vector signal analyzer + 1x ARB generator IF interface
• Frequency range 6 to 17 GHz (NR IF frequency)
• Integrated switch matrix for up to 3x remote radio heads R&S CMPHEAD30
• R&S Power Sensors NRPM can be connected directly
mmW RF interface
• Compact size 19“ / 2HU *) design targets, preliminary
R&S CMPHEAD30 Remote Radio Head

• Including up- and down-converter IF <-> mmW
• One single hardware supports all essential NR FR2 bands incl. 28 and 39 GHz
• Integrated mmW RF switch matrix providing 2x mmW RF paths
• Compact size 25x19x3 cm
140
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R&S test solution

R&S CMQ200 Shielded Cube
R&S®CMP200
Ready for 5G and extra technologies  absorber range 20 to 75 GHz
Prepared for automated handling  drawer concept with electric opening
R&S®CMPHEAD30
Robust for million cycles  solid, well known design
Reduced floor space  fits into 19” racks R&S®CMQ200
Scalable for most DUT’s  smart devices , CPEs, RFICs, prototypes
Efficient for big lot sizes  layouts with simplified geometry
Flexible for small lot sizes  layout with floor positioner
Total OTA solution  RF parametric test with RS

Communication Tester CMP200/CMPHEAD30
The 5G NR RF measurement needs
Coverage and Beam and Cell

Beamforming Quality Ranking
Channel
Spectral
characteristics
measurements
and propagation
141
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How to find the SSB easily?

5G NR scanner – Automatic Channel Detection (ACD)
5GNR SSB
Often the SSB frequency is not exactly known before executing 5G NR measurements.
 The 5G NR ACD automatically finds the SSB by detecting:
ı SS-Ref frequency of 5G NR cell-defining SSBs following GSCN raster (3GPP compliant)
ı Cell-defining SSBs which are apart from the GSCN channel raster
ı The transmission case (number of SSBs) is determined by the SS-Ref
Scanner-based 5G NR measurements: … …
Multi Beam Example in ROMES
Cell Color by PCI
Beam Color by SSB Index
142
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Field measurements:
Exp.: SSB / beam ranking Same PCI, different SSB indices
 SSB / beam index

visualized over time
(history) and on the map
 Surprisingly good match

with horizontal “micro
sectors” (SSB beam
indices)

First UE-based 5G NR measurements ROMES4 measuring on 5G mobile device
WNC Qualcomm 5G NR
based 5G Router Serving Cell 5G NR Cell
History
5G NR
Uplink
5G NR Cell
5G NR Quality
Downlink
MTP8150 5GTest Device RSRP,
RSRQ
Tx Power
DL Thp
https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6488431089424564224
143
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Block diagram for mm-wave and sub 6 GHz measurement setup

including TSME6 / TSMA6, simultaneous measurements
5GNR Sub 6 / IF
RF Downconverter Real-time
mm-wave switching Alternative with R&S®TSMA6
and tablet for control
LTE HW control R&S®TSME6
RF Local oscillator Ultra Compact
sub-6 GHz
Drive Test Scanner
Standard performance setup TSME30DC
High performance setup
Downconverter
5GNR R&S®TSME6
RF IF
Local oscillator HW control PC including

R&S®TSME6 R&S®ROMES4
TSME30DC Drive Test Software
LTE RF
5G NR – the next steps in the standardization

ı 5G NR unlicensed
ı Two step RACH for NR
ı 5G mobility enhancements
ı 5G NR non-terrestrial network
ı 5G DC and CA enhancements
ı 5G NR LBS
ı 5G NR V2X
ı 5G broadcast
ı 5G industrial IoT
ı 5G IAB
ı 5G or LTE based land mobile radio LMR, public safety
ı CLI cross link interference, RIM remote interference management
ı MIMO enhancements
ı Physical layer URLLC enhancements
144
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SC-PTM Single cell – point to multipoint transmission

message flow
Message flow in SC-PTM:

Combination of L3 config info
& DCI scheduling
feMBMS – Rel. 14 feature
feMBMS: dedicated MBMS network, new CP length:

200µs for larger cell sizes
TV
UE in receive mode only!

Optional LTE
connection UL/ DL
E.g. web
browsing Rel. 16 SI:
Network sharing between Gap analysis, find out
Dedicated MBMS and what feature is missing &
Legacy LTE network can be enhanced with 5G
145
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Our Vision: High Power High Tower Overlay Network
LTE Broadcast (FeMBMS)

• Standardized in 3GPP LTE Release 14
• Introducing downlink-only cells
• Introducing larger cyclic prefix (CP) of 200µs source: Nokia
ı 3GPP: Broadcast mode for video in large cells ı HPHT overlay network to address Smartphones
(up to 100km radius) in discussion for 5G
(source: Balazs Bertenyi, Chairman of 3GPP RAN, 2017)
LTE Broadcast: Potential global standard for broadcast networks of the future
Our Vision: HPHT LTE Broadcast Architecture

Core Network Access Network
SGi-mb
BM-SC MBMS-GW
SG-mb
Content Multicast MCE

Provider Sm
SGi MME
eNB
Internet
S11
Unicast eNB
eNB
P-GW S5/S8
S-GW
146
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NB-IoT improvements (eNB-IoT)

Power consumption, positioning, mobility and more
Data rate improvements 1000000 devices per km2 Mobility
• New UE category NB2 with max. • Both anchor and up to 15 • Connected mode mobility
UL and max. DL TBS of 2536 bits non-anchor carriers can be used realized by RRC connection
(NB1: DL TBS of 680 bit and UL for paging and for random access re-establishment triggered by
TBS of 1000 bits); procedure (PRACH) radio link failure (RLF)
optional support of two HARQs • AS release assistance indication
New power class Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• New power class of 14 dBm • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 single cell
to support coin-cell battery • OTDOA support based on specific point-to-multipoint (SC-PTM)
operation e.g. for wearables with narrowband positioning reference feature in idle mode
relaxed MCL of 155 dB signals (NPRS)
• Measurements in idle mode
LTE-M improvements (FeMTC)

Power consumption, positioning, VoLTE and more
Data rate improvements New UE Category Mobility
• Max uplink TBS of 2984 bits (M1) • New UE category (M2) with max • Mobility in connected mode
• Up to 10 DL HARQ processes TBS of 4008/6968 bits (UL/DL) • Intra-frequency and inter-
• HARQ-ACK bundling in HF-FDD and optionally support of 5 MHz frequency measurements
(wideband) for PDSCH/PUSCH (RSRP/RSRQ) in CE mode
• Faster frequency retuning (guard
period of less than 2 symbols) • M2 device can operate as M1
VoLTE support Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• Optimized parameter for VoLTE • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 Single Cell
like new PUSCH repetition factors, • OTDOA support based on point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)
restricted modulation schemes positioning reference signal (PRS) feature
(QPSK) and adjusted scheduling adapted for LTE-M (e.g. frequency • Supported only in idle on 1.4 or 5
delays (HARQ-ACK) hopping support, long cycles ) MHz
147
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C-V2X - The road to 5G
Phase I (Rel. 14)

V2X-PC5 – LTE based for Basic Safety
• High speed, out-of-coverage (TM4)
communication
Use Case: Basic Safety features (eg. Emergency warning)
Phase II (Rel. 15)

enhanced (e)V2X-PC5 – LTE based
• increase data rate, more robustness
• transmit diversity
Use Case: Advanced V2X services (eg. Platooning)
Phase III (Rel. 16)

5G New Radio (NR) V2X-PC5
• further increase data rate,
• support new spectrum
• new numerology
• Use Case: URLLC (eg. Remote- or Autonomous driving)
3GPP Release 14 - C-V2X

Extended Visual Horizon
Collaborative Awareness
Phase I (Rel. 14)

V2X – LTE based for Basic Safety
• High speed, out-of-coverage (TM4)
communication
Road Warnings
Data Transfer to Exchange
- Vehicle Status Information
- Environment Information
148
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3GPP Release 15 C-V2X
See-Through Cooperative Driving
Phase II (Rel. 15)

enhanced (e)V2X – LTE based
• Lower latency, increased bandwidth
• transmit diversity

- Sensor Data
Platooning Teleoperated Support
- Intention Information
- Trajectory Data
3GPP Release 16 - C-V2X (NR)
3GPP Service and System Aspects*)
Phase III (Rel. 16) Short Sensor

Distance Platooning CAM/DENM
5G New Radio (NR) V2X-PC5 Sharing
• further increase data rate, Platooning
Collective
• support new spectrum * Perception
• new numerology
• Use Case: URLLC (eg. Remote- or Autonomous driving)

- Extended Raw Sensor Data
- Enhanced Intention Information *End to end
- Improved Trajectory Data Enhanced Remote
Collective Driving
Perception *) H.
Rosier Consideration on KPIs for
LTE or NR, 3GPP SA1 S1-162351
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C-V2x enhancement in 3GPP focusing on specific use cases

requiring high data rates and lower latency
Vehicle Extended Aggregation of up to 8 PC5 carriers
Platooning sensors (TM3&TM4)
Support of low latency, high Support of 64 QAM for

data rate links to exchange higher data rate
• sensor data Reduce the max. time between L1
• intention information packet arrival and resource selected
• trajectory data for transmission
from 20 to 10 ms
Advanced Remote
driving Transmit diversity
Driving
C-V2X: Yesterday, today and tomorrow – evolution towards 5G

3GPP Rel. 16
3GPP Rel. 15 December 2019
3GPP Rel. 14 September 2018
3GPP Rels. 8-13 March 2017
… – March 2016 5G NR Uu URLLC
Direct Communication
5G NR V2N Uu 5G NR V2V/V2I
Direct Communication
High bandwidth/low latency
LTE V2V/V2I (PC5)
LTE V2N Uu
Cooperative
automated
driving
Hazard warning V2V safety use case Enhanced Navigation

& Infotainment
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V2X - The road to 5G

3GPP Rel.8-13 3GPP Rel.14 3GPP Rel.15 3GPP Rel.16
Mobile communication using cellular network

LTE
NR
V2N (Uu) 5G NR
V2N (Uu)
Rel.8-9 Rel.10-11 Rel.12 Rel.13 Rel.14 V2N (Uu)
D2D
C-V2X (PC5) communication independent of cellular network

Out-of-
Coverage V2P 64QAM
Higher data rates
V2V Lower latency C-V2X
TM4
Tx
diversity
NR based
LTE- V2I LTE- LTE-
V2X eV2X eV2X
Phase Phase Phase
I II III
Public Safety Basic Traffic enhanced Traffic Advanced Traffic
Proximity Safety Services Services Services
2008 2010 2012 2015 Q2/2017 Q3/2018 Q1/2020
Summary Wireless
Automotive Cyber-
security
5G / NR commercial deployments
expected in 2019/2020
Research & Integration &
Industry Development Verification
OTA testing is key to 5G and 4.0
requires throughout integrated
solutions including chambers, test
instrumentation and coverage of Conformance Production
LTE-A Pro IoT
Security plays a vital role in Broadcasting

vertical industries e-Health
Rohde & Schwarz is committed to supporting the industry with the T&M and
security solutions needed to standardize, develop and implement 5G products
151
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Credits Many graphics from this

presentation were
taken from:
Please visit
www.rohde-schwarz.com to get
access to the online version of
this technology book
“If you want to go fast, go alone.

If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb
152

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3/30/2019

Technology Manager Wireless

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

What is 5G? – It’s a paradigm shift

4G Voice, Audio, Video, Apps

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 2

Expected 5G commercial launch dates (mobile or FWA)

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 3

Industry activities and 3GPP

Ultra reliable &

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects4

Review of 5G Use Cases eMBB – the known playground

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 5

… the URLLC potential is the future!

companies (with a minimum of 1,000

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 6

Frequency trends for 5G Europe

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 7

5G Key Technology Components

ı < 1GHz ı Hybrid beamforming

Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 8

NR: New Radio

3GPP RAN NR Standardization Overview SA: Standalone

Status after 3GPP RAN #82 (December 2018)

2017 2018 2019 2020

Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA Now

Rel-14 Release 15 Rel-15 “Late Drop” Release 16 Rel-17

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 9

3GPP RAN Workplan and Priorities

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 10

3GPP RAN Rel-16 Study-Item / Work-Item Overview

NR MIMO WI NB-IoT enhancements WI

NR V2X SI WI eMTC enhancements WI

NR in unlicensed band SI WI LTE MIMO enhancements WI

NR NOMA SI WI LTE mobility enhancements WI

NR over non-terrestrial networks SI ENTV broadcasting enhancements SI WI

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 11

5G stretching the use case of LTE eMBB

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 12

LTE provides the foundation on the way to 5G

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 13

LTE-Advanced Pro Evolution (Rel14)

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 14

LTE-Advanced Pro (Rel15) feCoMP

Small cell capacity

Many enhancements of existing building blocks

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 15

System overview and

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 16

5G Network Architecture Vocabulary

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 17

5GC overall architecture

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 18

Architecture Options Data

eNB gNB gNB

MME SGW AMF UPF

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 19

Architecture Evolution – Option 3

 User data routed via eNB E-UTRA E-UTRA E-UTRA

 User data routed via gNB

Mar. 2019 5G New Radio – Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects 20

Architecture Options Data