2018 Lithics Programme Abstracts

2018
European Year of Cultural Heritage
Motto:
Our heritage: where the past meets the future
Cover 1
Obsidian core
from Cucuteni settlement
Piatra-Neamț – „Dealul Cozla”
Neamț County Museum Complex
Cucuteni Culture International Research Centre
Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum of Piatra-Neamț
RAW MATERIALS AND LITHIC ARTEFACTS

FROM PREHISTORY TO MIDDLE AGES
IN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM
Programme and Abstracts
Editors:
CONSTANTIN PREOTEASA
MARIN CÂRCIUMARU
ANDRZEJ PELISIAK
CIPRIAN-DORIN NICOLA
Editura „Constantin Matasă”

Piatra-Neamț
Romania
2018
Organising committee:
Dr. Constantin Preoteasa
Dr. Ciprian-Dorin Nicola
Dr. Elena-Cristina Nițu
Prof Dr. Marin Cârciumaru
Prof. Dr. Andrzej Pelisiak
Scientific committee:
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Trnka
Prof. Dr. Marin Cârciumaru
Prof. Dr. Antonin Přichystal
Prof. Dr. Ivan Gatsov
Prof. Dr. Corina Ionescu
Dr. Katalin T. Biró
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

RAW MATERIALS AND LITHIC ARTEFACTS FROM PREHISTORY TO
MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE. International Colloquium (2018; Piatra-
Neamț)
Raw Materials and Lithic Artefacts from Prehistory to Middle Ages in Europe:
international colloquium: programme and abstracts: Piatra-Neamț, 2018
Ed.: Constantin Preoteasa, Marin Cârciumaru, Andrzej Pelisiak, Ciprian-Dorin Nicola.
Piatra-Neamţ: Editura „Constantin Matasă”, 2018
ISBN 978-973-7777-49-2
I. Preoteasa, Constantin (ed.)
II. Cârciumaru, Marin (ed.)
III. Pelisiak Andrzej (ed.)
IV. Nicola, Ciprian-Dorin (ed.)
902
Event organized with the support of

Fundația Cultural-Științifică „Constantin Matasă”
© COMPLEXUL MUZEAL JUDEȚEAN NEAMȚ
Editura „Constantin Matasă”

Romania, Neamț County,
610029 Piatra-Neamț, 10 Mihai Eminescu
Tel. / Fax: 004-0233-217496
E-mail: muzeupn@yahoo.com
Web: http://www.muzeu-neamt.ro/
ISBN 978-973-7777-49-2
CONTENTS
PROGRAMME ................................................................................................ 9
Papers .............................................................................................................. 13
Posters ............................................................................................................. 20
ABSTRACTS .................................................................................................. 22
Corina Ionescu, Volker Hoeck

Genesis and composition of siliceous rocks
and the relation with their nomenclature ..................................................... 23
Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici, Gerhard Trnka, Gheorghe Lazarovici

Flint and opal sources in the Eastern Carpathians ...................................... 27
Petr Škrdla, Tereza Rychtaříkova

Changing paterns of raw materials procurement
during the Moravian Upper Paleolithic: local versus imported materials .. 29
Jaroslav Bartík
Changing paterns of raw materials procurement
during the Moravian Neolithic and Eneolithic:
local versus imported materials ......................................................................... 31
Antonin Příchystal
The Bohemian Massif – principal source area of raw materials
for Neolithic / Eneolithic polished stone tools
in the Eastern part of Central Europe ........................................................... 33
Andrzej Pelisiak
Lithic raw materials from the Eastern part of Polish Carpathians.
Sources, use in prehistoric times and re-interpretation
of stone raw material tools. An outline ......................................................... 36
5
Viviana Germana Mancusi
The Mediterranean „Jade”.
The Southern Italy extraction quarries and areas of supply
of green stones during the Neolithic period .................................................. 37
Alexandru Ciornei, Roxana Dobrescu

Distant raw materials in the Upper Palaeolithic assemblages
from Middle Bistrița Valley (Ceahlău Basin):
a petroarchaeological perspective ................................................................. 39
Elena-Cristina Nițu, Marin Cârciumaru, Ovidiu Cîrstina,

Florin Ionuț Lupu, Marian Leu, Adrian Nicolae
Preliminary analysis of the lithic materials
from „Poiana Cireșului” – Piatra-Neamț Palaeolithic site:
different behaviour within the Gravettian .................................................... 41
Tereza Rychtaříková, Petr Škrdla, Jaroslav Bartík,

Yuri Demidenko, Ladislav Nejman
Mohelno – Last Glacial Maximum site in Moravia ...................................... 44
György Lengyel, Jarosław Wilczyński

The Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic in the Western Carpathians ......... 45
Mar Rey-Solé, Corina Ionescu, Marius-Mihai Ciută,

Marieta Mureșan-Pop, Viorica Simion
Archaeometric investigation on Neolithic siliceous tools
from Limba – Oarda de Jos (Alba County, Romania) ................................. 47
Bogdan Constantinescu
Prehistoric obsidian artifacts from Romanian territory:
compositional analysis. A survey .................................................................. 51
Sándor József Sztáncsuj, Katalin T. Biró,

Ildikó Harsányi, Zsolt Kasztovszky, Veronika Szilágyi
Obsidian in the Copper Age of South-Eastern Transylvania.
Distribution, typology, raw material sources .............................................. 53

Processing ateliers and redistribution of the artefacts
in the chipped industry of Southern Italy.
Circulation of raw materials and finished products
in flint, obsidian and hyaline quartz within the Mediterranean Basin ...... 55
6
Andrzej Pelisiak, Thomas Saile
A contribution to the lithic artefacts
of the Later Neolithic site of Altheim (Bavaria) ............................................ 58
Dragomir-Nicolae Popovici, Loredana Niță

Bifacial lithic points from the Gumelnița layers
of Hîrșova and Bordușani „tell”-type settlements ....................................... 60
Ivan Gatsov, Petranka Nedelcheva

Flint axes: a study in technology
from Kamenovo Chalcolithic workshop (North-Eastern Bulgaria) ........... 61
Diana-Măriuca Vornicu
The variability of the lithic assemblages
during the Chalcolithic from the Moldavian Plain ....................................... 63
Constantin Preoteasa, Elena-Cristina Nițu, Adrian Bălășescu

Foundation rite of a hearth discovered in a dwelling
unearthed in the Cucuteni B settlement
of Târgu Neamț – „Dealul Pometea” (Neamț County, Romania) ............... 64
Dumitru Boghian, Sergiu-Constantin Enea, Sorin Ignătescu

Common and specialized lithic tools in the Cucuteni site
of Costești-„Cier” (Iași County, Romania) .................................................... 67
Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,

Liviu-Gheorghe Popescu, Sorin Ignătescu
Raw materials and manufacturing techniques of the lithic chipped tools
from the site Fetești-„La Schit” (Suceava County, Romania) ..................... 68
Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,

Liviu-Gheorghe Popescu, Sorin Ignătescu
Some considerations on the raw materials
and the polished / perforated lithic tools production
in the site Fetești-„La Schit” (Suceava County, Romania) ........................... 71
Mihai Dunca
Chisels of polished stone in the Neolithic of North-West Romania ............. 75

Neolithic polished stone axes: cultures and exchange systems
in comparison between Central and Southern Italy,
Sicily, Sardinia, Malta and the Balkan Peninsula ........................................ 77
7
Alexandru Gafincu, Vasile Diaconu
Tools, weapons or symbols ?
Bronze Age stone artefacts in the collections
of Neamț County Museum Complex ............................................................. 82
Marcin Szeliga
Transcarpathian distribution and exchange system
of the flint raw materials and obsidian
during the Linear Pottery Culture development ......................................... 84

People between exchanges and exchanges between people.
Analysis of commercial networks and trades through the circulation
and production of raw materials, lithic artefacts and pottery
in the Mediterranean Basin and throughout Europe ................................... 87
Gerhard Trnka, Michael Brandl

Gunflint production in Nizniow and the „Berg Lichostiwne”
(Western Ukraine) ......................................................................................... 90
Vasile Diaconu
Stone processing by prehistoric methods.
A model of learning through experimental archaeology ............................. 92
Nicolae Ursulescu, Vasile Cotiugă

L’utilisation de pierres naturelles
dans les ménages énéolithiques à l’Est des Carpates ................................... 94
List of authors ............................................................................................. 95
8
PROGRAMME
9
Monday, 22nd October
Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

12:00-19:00
 arriving and accommodation of the guests.
20:00
 dinner.
Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

13:00 – 18:00
 reception and registration of the scientists;
 visiting of the exhibitions and scientifically documentation.
Tuesday, 23th October

08:00
 breakfast.

10:00 – 12:00
 opening ceremony of the International Colloquium Raw Materials and
Lithic Artefacts from Prehistory to Middle Ages in Europe;
 welcoming speech of the organisers;
 opening talks from the abroad guests.

13:00
 lunch.

16:00 – 19:00
 scientific session;
 coffee break.

20:00
 dinner.
10
Wednesday, 24th October

08:00
 breakfast.

09:00 – 12:00
 coffee break.

13:00
 lunch.

16:00 – 19:00
 coffee break.

20:00
 dinner.
Thursday, 25th October

08:00
 breakfast.

09:00 – 10:00
 posters session.
Post-colloquium excursions
10:00 – 12:00
 visiting the museums in Piatra-Neamț: the Natural Sciences Museum,
the History and Archaeology Museum; the „Voivodal Court”
Museum / Site (Middle Ages).
11
13:00
 lunch.
Post-colloquium excursions
15:00 – 19:00
 visiting the sites from Piatra-Neamț and its surroundings: Doamna-Poiana
Cireșului (Upper Paleolithic), Văleni-Cetățuia (Neolithic-Chalcolithic),
Doamna-Bâtca Doamnei (Antiquity).

20:00
 dinner.
Friday, 26th October

08:00
 breakfast.

 departure of the guests.
12
PAPERS
13
Tuesday, 23th October
Chairmen: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Trnka and Prof. Dr. Antonin Přichystal
16:00 – 16:20
Corina Ionescu, Volker Hoeck
Genesis and composition of siliceous rocks and the relation with their
nomenclature
16:20 – 16:40
Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici, Gerhard Trnka, Gheorghe Lazarovici
Flint and opal sources in the Eastern Carpathians
16:40 – 17:00
Petr Škrdla, Tereza Rychtaříkova
Changing paterns of raw materials procurement during the Moravian
Upper Paleolithic: local versus imported materials
17:00 – 17:20
Jaroslav Bartík
Changing paterns of raw materials procurement during the Moravian
Neolithic and Eneolithic: local versus imported materials
17:20 – 17:40
Antonin Příchystal
The Bohemian Massif – principal source area of raw materials for Neolithic /
Eneolithic polished stone tools in the Eastern part of Central Europe
17:40 – 18:00
Andrzej Pelisiak
Lithic raw materials from the Eastern part of Polish Carpathians. Sources,
use in prehistoric times and re-interpretation of stone raw material tools.
An outline
14
18:00 – 18:20
The Mediterranean „Jade”. The Southern Italy extraction quarries and
areas of supply of green stones during the Neolithic period
18:20 – 18:40
Alexandru Ciornei, Roxana Dobrescu
Distant raw materials in the Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from Middle
Bistrița Valley (Ceahlău Basin): a petroarchaeological perspective
18:40 – 19:00
Elena-Cristina Nițu, Marin Cârciumaru, Ovidiu Cîrstina, Florin
Ionuț Lupu, Marian Leu, Adrian Nicolae
Preliminary analysis of the lithic materials from „Poiana Cireșului” –
Piatra-Neamț Palaeolithic site: different behaviour within the Gravettian
15
Chairmen: Prof. Dr. Corina Ionescu and Dr. Katalin T. Biró
09:00 – 09:20
György Lengyel, Jarosław Wilczyński
The Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic in the Western Carpathians
09:20 – 09:40
Prehistoric obsidian artifacts from Romanian territory: compositional analysis.
A survey
09:40 – 10:00
Sándor József Sztáncsuj, Katalin T. Biró, Ildikó Harsányi, Zsolt
Kasztovszky, Veronika Szilágyi
Obsidian in the Copper Age of South-Eastern Transylvania. Distribution,
typology, raw material sources
10:00 – 10:20
Processing ateliers and redistribution of the artefacts in the chipped industry
of Southern Italy. Circulation of raw materials and finished products in flint,
obsidian and hyaline quartz within the Mediterranean Basin
10:20 – 10:40
Andrzej Pelisiak, Thomas Saile
A contribution to the lithic artefacts of the Later Neolithic site of Altheim
(Bavaria)
10:40 – 11:00
Dragomir-Nicolae Popovici, Loredana Niță
Bifacial lithic points from the Gumelnița layers of Hîrșova and Bordușani
„tell”-type settlements
16
11:00 – 11:20
Ivan Gatsov, Petranka Nedelcheva
Flint axes: a study in technology from Kamenovo Chalcolithic workshop
(North-Eastern Bulgaria)
11:20 – 11:40
The variability of the lithic assemblages during the Chalcolithic from the
Moldavian Plain
11:40 – 12:00
Constantin Preoteasa, Elena-Cristina Nițu, Adrian Bălășescu
Foundation rite of a hearth discovered in a dwelling unearthed in the Cucuteni
B settlement of Târgu Neamț – „Dealul Pometea” (Neamț County, Romania)
17
Chairmen: Prof. Dr. Andrzej Pelisiak and Prof. Dr. Ivan Gatsov
16:00 – 16:20
Dumitru Boghian, Sergiu-Constantin Enea, Sorin Ignătescu
Common and specialized lithic tools in the Cucuteni site of Costești-„Cier”
(Iași County, Romania)
16:20 – 16:40
Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu, Liviu-Gheorghe
Popescu, Sorin Ignătescu
Raw materials and manufacturing techniques of the lithic chipped tools of
the site Fetești-„La Schit” (Suceava County, Romania)
16:40 – 17:00
Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu, Liviu-Gheorghe
Popescu, Sorin Ignătescu
Some considerations on the raw materials and the polished / perforated lithic
tools production in the site Fetești-„La Schit” (Suceava County, Romania)
17:00 – 17:20
Mihai Dunca
Chisels of polished stone in the Neolithic of North-West Romania
17:20 – 17:40
Neolithic polished stone axes: cultures and exchange systems in
comparison between Central and Southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Malta
and the Balkan Peninsula
17:40 – 18:00
Marcin Szeliga
Transcarpathian distribution and exchange system of the flint raw materials
and obsidian during the Linear Pottery Culture development
18
18:00 – 18:20
People between exchanges and exchanges between people. Analysis of
commercial networks and trades through the circulation and production of
raw materials, lithic artefacts and pottery in the Mediterranean Basin and
throughout Europe
18:20 – 18:40
Gerhard Trnka, Michael Brandl
Gunflint production in Nizniow and the „Berg Lichostiwne” (Western Ukraine)
18:40 – 19:00
Nicolae Ursulescu, Vasile Cotiugă
L’utilisation de pierres naturelles dans les ménages énéolithiques à l’Est
des Carpates
19
POSTERS
20
Thursday, 25th October
09:00 – 09:15
Tereza Rychtaříková, Petr Škrdla, Jaroslav Bartík, Yuri Demidenko,
Ladislav Nejman
Mohelno – Last Glacial Maximum site in Moravia
09:15 – 09:30
Mar Rey-Solé, Corina Ionescu, Marius-Mihai Ciutӑ, Marieta
Mureșan-Pop, Viorica Simon
Archaeometric investigation on Neolithic siliceous tools from Limba-Oarda
de Jos (Alba County, Romania)
09:30 – 09:45
Alexandru Gafincu, Vasile Diaconu
Tools, weapons, or symbols? Bronze Age stone artifacts in the collections of
the Neamţ County Museum Complex
09:45 – 10:00
Vasile Diaconu
Stone processing by prehistoric methods. A model of learning through
experimental archaeology
21
ABSTRACTS
22
GENESIS AND COMPOSITION OF SILICEOUS ROCKS
AND THE RELATION WITH THEIR NOMENCLATURE
Corina Ionescu,
Volker Hoeck
Keywords: lithics, minerals, petrography, nomenclature.
The identification of the nature of the siliceous rocks (silicastones)

used as raw materials to produce lithic tools and weapons since the onset
of the human civilization. Their study is a „must” in tracing sources,
commerce, social and economical characteristics of a society at a certain
time, at a certain place. To give the most appropriate name to the rock /
minerals from which the lithic artifacts were obtained encounters
limitation due to: i) the possibility to use destructive versus non-
destructive analythical methods, ii) the type and fabric (especially the grain
size) of the material, iii) the degree of alteration and iv) the specific
manufacture of the object.
Several rock materials, of siliceous composition, were used in
producing lithic artifacts: chert / flint, radiolarite (bedded chert),
chalcedony / agate and jasper. These siliceous rocks consist
predominantly of quartz, associated with variable amounts of other
minerals such as opal, Fe oxi-hydroxides, silicates, carbonates etc. There
are different aspects of the nomenclature which may be used: descriptive
(composition, structure and texture) and genetical (genesis conditions,
origin of silica). The same rock made of quartz can be called by different
names. For example, chert (fig. 1) is of sedimentary origin, whereas
radiolarite (fig. 2), exhibiting basically a similar mineralogical
composition, has a complex origin, i.e. sedimentary (medium of
formation) + volcanogenic (source of silica) + biogenic (source of
radiolarians and silica). Even more, if radiolarite contains a high amount
of impurities (e.g. chlorite, clay minerals, iron oxi-hydroxides), may be
termed as jasper. In the same time, jasper (fig. 3) can form as well from
hydrothermal solutions associated to late volcanogenic processes.
23
The most common analytical methods involved in studying these
materials are polarized light optical microscopy and electron microprobe
(using a thin section obtained from a few-mm thick slice cut from the
object), X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (using
a few grams of material) and scanning electron microscopy (using a small
chip of material).
Acknowledgements
Corina Ionescu acknowledges support of the Russian Government
Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
24
Fig. 1. Chert nodules in Jurassic limestones (Old Polena, Albania).
Fig. 2. Radiolarite associated to Upper Jurassic volcanics

(Trascău Mountains, Romania).
25
Fig. 3. Jasper related to Neogene volcanics (Brad, Romania).
26
FLINT AND OPAL SOURCES IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS
Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici,
Gerhard Trnka,
Gheorghe Lazarovici
Keywords: Eastern Carpathians, flint, opal, archaeological expeditions.
In a project between the Romanian Academy – Iași Branch,

represented by Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici from the Institute of Archeology
of Iași and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, through Gerhard Trnka from
Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, as well as „Lucian Blaga” University
Sibiu through Gheorghe Lazarovici, several expeditions were organized in
Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, but also in
Austria (2003, 2004, 2006 – Steinrohstoffe, 2008 – Neugebaude Wien,
Mauer, Antonshoehe) and France (Rouen – 2002, 2008, 2013, Le Treport),
which formed the basis of the building of some lithotek in Cluj-Napoca and
partly in Sibiu.
Our expeditions have taken place over many years:
2001: Banat (Gornea – Sicheviţa);
2003: Eastern Carpathians (Lacul Roşu, Tarcău Valley); Banat (Bega Valley);
2004: Transylvania (Petrind and Aiud Mountains, Nandru – Nandru Valley);
Moldova (Mitoc); Banat (Gornea);
2005: Eastern Carpathians (Sita Buzăului); Moldova (Miorcani, Putna
Valley); Dobrogea (Hârşova zone); Republic of Moldova (Cosăuţi,
Bobuleşti, Bârnova, Răut Valley, Soroca – Stânca, Naslavcea);
Transylvania (Orăştie, Simeria, Roşcani);
2006: Transylvania (Burjuc, Brotuna, Tisa, Almaş Valley, Nandru, Simeria,
Silivaşu, Sibiu zone); Western Carpathians (Crişcior, Brad – TBC
sanatorium, Ţebea, Baia de Criş); Banat (Cameniţa Valley, Gârnic);
Crişana (Iozăşel); Maramureş (Buşag), Oltenia – Muntenia (Olt
Valley, Zăvideni, Drăgăneşti-Olt, Ciuperceni, Seaca);
2007: Maramureş (Racşa, Călineşti Oaş, Certeze, Bixad), Oraşul Nou
(perlite quarry) etc.
2008: Austria (Neugebaude Wien – Mauer, Antonshoehe);
27
2009: Moldova (Ripiceni – Izvor, Ripiceni – Stânca); Ukraine (Mezighirci,
Kremzdiv, Nyzniv, Lanivtsy, Bilce Złote, Oleshiv, Burkvina);
Transylvania (Someş Valley – Cluj Napoca-Dej zone, Arieş Valley,
Hăşdate Valley, Mureş Valley (Luduş-Deva zone); Banat (Cerna
Valley, Bistra, Pogăniş rivers);
2010: Moldova – expeditions with Katalin T. Biró and Gerhard Trnka (Prut
Valley, Ripiceni, Mitoc, Miorcani, Ibăneşti), Transylvania (Toplița –
Pârâul Baicăului);
2011: Sibiu zone, clay quarry;
2012: Transylvania, Şardu (expedition with Tiberiu Tecar);
2013: Bulgaria (Dobrici, Drjanovic, Karapelit, Kriva Reka, Varna
Museum); Muntenia (Olteniţa); Hunedoara Lithotek; presenting
some of our research results at Institute of Archaeology of Iași
communications session;
2014: Hungary, flint – obsidian;
2016: Maramureș (Călineşti Oaș, Gălăuţaş).
Besides research on flint sources, we have also undertaken other
expeditions in the area of the Eastern Carpathians regarding salt / salt
springs related to ethno-archeology (salt and sheepfolds, paths), copper
(cultures, sources and analyzes), as well as rock art monuments, in especially
megaliths with signs.
In this paper are analyzed and presented samples from Cluj-Napoca
Lithotek (National Museum of Transylvania History), from the Northern and
Southern areas of the Eastern Carpathians. We will also present an
important source of opal (including silicified wood) from Topliţa area. In the
Buzău Upper Basin (in the valleys and on the slopes) and in the mountains
(where there are old limestone) are numerous areas with flint sources.
In both mentioned areas of the Eastern Carpathians Paleolithic
settlements were found, many of them being signaled by C.S. Nicolăescu
Plopşor, Alexandru Păunescu, Marin Cârciumaru and others.
We lack specialized analysis to pinpoint the finer correlations between
prehistoric sites (Paleolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age) and flint sources,
which will be another stage of our research.
28
CHANGING PATTERNS OF RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT
DURING THE MORAVIAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC:
LOCAL VERSUS IMPORTED MATERIALS
Petr Škrdla,
Tereza Rychtaříková
Keywords: Moravia, Upper Paleolithic, raw materials.
Moravia, currently the Eastern part of the Czech Republic, is a

territory located mostly within the Carpathian Foredeep with raw material
outcrops located in the Carpathians and the Alps, the lower Moravian
Lowlands, Bohemian Massif, and glacio-fluvial deposits of Silesia. These
outcrops were utilized to varying degrees by Upper Paleolithic people. The
differences in raw material procurement patterns in Moravia are
documented not only within individual Upper Paleolithic cultures (territorial
differences), between individual cultures (cultural or temporal differences),
but some general trends are also apparent over the course of time.
The very beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (Bohunician, Szeletian,
Líšeň / Podolí I type industry, Middle Aurignacian) is characterized by
intensive utilization of local outcrops while imported rocks account for up to
up to 10% in some assemblages. The mid-Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian)
procurement strategy is based on imported erratic flint (often dominant)
supplemented by radiolarite or Craców-Czestochowa Jurassic flint which has
an increased presence in some sites. Other imports (e.g. obsidian, Szentgál
type radiolarite) are rare. While the local rocks were usually ignored as
knapping material, they were often used for making coarse tools. The Late
Upper Paleolithic (epi-Gravettian, epi-Aurignacian with Sagaidak-Muralovka
type microliths, and Magdalenian) is not a homogeneous group in terms of
raw material procurement. Some industries display preference for imported
rocks (erratic flint, radiolarite, porcelanite, obsidian – often epi-Gravettian)
while others show preference for local rocks (rock crystal, weathering
product of serpentinite, local cherts – epi-Aurignacian with Sagaidak-
Muralovka type microliths). Some industries used both imported and local
(often Magdalenian, to different degrees within individual collections).
29
Fig. 1. Stránská skála rock – an isolated outcrop of Stránská skála-type chert –
and Brno Basin (background) from the east.
30
CHANGING PATTERNS OF RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT
DURING THE MORAVIAN NEOLITHIC AND ENEOLITHIC:
LOCAL VERSUS IMPORTED MATERIALS
Jaroslav Bartík
Keywords: Moravia, Neolithic, Eneolithic, raw materials.
Moravia (an eastern part of the Czech Republic) has been a

significant corridor, allowing flow of new ideas and commodities between
regions. Contacts with surrounding areas can be monitored especially
through imported raw materials during the Neolithic and Eneolithic
period. The share within the individual assemblages is varying in scope of
different microregions or chronological periods, respectively archaeological
cultures. Moravian Neolithic and Eneolithic distribution patterns are
characterized by shortening and regionalization of distribution networks.
We can observe the gradual replacement of imported raw materials by the
rocks from local outcrops. This phenomenon can be most noticeably
observed at the turn of the Upper Neolithic and the Early Eneolithic, in
Moravia associated with the development of the Lengyel Culture. The aim
of the presentation is to provide a preliminary overview of these changes.
Attention is also paid to selected examples of workshops with evidence of
mining and distribution of local raw materials (Stránská skála chert – fig.
1; Metabasite of the Želešice type – fig. 2).
31
Fig. 1. View on the Stránská skála Hill near Brno –
outcrop of the Stránská skála chert type.
Fig. 2. View on the source area of the Želešice type metabasite.
32
THE BOHEMIAN MASSIF – PRINCIPAL SOURCE AREA
OF RAW MATERIALS FOR NEOLITHIC / ENEOLITHIC
POLISHED STONE TOOLS
IN THE EASTERN PART OF CENTRAL EUROPE
Antonín Přichystal
Keywords: Bohemian Massif, raw materials, polished stone tools.
The Bohemian Massif is a horst structure prevalently built of

metamorphic and igneous rocks cropping out from younger non-
metamorphosed Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments in Central Europe. It
represents the geological basement of the Czech Republic but exceeds also
under southern Poland, eastern Germany and northern Austria. It was the
principal source of metamorphic rocks for polished implement in the eastern
part of Central Europe.
Amphibole-rich metabasites were prevalent raw materials for
shoe-last adzes and flat axes at many Neolithic sites both in the Czech
Republic and in the surrounding countries (Germany, Poland, Slovakia,
Austria, NW Hungary). We have discovered two main mining centres in the
Jizerské hory Mountains (northern Bohemia) and at Želešice near Brno
(southern Moravia). The distribution around the source in the Jizerské hory
Mts. covered substantial part of Central Europe.
Marble prehistoric quarries at the Bílý Kámen Hill near Sázava
(central Bohemia) were found already in 1939 and they represent probably
for the first time described „non-flint” prehistoric mining in Europe. The
marble was used especially for making of bracelets.
Serpentinite was very popular for production of bored battleaxes in
the Eneolithic. The most important source was found in the Gogolów –
Jordanów Massif (the NE corner of the Bohemian Massif in southern
Poland), the prehistoric utilisation of serpentinites was described also from
the southern part of the Bohemian Massif in Upper Austria.
Nephrite occurs only at one site of the Bohemian Massif: Jordanów
(Jordansmühl) in southern Poland. This famous source was described
already in 1885 as the first European nephrite deposit. Nephrite axes were
identified in Polish and Czech Silesia, Moravia or in north-western Hungary.
33
Quartz-sillimanite rocks (fibrolites) originated as lenticular
aggregates in paragneisses of the Moldanubicum (southern part of the
Bohemian Massif). This unique raw material was applied especially for small
axes connected with the Eneolithic cultures.
34
Fig. 1. Amphibole-rich metabasite from the Jizerské hory Mountains
was the most important raw material for big polished tools in Eastern Bohemia.
Fig. 2. Amphibole-rich metabasite from prehistoric quarries

in the Jizerské hoty Mountains in thin section. Crossed polars.
35
LITHIC RAW MATERIALS
FROM THE EASTERN PART OF POLISH CARPATHIANS.
SOURCES, USE IN PREHISTORIC TIMES
AND RE-INTERPRETATION OF STONE RAW MATERIAL TOOLS.
AN OUTLINE
Andrzej Pelisiak
Keywords: Prehistory, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Polish Carpathians,

lithic raw materials.
This presentation refers to the lithic raw material exploitations in the

eastern part of Polish Carpathians. The surface surveys and LIDAR analysis
carried out in 2013-2017 on this area resulted in discovery of new resources of
various lithic raw material used and that may have been used in the prehistory:
siliceous sandstones, quartzite, siliceous marls, menilite hornstones, flysch
radiolarite, Bircza-like flints, light-brown tabular hornstone. As suggested from
artefacts found on the sites in Poland and Slovakia in various chronological
contexts, these lithics were exploited both for local and much wider use.
Identification of raw material itself as well as the outcrops of siliceous rocks is of
crucial issue in the study on various relations between prehistoric communities.
Neolithic and Early Bronze Age communities which settled eastern
Carpathians Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used variety of local and non-
local siliceous raw materials. Silicites identified in archaeological material differ
in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from Cracov-
Częstochowa Upland, chocolate flint, and Świeciechów and Volhynian flints are
the best quality. They were commonly used from the Early Neolithic onwards.
On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in used. Among them so-
called Dynów marl or siliceous marls were suggested as the most popular. To
correct the raw material affiliation of these artefacts HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
was used for testing both raw material samples and the artefacts of so-called
Dynów or siliceous marls. The results of the analysis shows that so-called Dynów
or siliceous marl consists of several different raw material varieties. More than
50% of analyzed tools was of yellowish or grey-yellowish hornstones (cherts).
Both siliceous marls and the chert came probably from different sources and
each one has different chemical composition and physical properties.
36
THE MEDITERRANEAN „JADE”.
THE SOUTHERN ITALY EXTRACTION QUARRIES
AND AREAS OF SUPPLY OF GREEN STONES
DURING THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD
Keywords: southern Italy, jadeitites, nephritis, sources of supply,

quarries.
Through important studies and projects – see JADE – in the last 15

years it has been possible to analyse the great exchange circuit that involved
the alpine noble green stones active during the Neolithic period. In recent
years it has been understood that also in Greece there were important
sources of jadeitite exploited for the production of polished stone axes which
had circulation especially in the Balkan area.
Through this piece of research it has been highlighted how in southern
Italy, there was also an enormous exploitation of local lithologies in addition
to an important production activity of polished stone axes. Among the latter,
we analysed the presence of very pure and fine grained nephritis whose
sources of supply, exploited during the Neolithic period for the extraction of
raw materials, are found both in Basilicata and in Calabria (fig. 1). The axes
obtained from these lithologies have had a rather wide circulation that
oscillates between the territories of central Italy and Malta.
The nephritis and the few jadeitites of southern Italy present
themselves as rocks with a very fine-grained texture (fig. 2/1, 2), chosen
during the Neolithic period for the production of blades which were then
hoarded or in graves close to places of worship or in contexts as in the case of
Hypogeum of Ħal Saflieni in Malta.
With this note, the unpublished sources of primary extraction and the
secondary supply points of the noble green stones of southern Italy shall be
presented for the first time.
37
Fig. 1. Jadeitite and nephrite southern Italy extraction quarries.
1 2
Fig. 2. Thin section ax sample MN 369:

1 – plane-polarized light; 2 – cross-polarized light
(photo: R. Compagnoni).
38
DISTANT RAW MATERIALS
IN THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC ASSEMBLAGES
FROM MIDDLE BISTRIȚA VALLEY (CEAHLĂU BASIN):
A PETROARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Alexandru Ciornei,
Roxana Dobrescu
Keywords: distant raw materials, Middle Bistrița Valley, Ceahlău

Basin, Upper Palaeolithic, petroarchaeology.
Since their excavation in the mid 50’s, their first publication in 1966
and until recent publications, the Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from
Middle Bistrița Valley (Ceahlău Basin) were more or less studied in a chrono-
typological manner. No effort was spent in assessing the coherence and the
validity of the superimposed cultural layers in any of these sites, very rich in
both lithic artefacts and hearth features. This study combines the
petrographic analysis of some of the supposed distant raw materials with a
technological analysis and their spatial distribution within the sites.
The presence of the Lower Danube cherts, the Sita Buzăului chert, and
the Prut and Dniester flints, was confirmed through the microfacies analysis
for most of the Upper Paleolithic sites from Ceahlău Basin (Bistricioara-
Lutărie II, Ceahlău-Podiș, Ceahlău-Dârțu, Ceahlău-Cetățica I, Ceahlău-
Cetățica II). The procurement patterns are slightly different for each of these
raw materials: the Lower Danube cherts (both the „Balkan flint” and the
Kriva Reka type of Ludogorie chert) were introduced mostly as blanks or
finished tools (though there is some indirect evidence of core reduction); the
Sita Buzăului chert (from Întorsura Buzăului area on the Upper Buzău
Valley) was introduced mostly as preformed cores with direct evidence of
core reduction, tool manufacture and discard; the Prut and Dniester flints
were introduced as tested nodules and display the whole operational chain
from decortication to tool manufacture and discard. As a case study, a spatial
analysis was performed only for the Bistricioara-Lutărie II site. All artefacts
on these raw materials were plotted on the excavation drawings for each
level according to their depth and location coordinates (section and square
number). The distribution of these raw materials within the different layers
39
suggests some spatial and temporal repartition indicating the use of these
different raw materials in different activity areas and / or different moments.
Refitting of items from different levels and the presence of the same raw
materials (i.e., from the same block) within multiple layers suggest that there
is some postdepositional disturbance.
40
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE LITHIC MATERIALS
FROM POIANA CIREȘULUI – PIATRA-NEAMȚ PALAEOLITHIC SITE:
DIFFERENT BEHAVIOUR WITHIN THE GRAVETTIAN
Elena-Cristina Nițu,
Marin Cârciumaru,
Ovidiu Cîrstina,
Florin-Ionuț Lupu,
Marian Leu,
Adrian Nicolae
Keywords: Upper Palaeolithic, Gravettian, lithic material,

technology, tools, Poiana Cireșului – Piatra-Neamț site, Romania.
One of the richest areas of Palaeolithic findings in Romania is the

Bistrița Valley, which stands out through a remarkable density of sites
(approximately 20 settlements), located on the eastern mountain rim of the
Carpathians, in an environment that is completely different from the great
concentrations of Palaeolithic sites in Eastern Europe.
Of all Palaeolithic settlements, Poiana Cireșului is the best
researched site on the Bistrița Valley and remains a landmark of the
cultural succession in this region. To date, four archaeological layers have
been researched: one Epigravettian layer, and three Gravettian layers,
numbered Gravettian I, II and III, separated by thick sterile levels.
Chronologically, the habitations overlap almost the entire Gravettian
development period, thus covering a wide time frame before and during the
Last Glacial Maximum. The Gravettian layer I is the richest habitation in
the settlement and in the entire valley of the Bistrița River. The 20 absolute
dates place the habitation between 19,320 ± 80 uncalib. BP (OxA-36785)
(23,538-22,992 cal. BP) and 20,154 ± 97 uncalib. BP (ER-12.163) (24,096
cal. BP). The lithic material is extremely numerous (more than 15,000
items) and has a number of distinct characteristics in relation to the other
habitations on the Bistrița Valley. The second Gravettian layer is defined by
short occupational sequences and has 7 absolute datings, the average being
around 24,500 uncalib. BP (28-29 ka cal. BP).
41
The lithic material is carved out mainly of flint of good quality, as well
as of siliceous sandstone and other rocks in insignificant proportions. Tools
are made mainly of flint and are categorised as: diverse points, backed
bladelets, microgravettes, endscrapers, retouched blades and bladelets. The
Gravettian layer III represents the oldest Palaeolithic habitation on the
Bistrița Valley. Stratigraphically, the existence of two occupational sequences
has been noted, but they could not be traced over the entire surface. There
are 12 AMS dates for this level, with ages between 25,390 ± 140 (OxA-36790)
and 27,321 ± 234 (ER-11,859), but the majority of them provided ages
around 26,000 uncal. BP (30-31 ka cal BP). The toolkit is characterised
technologically by the selective use of local raw material (mainly good quality
flint and siliceous sandstone), and most of the tools are retouched blades and
bladelets, mainly backed tools. Our study will include a synthesis of the lithic
materials general characteristics for each Gravettian layer investigated so far
at Poiana Cireșului. The preliminary analysis showed various behavior types
of human communities, which reflects the cultural variability on this site,
and, in a wider sense, within the Gravettian.
Acknowledgements
This work was performed under the project PALEOTECH –
Technical and symbolic behavior of the Paleolithic communities
from East of the Carpathians (Romania) before and during the
Last Glacial Maximum (ID – PN III-P3-ID-PCE-2016-0614), funded
by the Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Research and Innovation,
Romania, through UEFISCDI (Executive Agency for Higher Education,
Research, Development and Innovation Funding), in the framework of
PNCDI III, program 4, Fundamental and Frontier Research.
The excavations campaigns at Poiana Cireșului were, also, supported
by the Romanian Ministry of Culture, through the National Program of
Systematic Archaeological Research from Romania.
42
Fig. 1. The Palaeolithic site of „Poiana Cireșului” – Piatra-Neamț:
1 – site location; 2 – lithic materials from Gravettian layer I;
3 – lithic materials from Gravettian layer III.
43
MOHELNO – LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM SITE IN MORAVIA
Tereza Rychtaříková,
Petr Škrdla,
Jaroslav Bartík,
Yuri Demidenko,
Ladislav Nejman
Keywords: Mohelno site, Paleolithic, Last Glacial Maximum.
The site of Mohelno, located close to the Jihlava River in the

Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, had been repeatedly occupied during the
Last Glacial Maximum and the Late Glacial periods. The Last Glacial
Maximum phase of occupation is characterized by two paved structures
interpreted as hut floors. Recently, the spatial distribution of finds and raw
material networks were analyzed in detail. Typologically and technologically
similar industries are known from North Black Sea Region.
44
THE MIDDLE AND LATE UPPER PALEOLITHIC
IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS
György Lengyel,
Jarosław Wilczyński
Keywords: Western Carpathians, Middle Upper Paleolithic, Late

Upper Paleolithic.
The Middle and Late Upper Palaeolithic consist of six archaeological

cultures in the Western Carpathians: Early Gravettian, Pavlovian, Late
Gravettian / Willendorf-Kostenkian, Ságvárian / Kašovian, Epigravettian and
Magdalenian, between 29 and 12 ka BP. This period is roughly coeval with
Upper Pleniglacial. Out of the six cultures, the remains of the Late Gravettian /
Willendorf-Kostenkian (pre-Last Glacial Maximum), Ságvárian / Kašovian
(Last Glacial Maximum) and Epigravettian (post-Last Glacial Maximum) can
be found most often in the archaeological record.
In order to understand the cultural variability, several sites from the
Upper Pleniglacial Western Carpathians were chosen to study. This
distribution of tool types shows that armature typology can be a powerful
tool in classifying Upper Pleniglacial lithic assemblages of the Western
Carpathians. Our typological results are also supported with new
radiocarbon measurements.
We propose to apply: 1) the term Late Gravettian for lithic
assemblages from the pre-Last Glacial Maximum period that directly
followed the Pavlovian; 2) the term Early Epigravettian for the Last Glacial
Maximum period; and 3) the term Late Epigravettian for assemblages dated
to the post-Last Glacial Maximum.
Our study found typological similarity between the Late Epigravettian
and chronologically later Late Glacial arch backed point technocomplex (e.g.
Ahrensburgian), which eventually finds the origin of some of these Late
Glacial cultures in the Late Epigravettian of the Western Carpathians.
45
Acknowledgements
György Lengyel was supported by the National Science Centre,
Poland, agreement No. UMO-2016/23/P/HS3/04034.
Jarosław Wilczyński was supported by the National Science Centre,
Poland, agreement No. UMO-2015/18/E/HS3/00178.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie
Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 665778.
46
ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATION
ON NEOLITHIC SILICEOUS TOOLS
FROM LIMBA – OARDA DE JOS (ALBA COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Mar Rey-Solé,
Corina Ionescu,
Marius-Mihai Ciutӑ,
Marieta Mureșan-Pop,
Viorica Simon
Keywords: Neolithic, Vinča culture, lithic tools, optical microscopy,

FTIR.
Limba – Oarda de Jos (Alba County, Transylvania, Romania), dated

between 5405-5310 cal BC, is regarded as a key-site in understanding the
complexity of the Neolithic processes from this part of the Intra-Carpathian
area. The huge collection of archaeological artefacts that resulted during
more than twenty years of research is actually stored at the „Ion Raica”
Municipal Museum of Sebeș.
The present archaeometric study regards a set of lithic industry set
dated in early Vinča culture period (Vinča A and Vinča B1). It consists of a
total of 322 pieces (siliceous tools and débitage) (fig. 1/A-D), from which 20
pieces have been analysed by polarized light optical microscopy and 10
pieces by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to
identify compositional characteristics which would allow inferring the
provenance of the raw material.
Several petrographic types have been discriminated, including: a)
radiolarites, b) cherts i.e. micro-quartzites, c) fossiliferous chert and d)
siliceous limestones (fig. 2/A-D). All samples analysed show FTIR bands at
462, 781-797 and 1086 cm-1 which can be assigned to Si-O vibrations in
quartz (fig. 3). The samples made of fossiliferous chert and siliceous
limestones have an additional wide band at 1425 cm-1, due to the presence of
carbonates. All samples show a broad band centered at 3500 cm-1 which is
determined most likely by the hydroxyl group.
47
These results support the classification of the lithic tools according to
the mineralogical and petrographic composition and may be further used for
tracing the sources of the rocks.
This investigation is part of a larger outgoing project focussed on the
provenance of lithic raw materials. The study of the lithic industries at
Palaeolithic and Neolithic settlements in Transylvania (Romania) will help to
understand better the reasons for certain social and economic environment
of the prehistoric communities.
Acknowledgements
This contribution is possible thanks to the UEFISCDI project PN-III-
P1-1.1-PD-2016-0859 granted to Mar Rey-Solé by the Romanian Ministry
of Research and Innovation.
Corina Ionescu acknowledges support of the Russian Government
Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
48
Fig. 1. Macroscopical images (dorsal and ventral) of some of the studied lithics
from Limba - Oarda de Jos: A – flake, sample 4472;
B – fragment, sample 4576 (15); C – flake, sample 4446; D – blade, sample 4469.
Fig. 2. Polarized light optical microphotos: A – radiolarite, sample 4472;

B – chert; C – fossiliferous chert; D – siliceous limestone.
All images with polars, except A (one polar).
49
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of main lithic groups.
50
PREHISTORIC OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS
FROM ROMANIAN TERRITORY:
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS.
A SURVEY
Keywords: Prehistory, Romania, obsidian, geological provenance,

PIXE, PGAA.
The problem of geological sources for obsidian items found on

Romanian territory is very interesting because in our country there are no
obsidian deposits (the supposed deposit from Oaș-Gutâi Mountains is in
reality a perlite one). To distinguish between geological sources
compositional analyses are the most suitable procedure. 20 years ago we
started a program on various obsidian artifacts from Transylvania, Crișana
and Banat using PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) and XRF (X-Ray
Fluorescence) methods based on the ratios between Zirconium, Yttrium,
Strontium, Rubidium, Manganese and Titanium content. All the analyzed
items are from Tokay Mountains – Slovakia sources, mainly Vinicki. In the
last few years, in co-operation with our colleagues from Budapest Neutron
Centre we started a study using PGAA (Prompt Gamma rays Activation
Analysis) method based on neutron irradiation. These last results, despite
the fact that majority of artifacts have a Tokay Mountains – Slovakia origin,
also identified the use of obsidian from Tokay Mountains – Hungary sources
for some items found in Teleorman-Măgura and Porțile de Fier area.
A survey of these results will be presented using the manuscript
Provenance study on Prehistoric obsidian objects found in Romania
(Eastern Carpathian Basin and its neighbouring regions) using Prompt
Gamma Activation Analysis, authors: Katalin T. Biró, István Nagy-
Korodi, Sándor József Sztáncsuj, Attila Hágó, Veronika Szilágyi,
Boglárka Maróti, Bogdan Constantinescu, Sándor Berecki, Pavel
Mirea, recently sent to Quaternary International.
51
1 2
Fig. 1. Obsidian artefacts from Tokay Mountains:

1 – Slovakia; 2 – Hungary.
(1, 2 – photo: B. Constantinescu).
52
OBSIDIAN IN THE COPPER AGE
OF SOUTH-EASTERN TRANSYLVANIA –
DISTRIBUTION, TYPOLOGY, RAW MATERIAL SOURCES
Sándor József Sztáncsuj,

Katalin T. Biró,
Ildikó Harsányi,
Zsolt Kasztovszky,
Veronika Szilágyi
Keywords: Copper Age, Ariușd Group, obsidian.
Over the last few years, the authors of this presentation have been
involved in the research of the chipped lithic implements of the Ariușd
Group in South-Eastern Transylvania, with the help of other Romanian and
Hungarian colleagues. Among them a special attention was paid to the study
of the various obsidian objects. Unlike other long-distance lithic materials
(e.g. Prut- and Volhynian flint), obsidian is relatively sparse in the Copper
Age settlements of this area. During the systematic archaeological research
(e.g. the Malnaș Băi settlement) and extended field surveys of recent years,
as well as the re-evaluation of the materials of older excavations, however,
more and more such objects became known. According to our current
knowledge, about 13 archaeological sites have yielded obsidian artefacts so
far from the distriburion area of the Ariușd Group.
The research of the obsidian objects included both traditional
(macroscopic analysis, typological classification) and modern non-destructive
analytical procedures. The most important result of the macroscopic analysis
is that these objects, in comparison with objects made from other raw
materials, represent a relatively small variation in typological sense. Formal
features and the context of their discovery are both evidence for the local
processing of the artefacts and the rarity and outstanding value of the raw
material. Archaeometrical investigations carried out over the last few years can
now clearly outline the origin of the raw material of the objects. So far we have
made geochemical studies on a number of 26 obsidian artefacts, using the
method of Promt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) at the Budapest
Neutron Centre. Based on the comparison of compositional data obtained with
53
a comprehensive PGAA database of Carpathian-Mediterranean obsidian,
measured at the Budapest PGAA laboratory, it is proved that the objects from
South-Eastern Transylvania were made exclusively from „Carpathian 1”
(Cejkov, Kasov, Vinicky) type obsidian.
Our presentation will provide a brief insight into the details of these
researches, including their most important achievements and future tasks
and opportunities as well.
54
PROCESSING ATELIERS AND REDISTRIBUTION
OF THE ARTEFACTS IN THE CHIPPED INDUSTRY
OF SOUTHERN ITALY.
CIRCULATION OF RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS
IN FLINT, OBSIDIAN AND HYALINE QUARTZ
WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
Keywords: flint, obsidian, hyaline quartz, use-wears, residues

analysis, Neolithic trades, economic value.
During the very early stages of the Early Neolithic, the production and
circulation of flint, obsidian and hyaline quartz artefacts had a strong increase,
investing the whole the Mediterranean Basin thanks to the exploitation of
precise sources of extraction of raw material. The supply areas involved were
the Gargano in Puglia, the Irpinia area, the Sorrento Peninsula and the
Apennines in Campania and the Iblei Mountains in Sicily for flint; Lipari in
Sicily, Monte Arci in Sardinia and Palmarola in Lazio for the obsidian; some
territories in Campania and Basilicata for the hyaline quartz produced a very
massive production of many artefacts. The latter were used both as tools for
everyday use, both as valuable goods and as products suitable for exchange
because they had an intrinsic „economic value”.
The diffusion of these artefacts happened all over the Mediterranean,
creating inter-artefactual networks of different intensities. The Gargano flint,
for example, had a very wide diffusion in almost all the Mediterranean, the
one of the Iblei Mountains had an impact especially in the eastern area of
Sicily and Malta. While until a few years ago it was thought that in the
circulation of obsidian Lipari had the main role, today with this research it
has been analysed that the true centre of redistribution of this raw material
was the area of Monte Arci in Sardinia.
This approach obtained through the current study of raw materials,
quarries and above all thanks to the analysis of use-wears (fig. 1, 2) and
residues on finished products has allowed to analyse how during the
Neolithic period there were forms of differentiated management of raw
materials based on the type of weaving, on the availability of raw materials
55
and above all on the identity and cultural background of prehistoric
populations. The subsequent transformation of the products during the
operating chain offers a point of reflection for the different exploitation
strategies, since the use-wears (fig. 1, 2) and residues analyses have allowed
us to propose a precise model for the management, production and
differentiated circulation of these raw materials.
56
Fig. 1. Use-Wears on flint artefacts, Paestum - Spinazzola excavation.
Fig. 2. Use-Wears on obsidian artefacts, Paestum - Spinazzola excavation.
57
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LITHIC ARTEFACTS
OF THE LATER NEOLITHIC SITE OF ALTHEIM (BAVARIA)
Andrzej Pelisiak,
Thomas Saile
Keywords: Neolithic, Altheim, lithic artefacts.
In 2012, fieldwork recommenced at the Altheim earthwork

(Altheim I), discovered more than a century ago. The investigation in its
immediate environs revealed a second ditched enclosure from the
Altheim period, southeast of the previously known structure (Altheim II).
The two enclosures are spatially related to one another. Radiocarbon
datings, carried out on samples of domestic animal bone, allow both
enclosures to be dated to the 37th / 36th century BC. Certain earlier
observations, namely the high proportion of arrowheads among the
flaked stone tools of Altheim I and the very low proportion of bones from
wild animals, were confirmed by the new excavation. The new
investigation sheds further doubt on the interpretation of the enclosures
as fortifications. The large amount of arrowheads in the inventory of
Altheim I has been frequently interpreted as an indication for the
outbreak of organized group violence but could also be understood as an
evidence for the local repair of damaged arrows.
The flint tool assemblage from Altheim I (557 flint finds in total) is
characterised by the presence of numerous arrowheads; these have enjoyed
particular attention ever since they were found. Many of the arrowheads
were made from tabular chert. They frequently show indications of damage;
some have been repaired by retouch; others show traces of burning or
remains of hafting material.
Taking into account the length of ditch opened up, during the
excavations of 2013 and 2014 significantly more flint was recovered than in
the earlier excavations. Striking is the high proportion of modified artefacts
in the assemblages from the old excavations; thus, it is probably that not all
production waste was retained.
58
The high percentage of arrowheads among the flaked stone artefacts
can still be regarded as significant. These constitute 58% of the material
from 1914 and as much as 52% of the material recovered in 2013 / 2014.
Evidently, there was in 1914 no selection in favour of this class of tool. The
proportion of the arrowheads at the site is approximately four times
greater than at comparable sites. This, too, indicates that the Altheim I site
has a special character in the frame of the Late Neolithic sites in the zone
north of the Alps.
59
BIFACIAL LITHIC POINTS FROM THE GUMELNIȚA LAYERS
OF HÎRȘOVA AND BORDUȘANI TELL-TYPE SETTLEMENTS
Dragomir-Nicolae Popovici
Loredana Niță
Keywords: Eneolithic, Gumelnița culture, bifacial points,

technology, hafting.
The Gumelnița layers within the Eneolithic stratigraphical sequences

from Hîrșova and Bordușani tell-type settlements provided rich lithic
collections of both knapped and ground stone implements.
The bifacial points category includes several items of different size and
morphology. The triangular-shaped points have straight, convex, or slightly
concave base; the ventral and dorsal sides are modified through flat,
extended retouches, while the lateral edges are sometimes trimmed by steep,
continous retouches. When fragmented, the points exhibit bending median
fractures, snap lateral fractures, afecting one edge of the base, or, in one
case, thermic fractures.
Their context of discovery, varying from household to refuse areas,
will be discussed, as well as potential analogies with bifacial lithic points
discovered in Gumelnița layers from other excavated Eneolithic sequences.
60
FLINT AXES: A STUDY IN TECHNOLOGY
FROM KAMENOVO CHALCOLITHIC WORKSHOP
(NORTH-EASTERN BULGARIA)
Ivan Gatsov,
Petranka Nedelcheva
Keywords: Chalcolithic, workshop, high quality flint, flint axes,

blade cores.
During the Chalcolithic period, the lithic industry in the area of the
Lower Danube was connected with acquiring of high quality flint from sources
located in the present day North-Eastern Bulgarian lands. The lithic artefacts
were produced by craftsmen in distinct workshops near the flint outcrops. This
presentation discuss the production and exchange of high-quality flint axes
found in the prehistoric site of Kamenovo (Razgrad District).
The lithic assemblages up to now consist more than 20000 artefacts:
mostly cortical and non-diagnostic flakes, waste and in a relatively small
quantity, blade cores, core fragments, blades and retouched tools. All
activities connected with core preparation and reductions were aimed at the
production of long blades, which relay on pressure and punch techniques
applying. The unretouched blades were exchanged among the local
communities the region such as the Chalcolithic settlement – Pietrele
(Giurgiu County, Romania). Within the Pietrele lithic assemblages a number
of axes have been recorded. Moreover, among the Pietrele flint artefacts
flakes from axe reshaping have been found as well. Those items are very
similar as raw material and technology to the ones found in the Kamenovo
workshop. In both sites, the flint axes and pecking stones (hammer stone)
were made on a blade cores in a final stage of reduction. Unlike Kamenovo,
in Pietrele in general are missing cores and core preparation products.
61
Fig. 1. Flint axes from Kamenovo workshop.
62
THE VARIABILITY OF THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES
DURING THE CHALCOLITHIC FROM THE MOLDAVIAN PLAIN
Keywords: Chalcolithic, Moldavian Plain, chipped stone technology,

lithic typology, evolution.
In the second half of the 5th and in the 4th millennia BC the
Moldavian Plain (nowadays Eastern Romania and Republic of Moldova) was
inhabited by the Chalcolithic communities denominated as Cucuteni-
Tripolye. Their chipped stone assemblages transformed and diversified in
time and this presentation is intended to assess the changes that occurred in
the organization of the lithic technology and also to ascertain the variety of
the types of retouched items.
In the early stages of their cultural evolution, the Chalcolithic
Cucuteni-Tripolye communities were mainly oriented in obtaining two main
categories of chipped products. On the one hand were the blades of small
sizes, narrow, thin, with regular and parallel edges, and on the other hand
the rounded medium-thick flakes that were used on large scale as supports
for endscrapers and scrapers. In time, the blade debitage diversified both in
terms of the metric characteristics of the artefacts and in terms of degree of
blade production. The degree of laminarity of the assemblages was gradually
increasing and medium-sized and long blades became more common. The
generalised production of flakes as supports for endscrapers decreased in
time, as the blades are replacing the flakes as supports for endscrapers.
A strong feature of the Cucuteni-Tripolye lithic assemblage is the
dominance of the endscrapers in the retouched toolkit. Other retouched
products that are part of the lithic collections are the retouched blades, the
retouched flakes and borers. While trapezes are characteristic for the early
stage of evolution of these Chalcolithic communities, they are discarded in
the middle stage in favour of the bifacial arrowheads.
63
FOUNDATION RITE OF A HEARTH
DISCOVERED IN A DWELLING
UNEARTHED IN THE CUCUTENI B SETTLEMENT
OF TÂRGU NEAMȚ – DEALUL POMETEA
(NEAMȚ COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Constantin Preoteasa,
Elena-Cristina Nițu,
Adrian Bălășescu
Keywords: Chalcolithic, Cucuteni culture, Moldavian Subcarpathians,

Neamț (Ozana-Topolița) Depression, Târgu Neamț, Romania, settlement,
dwelling, hearth, foundation rite, lithic artefacts, bones.
During the 2017 rescue excavation in the Cucuteni B settlement (ca.

3800-3500 BC) of Târgu Neamț – Dealul Pometea, located in the Neamț
(Ozana-Topolița) Depression, of the Moldavian Subcarpathians, the
remains of a burned dwelling (D. 2) were partially found, where a hearth
(H. 1) with three levels of usage and an interesting foundation rite was
unearthed (fig. 1, 2).
The ritual deposition was made up of lithic material and bones, mainly
fragmented, being in poor conservation condition because of the intensity of
combustion, which took place both during the period of use of the hearth, as
well as during the fire that destroyed the dwelling (fig. 1, 2).
The lithic material presents a very high degree of fragmentation due to
the combustion, and the tools fragments conjoining was a difficult process.
However, a large number of fragments were conjoined. The lithic industry is
represented by endscrapers, some of them being double tools, having
medium and large size, and one arrow point with convex base. The material
also, includes very small fragments, millimeter-sized, which could not be
conjoined, and micro-flakes resulting from the surfaces explosion of raw
material as a result of very high temperature (cupules thermiques). The
study will include techno-typological analysis of the tools, as well as
observations of fractures resulting from combustion.
64
The faunal remains is only 26 items. Of these, 10 pieces are from
ovicaprinae (Ovis aries / Capra hircus), one of swine (Sus sp.), and the
remaining 15 pieces of extremely reduced dimensions (most of them less
than 5 mm) are indeterminable. Ovicaprinae pieces are represented by 9
astragalus (which seven of them are on the right side and two of them are on
the left side) and an ulna fragment. Swine piece is represented by a fragment
of canine male, and because of the large fragmentation we can not specify
more precisely the status of domestic or wild animal.
Acknowledgements
Archaeozoological study of Adrian Bălășescu was conducted under a
grant funded by the Ministry of Research and Innovation, Romania, CCDI –
UEFISCDI, project PN‐IIIP4‐ID‐PCE‐2016‐0676.
65
Fig. 1. Târgu Neamț – „Dealul Pometea” (Cucuteni B – ca. 3800-3500 BC).
General view over the dwelling (D. 2)
(photo: C. Preoteasa).
Fig. 2. Târgu Neamț – „Dealul Pometea” (Cucuteni B – ca. 3800-3500 BC).

Detail over the foundation rite of the hearth (H. 1).
(photo: C. Preoteasa).
66
COMMON AND SPECIALIZED LITHIC TOOLS
IN THE CUCUTENI SITE OF COSTEŞTI - CIER
(IAŞI COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Dumitru Boghian,
Sergiu-Constantin Enea,
Sorin Ignătescu
Keywords: Eneolithic, Cucuteni culture, Costești site, lithic tools.
The multilayered site from Costeşti - Cier / Lângă Şcoală offered,

besides the rich and interesting archaeological complexes related to the
pottery manufacturing, numerous outstanding ceramic vessels, many
anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, and a rich collection of chipped,
polished and perforated lithic artifacts, included in the categories of
Cucuteni A2-A3 and B1 stone tools (and weapons), known for these
Eneolithic communities.
In this paper, the authors present the sets of chipped and polished tools
discovered in the 2012-2018 archaeological campaigns. Thus, among the
artifacts made from Prut-Dniester, Podolian and Volhynian flints, quartzite
and quartzite sandstone, we remark: the retouched and unretouched blades, of
medium size, some proving to have been chopping through pressure, scrapers
on medium-sized blades and flakes, drills / awls, arrowheads, burins, a few
artifacts with retouching truncation (trapezes), a chisel.
The polished and perforated lithic artifacts, made of bituminous
marls, sandstones and argillites, can be classified in cutting tools (axes,
adzes, hoes, chisels) and tools used for abrasion, processing / exploiting
other raw materials or impact (striking stones / grinding stones, polishing
stones, grinders etc.). Some of these tools, although they have many of the
typological features of common artifacts, have been used in specialized
operations, of the pottery production, the predominant occupation of many
inhabitants of the site (extraction of clay and preparation of the clayey paste,
crushing of ceramic inclusions / „chamotte” and mineral pigments, shaping
and finishing of the pottery, cutting of wood for fuel).
67
RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
OF THE LITHIC CHIPPED TOOLS
FROM THE SITE FETEȘTI - LA SCHIT
(SUCEAVA COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Dumitru Boghian,
Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,
Liviu-Gheorghe Popescu,
Sorin Ignătescu
Keywords: Eneolithic, Cucuteni culture, Horodiștea-Erbiceni

culture, Fetești site, raw materials, manufacturing techniques, lithic
chipped tools.
The archaeological researches carried out in the multi-layered site of

Feteşti-La Schit (Suceava County) brought to light a great collection of lithic
chipped tools belonging to the Cucuteni A3, Cucuteni B1, Cucuteni B2 and
Horodiştea-Erbiceni II communities. Some of these artefacts have been
analysed from a typological, petrological and traceological point of view.
In the present paper, the authors present the determinations results
made on several types of Prut flint cores (fig. 1-4), originating from the
eneolithic levels of the site, used for the production of chipped tools, in term
of definition of the raw materials used, their sources and their physical-
mechanical properties, closely related to the chopping and retouching
techniques identified on the finished products. Also, some considerations are
made regarding the chopping techniques of prefabricated / blanks (blades
and flakes) used by the locals cucutenians craftsmen in the site.
68
Fig. 1. White chalcedony in the grey opal mass
(FET SCH SV 013 sample; Mark – 0.5 mm).
Fig. 2. Unified chalcedony globules (globigerinae ? / micro-gastropod ?)

(FET SCH SV 013 sample; Mark – 0.5 mm).
69
Fig. 3. External silicolite surface
(sample FET SCH 2002 – passim; Mark – 0.5 mm).
Fig. 4. White chalcedony spherules in the grey opal mass

(sample FET SCH 2002 – passim; Mark – 0.5 mm).
70
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE RAW MATERIALS
AND THE POLISHED / PERFORATED LITHIC TOOLS PRODUCTION
IN THE SITE FETEȘTI - LA SCHIT
(SUCEAVA COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Dumitru Boghian,
Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,
Liviu-Gheorghe Popescu,
Sorin Ignătescu
Keywords: Eneolithic, Cucuteni culture, Horodiștea-Erbiceni

culture, Fetești site, raw materials, polished / perforated lithic tools.
The multi-layered site of Feteşti-La Schit (Suceava County) is known

because of the Cucuteni A3, Cucuteni B1, Cucuteni B2 and Horodiştea-
Erbiceni II eneolithic levels, from which many polished and perforated lithic
tools were recovered, some of which were also investigated typologically,
petrologically and traceologically. In the present paper, the authors present a
series of petrological determinations on some of the rocks from which the
polished tools were made, in order to define the raw materials used, their
sources and their physico-mechanical properties.
The analyzed lot is part of the typological, petrological and functional
series of polished and perforated lithic artefacts already known for the
Ariușd-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex, denoting the preservation of
certain traditions in the supply of raw materials, technological, traceological
analysis highlighting some peculiarities in terms of stones sources of raw
materials, especially argillite and bituminous marl), the techniques of
making and remaking of some artefacts, as well as the technological gestures
made in this craft.
71
Fig. 1. Artefacts petrologically analised
(photo: S. Ignătescu; graphic: D. Boghian).
72
Fig. 2. Fine striations on the FET 111 sample surface, made of argillite;
Mark – 0.5 mm.
Fig. 3. Powdered accumulations of limonite on the FET 111 sample surface;

Mark – 0.5 mm.
73
Fig. 4. Inechigranular carbonate nodules and mafic minerals
visible on the FET 05 sample polished surface, made of bituminous marl;
Mark – 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5. Processing striations on the FET 05 sample surface;

Mark – 0.5 mm.
74
CHISELS OF POLISHED STONE
IN THE NEOLITHIC OF NORTH-WEST ROMANIA
Mihai Dunca
Keywords: Neolithic, polished stone, chisels, sawing, pecking,

correspondence analysis, Porț-„Corău”, Pericei-„Keller tag”.
The article is focusing on one category of polished stone tools that has
been given lower attention in studies concerning this economic activity. The
region, but especially the sites of Porț-Corău and Pericei-Keller tag
(specialized in polished stone industry) show the predominance of the
chiesels among the other polished tools. The late neolithic sites of Porț-
Corău, Pericei-Keller tag, Bocșa-Pietriș, Tășad-Cetățuia were analyzed
togeder with the early neolithic site of Zăuan-Dâmbul Cimitirului.
Techniques adapted for processing chisels were identified on cores
with traces of processing-sawing along a polished strip. Pecking is used in
alternation with polishing but with different occurrence, depending on the
shape that had to be obtain. The seriation of the sites based on chiesel
typology and stage of processing reveals the importance of local aspects, but
also a general evolution in the area. Sites contemporary to Suplac II phase at
Porț have more in common with Suplac III phase, correspondence given by
the trapezoidal and oval types, while the rectangular type more frequent at
Tășad sets a correspondence of that site with Suplac I phase. The
predominace of chisels must be conected with the need for a fine processing
of the wood and maybe other tasks as well. Craftsmen specialized on chisels
manufacture existed as the general spread of the ground stone tools from
Porț indicates.
75
Fig. 1. Typological scheme of the chisels
in conjunction with chronological phases.
76
NEOLITHIC POLISHED STONE AXES:
CULTURES AND EXCHANGE SYSTEMS
IN COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ITALY,
SICILY, SARDINIA, MALTA AND THE BALKAN PENINSULA
Keywords: Neolithic polished stone axes, prestige large blades,

miniaturized / miniatures axes, hoarded axes, social networks.
The production, circulation and use of polished stone axes in Southern

Italy, Malta and throughout the Mediterranean Basin is rather complex and
follows totally different dynamics compared to those documented for
northern Italy and the rest of Europe.
The results obtained to present date have made it possible to fill a large
gap in southern Italy, showing that in the south the production of polished
stone axes began already around 6100 BC and how the arrival of the jadeitites
from northern Italy is very precocious and dates back to around 5700 BC as
demonstrated by the ax coming from the settlement of Torre Canne in Puglia.
In the Mediterranean it is immediately perceptible this dichotomy that
occurs between the miniaturized / miniatures axes and the large blades of
prestige (fig. 1): the first obtained in noble rocks of northern Italy, used for
cultural purposes and placed either inside the caves or in tombs, while the
latter, which often exceed 40 cm in length, were produced with the good
lithologies of southern Italy and used as indicators of a certain status within
the reference group (fig. 1, 2). Depending on the intended use a clear
distinction was made between these types: the miniaturistic axes refer to the
sphere of worship, while the large ones refer to the idea of status and
command. The former have a care for detail that is less evident in the latter.
The axes produced with the noble green stones of southern Italy, on
the other hand, were used as storage and hoarded goods into large pits due
to the intrinsic value of the raw material (fig. 2, 3).
With this note we will perceive how in southern Italy, in Sicily, in
Sardinia, in Malta and in the Balkan Peninsula the production and use of
polished stone axes follows different models that reflect fundamental
identity choices of the groups of belonging which, through these goods,
conveyed, precise symbolic codes.
77
In this way social networks developped on the basis of the material
culture. In the specific case of polished stone axes these networks became
social-technical-cultural systems, where, when the human being was no
longer actively transmitting the semiotic code, this role was transferred to
the artifact that encompassed a series of explicit cultural and symbolic
norms for those who came across.
The Neolithic polite axes became cultural signifiers that generated
social interactions.
78
Fig. 1. Ceglie Messapica Hoard:
1-5 – large blades of prestige; 6 – miniaturized ax.
79
Fig. 2. Ceglie Messapica Hoard:
1-6 – large blades of prestige in nephrite of Basilicata.
80
Fig. 3. Monteparano Hoard: 1-2 – polished stone axes in nephrite of Basilicata;
3 – obsidian core; 4 – Gargano flint blades.
81
TOOLS, WEAPONS, OR SYMBOLS ?
BRONZE AGE STONE ARTEFACTS IN THE COLLECTIONS
OF NEAMŢ COUNTY MUSEUM COMPLEX
Alexandru Gafincu,
Vasile Diaconu
Keywords: Bronze Age, Neamț County Museum Complex collections,

stone artefacts.
The Neamţ County Museal Complex has an important collection of

prehistoric artefacts. Because the metal objects have constantly attracted the
attention of the specialists, those made of stone did not benefit from a very
large study, either petrographically or typologically. Among the lithic
artefacts attributed to the Bronze Age, a number of items are remarkable
through their multiple functional valences and their symbolism.
From sites or from random discoveries, there are several stone axes that
are individualized by their typological traits. These are artefacts made of volcanic
rocks, but with morphological similarities with the metallic items. One can
mention here some axes with edges finished with a hemispherical button that
mimics the metallic axes with disc. Also, some stone axes have a median rib that
mimics the „seam” left by casting in bivalve molds on the metallic axes. The
particular aspect of such items makes us believe that in prehistorical society
their role was more than simple tools. Instead, they could be used as weapons or,
precisely because of the details that imitated metal items, they could be social
symbols. A special situation seems to be that of a stone ax, for which it was
demonstrated by Raman analysis that it was intentionally subjected to heat
treatment to obtain a bronze-like gloss. Surely this is not a singular case of
operation performed by the craftsmen of the Bronze Age to create special stone
objects and give them a value above the functional one.
Another category of items, limited in numbers, is that of perforated
clubs. In archaeological literature they were considered as weapons or symbols
of social status. The raw material, brought from long distances, the degree of
perfection of the finishing, and the rarity of these artefacts, also make us
believe that their role was a special one, giving prestige to the owner / owners,
being a symbol that could be passed from generation to generation.
82
Unfortunately, although the archaeological context for many of these
objects is not very relevant in order to establish their functionality at a given
moment, multidisciplinary approaches (traseology, petrographic analyzes)
may detail the utility of these artifacts.
Such artefacts are found in the collections of several museums, but
many of them have not received any special attention, being considered
simple tools or weapons. A typological-comparative re-evaluation of such
objects is necessary, and interdisciplinary approaches may / will provide new
information to demonstrate the symbolic valence of these special artefacts.
83
TRANSCARPATHIAN DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE SYSTEM
OF THE FLINT RAW MATERIALS AND OBSIDIAN
DURING THE LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Marcin Szeliga
Keywords: Carpathians, Neolithic, Linear Pottery Culture, raw

materials, flint, obsidian, distribution, exchange.
The far-reaching distribution of various siliceous raw materials

between the territories located on both sides of the Carpathians is
documented throughout the entire period of the Linear Pottery Culture
development, beginning from its earliest (pre-music-note) phase. The
current level of this phenomenon recognition indicates the existence of very
distinct differences between the oldest and classical (music-note) and late
(Želiezovce) phases of this culture development. These differences are
manifested both: at the level of the general range of material diversification,
as well as in the direction, intensity level and nature of distribution of
particular flint species and obsidian.
The range of available source data, related to the oldest phase of
Linear Pottery Culture development, clearly indicates that the basic role in
the Transcarpathian raw flint distribution system was played by the Jurassic-
Cracow flint (with a minimum share of Świeciechów flint, and perhaps also
chocolate flint), and the main zone of its inflow were settlement clusters in
the region of Moravia, from where this raw material was redistributed to
much further areas. For this period, there is no conclusive evidence
confirming the inflow of Transcarpathian resources to the settlement centres
located on the north side of the Carpathians.
Starting from the Linear Pottery Culture music-note phase, there was
a further, intensive development of the material distribution system,
covering far more extensive areas on both sides of the Carpathians, and at
the same time a much larger spectrum of raw materials was the subject of an
inter-group exchange. At the same time, the analysis of the source materials
dispersion indicates a particularly prominent extension of the far-reaching
distribution towards the east, mainly to the areas of northern and eastern
Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary, settled both by the Linear Pottery
84
Culture communities (Spiš) as well as eastern-linear cultures (Eastern Slovak
Lowland). Contrary to the previous period, the distribution of raw materials
within this zone was clearly bilateral, manifesting on the one hand – in
inflow of various flint varieties from southern and central Poland and
Ukraine into the Transcarpathian areas, and on the other hand – in import
of the obsidian into the northern foreland of Carpathians (fig. 1), which
deposits are located in the Slanské Hills and Zemplén Mountains, on the
border between Slovakia and Hungary. It fits into a much broader context of
intercultural phenomena, being a direct and close reflection of the intense
contacts, initiated in the note phase by the Linear Pottery Culture
communities from the southern Poland clusters with the eastern-linear
groups from Eastern Slovakia and North-Eastern Hungary.
The research was financed from the funds of the National Science
Centre (DEC-2015/19/B/HS3/01720).
Translated by
Tomasz M. Myśliwiec
85
Fig. 1. Selection of the obsidian artefacts (1-4)
discovered in the Linear Pottery Culture site of Tominy (Ożarow Municipality)
(drawing: M. Szeliga).
86
PEOPLE BETWEEN EXCHANGES
AND EXCHANGES BETWEEN PEOPLE.
ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL NETWORKS AND TRADES
THROUGH THE CIRCULATION AND PRODUCTION
OF RAW MATERIALS, LITHIC ARTEFACTS AND POTTERY
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND THROUGHOUT EUROPE
Keywords: Neolithic networks, trades, exchange systems, raw

material, prestige lithic material goods.
The present research work analyses the circulation of raw materials and
the exchange systems active during the Neolithic that involved the production
of polished and chipped lithic artefacts and figulina pottery in the
Mediterranean Basin. It is possible to examine three different types of
networks that correspond to different behaviors of human groups with respect
to the possibilities of access and management of valuable raw materials used
for short, medium and long distance exchanges. Therefore we recognize micro-
networks in those territories where the exchanges did not always cover long
distances. This model was established between neighboring groups in a face-
to-face relationship which did not affect society in its structure and the
relationship was maintained on a reciprocal system. They never exceeded 50
km away and individuals seemed to be active actors of the exchange belonging
to the same cultural entourage. This phenomenon can be recognised in various
Mediterranean territories: in Eastern Sicily and in Central and Southern
Campania. This behavior is noticeable with regard to the basalt polished stone
axes and the chipped flint industry produced with some types of local flints.
Malta is found with the production of amulet axes.
The second model that can be analysed is the one of the meso-network
that covers medium distances between 100 and 200 km. In Northern Italy
this type of exchange has been found both for the circulation of green stone
sketches between Piedmont and Lombardy and for the supply of hyaline
quartz imported from the Swiss territory. In the South the meso-networks
involved polished stone axes in nephrite of Basilicata, while in the Aegean
and Eastern Europe this dynamic concerned the blades in jadeitites and / or
87
Anatolian and Greek green stones. In this model there are not any co-actors
of the exchange any more, but the ability to communicate is mediated by the
material good according to an idea of „release from proximity” where the
cultural background between human groups is not always the same, but it is
nonetheless similar.
The last form of exchange is the macro-network covering distances
ranging from 300 km and rarely exceeding 1500 km. For the latter type we
can speak of object-led colonialism, where material good represented the
culture identity of the group even on very long distances and arriving at
human groups belonging to different cultural horizons. This wide-ranging
circuit developped and got consolidated in Italy and throughout Europe
between the end of the Ancient Neolithic and the very early stages of the
Middle Neolithic. At that time in addition to the circulation of the well-
known green stones, those trades were especially based on other material
goods such as obsidians, flints, nephritis, quartzites and some types of
silicate rocks. The wide circulation of these lithic goods began, above all in
the Mediterranean basin, with the appearance of traffics related to the
production of painted figulina pottery. The circulation of the farmer was
probably subordinated to the latter.
With meso- and macro-networks there were some changes in social
practice, it becames important to be able to procure and manage the sources of
raw materials in order to start, control and mediate commercial relationships
that were profitable for the main group and that triggered, especially, the
dynamics of redistribution of goods and no longer just reciprocity.
Through the analysis of the exchange systems active during the
Neolithic period, starting from the „simplest forms” to the most complex ones,
the aim of this work is to try to show how real commercial choices that
contributed to the formation of economic dynamics within the some group
first and expanded to other groups later, created social interactions that led to
socially shared and recognised norms as a result. Through these different
circuits, ranging from short to long distances, they demarcate the „supply
zones”, which is to say epicentres, both for the production of stones and
pottery, from which then the trade developped (fig. 1). The latter led to the
formation of broaden circuits with complex dynamism, kept active by the
introduction of goods belonging to specialized productions in order to ensure
that they remained „competitive” within the extended commercial system.
Hence, therefore, multi-level social interactions would form where the
artefacts placed in the exchange circuits were configured as the pins of intra-
and extra-social relations and mediations thus creating cohesion in the groups
that recognised themselves on the same horizontal level of the society and
subordination to those who were not recognised as being on the same social
axis, but rather on a vertically lower level, therefore subordinated. In fact, it
would be the capacity of human groups to succeed in triggering complex
exchanges, the element on the bases of the origin of social inequality.
88
Fig. 1. Supply zones in Southern Italy.
89
GUNFLINT PRODUCTION IN NIZNIOW
AND THE „BERG LICHOSTIWNE”
(WESTERN UKRAINE)
Gerhard Trnka,
Michael Brandl
Keywords: Modern Age, Austrian Monarchy, Galicia, Nizniow, flint

raw materials, gunflint production.
At the end of the 18th century the Austrian army tried to gain
independence from foreign gunflint suppliers, mainly the French. Various
attempts to install a gunflint industry within the Austrian Monarchy failed due to
the lack of the technical know-how and the lack of suitable raw materials for
gunflint production. This situation changed when Balthasar Hacquet (1739/1740-
1815) was appointed professor for Natural History in Lemberg (Lviv) in 1787.
Hacquet explored the remote areas of eastern Galicia with a focus on economic
aspects for the Monarchy. He discovered rich deposits of high quality flint,
especially in Podolia and Pokuttia, and the first factories were established in
eastern Galicia at Brzezan and Nizniow (i.e. Nyzhniv, Tlumach rajon, Iwano-
Frankiwsk oblast, Ukraine) in 1787 / 1788. The flint was initially quarried in the
hinterland of Nizniow and after the depletion of the sources it was brought in
from further away. One of the most important flint sources in this region was
„Berg Lichostiwne” (Lichostiwne Hill). During two visits in Nizniow we got lithic
samples of gunflint débitage in 2009 and were able to locate that „Lichostiwne
Hill” in 2013 with the help of Dmitry Lupypsiv, a local collector.
Initially, gunflints were not produced in a standardized way. During the
17th century, they were based on simple flakes, the so-called wedges (brit.) or
gunspalls (amer.). They are of either half roundish or rectangular, wedge-
shaped appearance with a straight ignition edge. The spalls were knapped
from small flint nodules or thick flakes, using metal hammers. At the latest
since 1740, the manufactories in Meusnes exclusively used blades as basis for
gunflint production. This technique, soon known as the „French method”,
allowed for a standardization of the gunflints, and at the same time it
accelerated the production process. For military purposes the gunflints were
exclusively half-roundish shaped (French: talon rond) with only one ignition
edge, whereas civilian pieces were rectangular with two opposite firing edges.
90
The principal supplier for the Austrian army during that time was
France but the attempts to become independend established gunflint
factories in and around Kraków (Poland). At Brzezan (Eastern Galicia) was
the most important facility during early gunflint production, however it only
existed until 1803 because of the harsh climatic conditions. Hacquet refers to
„thousands of centners of flint that were exploited, producing ca. 30 million
gunflints for the Austrian army.” After closing down the workshops at
Brzeczan, Nizniow became the principle place of Galician gunflint business.
An abundance of layered black and grey flint of high quality occurs at
Nizniow and its hinterland. According to historical sources, the raw material
was initially obtained from different sources in the surroundings of the
village, and, once these sources were exploited, brought in from Mariampol,
the latest since 1817. The gunflint factory was installed in a secularised
monastery, where the raw material was stored and gunflints were knapped in
heatable workshops during wintertime. In 1827, an output of 2 million
gunflints is reported and 1.5 million in 1844. Apparently, the factory was still
active in the 1840s, however in 1850 the production had ceased.
Before the raw material was obtained from Mariampol, one important
quarrying site in the hinterland of Nizniow was Lichostiwne Hill described
by Hacquet with characterizing the flint. The miners, peasants from the local
villages, extracted the flint from quarrying pits and potentially also from
horizontal galleries.
In 2009 characteristic samples from Dmitry Lupypsiv’s collection
were investigated. The sample consisted of exhausted cores, decortification
flakes, correctional flakes, discarded blades etc., which allowed for a
reconstruction of the applied technology. All specimens were knapped with a
metal tool. The lithic debris attested for a clearly blade-based core
exploitation strategy, however, the cores were heavily exploited indicating
that in the last reduction stages the knappers also produced elongated flakes
which could be used for gunflint making. This assessment is consistent with
Hacquet’s description of the method for gunflint production in Galicia. The
length of the investigated blades is around 6 cm, however they were
apparently not suitable for further processing and thus rejected.
In 2013 we examined an area ca. 2 km southeast of Nizniow named
Lychoslivniy. We found evidence for extensive quarrying activities in the form
of quarrying pits lined up on several terraces on the flanks of the hill, and
additional vertical gallery-like features. Taking all facts together, the
topographical description and illustration from Hacquet, the presence of flint
raw material and the similarity of the toponym, leaves no doubt that this
landscape is identical with the historic „Berg Lichostiwne” (Lichostiwne Hill).
Bibliography:
Hacquet, B. (1806), Bemerkungen über die Entstehung der Feuer- oder
Flintensteine, Berlin.
91
STONE PROCESSING BY PREHISTORIC METHODS.
A MODEL OF LEARNING THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL ARCHEOLOGY
Vasile Diaconu
Keywords: experimental archaeology, workshops, raw materials,

stone processing, knapping, polishing, lithic artefacts.
Experimental archaeology, as part of the educational process, tends to

be practiced on a large scale in museums and schools. In the History and
Ethnography Museum of Târgu Neamţ, in the period 2016-2018, several
experimental archaeology workshops were organized, attended by pupils
aged between 9-12. The primary objective of these workshops was to
familiarize children with the notions of archeology.
Among the activities carried out, a special place was reserved for the
processing of stone. The participants were coordinated by an archaeologist,
who tried to present the most important techniques for producing stone
artefacts by knapping or by polishing.
For the production of the stone tools both local rocks collected from
the Ozana and Topoliţa Rivers, and flint from the Prut Basin have been used.
The pupils were introduced to the main techniques of obtaining tools, the
ways of processing the flint cores, the direct and indirect percussion. A
special emphasis was placed on knapping high-quality rocks, flints in
particular, in order to observe the obtaining of primary products and
processing waste. From the category of finished artefacts, obtained by the
workshop participants, blades, scrapers and arrowheads can be mentioned,
the latter being obtained through the reuse of processing waste.
In the experimental activities, the pupils have also made various tools
in the polishing technique, using mainly local rocks (marls and sandstones).
Different types of axes, chisels and adzes were obtained.
An important aspect of the workshops was the use of tools obtained
for various operations related to wood processing.
92
Fig. 1. Workshop of experimental archaeology.
93
L’UTILISATION DE PIERRES NATURELLES
DANS LES MÉNAGES ÉNÉOLITHIQUES
À L’EST DES CARPATES
Nicolae Ursulescu,
Vasile Cotiugă
Mots-clef: Enéolithique, le complexe culturel Precucuteni-Cucuteni,

ménages, pierres naturelles.
On discute la question de la fonctionnalité de diverses pierres naturelles

(non travaillées) d’origine locale (existant soit dans la structure géologique de
certains terrains sur lesquelles se trouvent des habitats, soit enroulées dans les
alluvions de certains cours d’eau à proximité), découvertes dans le périmètre
de certains ménages (household) des sites du complexe culturel Précucuteni-
Cucuteni. En fait, de telles pierres ont été partout trouvées dans les habitats
néolithiques et énéolithiques, ce qui suggère qu’ils constituaient une catégorie
de matières premières tirées de la nature, afin avoir des utilisations concrètes.
Leur présence ne se limite seulement aux contextes archéologiques, mais est
également enregistrée dans les observations ethnologiques sur des sociétés
plus anciennes ou même contemporaines.
Sur la base des données publiées, les pierres naturelles peuvent être
trouvées sous forme d’amas (par exemple, Traian-Dealul Viei), de pavages /
carrelages (par exemple, Târgu Frumos, Cucuteni, Ruginoasa), de marquage des
habitations (par exemple, Mihoveni), de revêtement des parois de quelques
fossés de défense, afin de stopper / diminuer l’écoulement de la terre (par
exemple, Isaiia, Cucuteni-Cetăţuie), des pièces isolées à l’intérieur des maisons ou
dans la zone des ménages environnants (stock de matières premières, supports
pour poteaux ou pour divers arrangements techniques, enclumes pour traitement
de la pierre / du bois, des clôtures, fixation de la couverture du toit) etc.
Parfois, l’enregistrement précis de ces vestiges dans les rapports de
fouilles, en particulier par le mesurage et la description des pièces, peut permettre
l’énoncé des hypothèses plausibles quant à leur fonctionnalité. Il est donc
nécessaire que ces découvertes, souvent considérées comme non importantes et
donc non consignées, soient toujours portées à l’attention des archéologues afin
de compléter l’image globale de la vie des communautés préhistoriques.
94
LIST OF AUTHORS
Dr. Jaroslav Bartík

Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology
Brno, Czech Republic
adraj.bartik@gmail.com
Dr. Adrian Bălășescu

Romanian Academy, „Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology
Bucharest, Romania
a.balasescu@gmail.com
Dr. Katalin T. Biró

Hungarian National Museum
Budapest, Hungary
tbk@hnm.hu
Prof. Dr. Dumitru Boghian

„Ștefan cel Mare” University, Faculty of History and Geography,
Department of Human and Social-Political Sciences
Suceava, Romania
dumitruboghian@yahoo.com
Dr. Michael Brandl

Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology
Vienna, Austria
michael.brandl@oeaw.ac.at
Prof. Dr. Marin Cârciumaru

„Princely Court” National Museum Complex, Museum of Human Evolution
and Technology in Palaeolithic
Târgoviște, Romania
mcarciumaru@yahoo.com
95
Dr. Alexandru Ciornei
Bucharest, Romania
hammerfall1996@yahoo.com
Dr. Marius-Mihai Ciută

„Lucian Blaga” University, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences,
Department of History, Heritage and Protestant Theology
Sibiu, Romania
mariusciuta@yahoo.com
Dr. Ovidiu Cîrstina

ovidiu_cirstina@yahoo.com
Dr. Bogdan Constantinescu

„Horia Hulubei” National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering
Bucharest, Romania
bconst@nipne.ro
Dr. Vasile Cotiugă

„Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Faculty of History,
„ARHEOINVEST” Platform
Iași, Romania
vasicot@uaic.ro
Dr. Yuri Demidenko

National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
Kiev, Ukraine
yu.e.demidenko@gmail.com
Dr. Vasile Diaconu

Neamț County Museum Complex, History and Ethnography Museum,
Târgu Neamț, Romania
diavas_n82@yahoo.com
Dr. Roxana Dobrescu

Bucharest, Romania
roxana_dobrescu@yahoo.fr
96
Dr. Mihai Dunca
„Babeș-Bolyai” University, Faculty of History and Philosophy
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
mihai_dunca@yahoo.com
Dr. Sergiu-Constantin Enea

„Ion Neculce” High School
Târgu Frumos, Romania
eneasergiu2014@yahoo.com
Dr. Alexandru Gafincu

Neamț County Museum Complex, History and Archaeology Museum
Piatra-Neamț, Romania
alexandrugafincu@yahoo.com
Prof. Dr. Ivan Gatsov

New Bulgarian University, Department of Archaeology
Sofia, Bulgaria
igatsov@nbu.bg
Dr. Ildikó Harsányi

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Energy Research
Budapest, Hungary
harsanyi.ildiko@energia.mta.hu
Prof. Dr. Volker Hoeck

Paris Lodron University, Department of Geography and Geology
Salzburg, Austria
„Babeş-Bolyai” University, Department of Geology
volker.hoeck@sbg.ac.at
Dr. Sorin Ignătescu

Department of Human and Social-Political Sciences
Suceava, Romania
sorinig@atlas.usv.ro
Prof. Dr. Corina Ionescu

Kazan Federal University, Archeotechnologies & Archaeological Material
Sciences Laboratory
Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
97
Paris Lodron University, Department of Geography and Geology
Salzburg, Austria
corina.ionescu@ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Zsolt Kasztovszky

Budapest, Hungary
kasztovszky.zsolt@energia.mta.hu
Dr. Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici

Romanian Academy, Institute of Archaeology
Iași, Romania
magdalazarovici@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Gheorghe Lazarovici

„Lucian Blaga” University, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences,
Department of History, Heritage and Protestant Theology
Sibiu, Romania
ghlazarovici@yahoo.com
Dr. György Lengyel

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals
Krakow, Poland
lengyel.isea@gmail.com
Dr. Marian Leu

leumarian1993@gmail.com
Dr. Florin Ionuț Lupu

florinionut_lupu@yahoo.com
Dr. Viviana Germana Mancusi

„Oriental” University, Department of Asia, Africa and the Mediterranean
Naples, Italy
viviana.mancusi@libero.it
98
Dr. Marieta Mureșan-Pop
„Babeș-Bolyai” University, Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-
Interface Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences
marietamuresan@phys.ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Petranka Nedelcheva

New Bulgarian University, Department of Archaeology
Sofia, Bulgaria
pnedelcheva@nbu.bg
Dr. Ladislav Nejman

University of Sydney, School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry
Sydney, Australia
lnejman81@gmail.com
Dr. Adrian Nicolae

nicoladrian@gmail.com
Dr. Loredana Niță

„Valahia” University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of History
Târgoviște Romania
loredana_nita2003@yahoo.com
Dr. Elena-Cristina Nițu

elenacristinanitu@yahoo.com

University of Rzeszów, Institute of Archaeology
Rzeszów, Poland
a.pelisiak@gmail.com
Dr. Alexandra-Daniela Popescu

Department of Geography
Suceava, Romania
danys@atlas.usv.ro
99
Dr. Liviu-Gheorghe Popescu
Department of Geography
Suceava, Romania
livius@atlas.usv.ro
Dr. Dragomir-Nicolae Popovici

National Museum of Romania History
Bucharest, Romania
dragnicpopovici@gmail.com
Dr. Constantin Preoteasa

Neamț County Museum Complex, Cucuteni Culture International Research
Centre, Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum
Piatra-Neamț, Romania
constantin.preoteasa@yahoo.com
Prof. Dr. Antonín Přichystal

Masaryk University, Department of Geological Sciences
prichy@sci.muni.cz
Dr. Mar Rey-Solé

mar.reysole@ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Terteza Rychtaříková

Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology
nienna11@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Thomas Saile

University of Regensburg, Institute of History, Department of Pre- and
Protohistory
Regensburg, Germany
thomas.saile@ur.de
Prof. Dr. Viorica Simon

„Babeş-Bolyai” University, Faculty of Physics, Interdisciplinary Research
Institute on Bio- Nano-Sciences
viosimon@phys.ubbcluj.ro
100
Dr. Marcin Szeliga
„Maria Curie-Skłodowska” University, Institute of Archaeology
Lublin, Poland
marcin.szeliga@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl
Dr. Veronika Szilágyi

Budapest, Hungary
szilagyi.veronika@energia.mta.hu
Dr. Sándor József Sztáncsuj

Székely National Museum
Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania
sztancsuj_sandor@yahoo.com
Dr. Petr Škrdla

Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology,
p.skrdla@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Trnka

University of Vienna, Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology
Vienna, Austria
gerhard.trnka@univie.ac.at
Prof. Dr. Nicolae Ursulescu

„Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Faculty of History,
„ARHEOINVEST” Platform
Iași, Romania
n.ursulescu@gmail.com
Dr. Diana-Măriuca Vornicu

Romanian Academy, Institute of Archaeology
Iași, Romania
mariucav@gmail.com
Dr. Jarosław Wilczyński

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals
Krakow, Poland
wilczynski@isez.pan.krakow.pl
101

2018 Lithics Programme Abstracts

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2018

European Year of Cultural Heritage

RAW MATERIALS AND LITHIC ARTEFACTS

Programme and Abstracts

Editura „Constantin Matasă”

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

Event organized with the support of

© COMPLEXUL MUZEAL JUDEȚEAN NEAMȚ

Editura „Constantin Matasă”

Corina Ionescu, Volker Hoeck

Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici, Gerhard Trnka, Gheorghe Lazarovici

Petr Škrdla, Tereza Rychtaříkova

Alexandru Ciornei, Roxana Dobrescu

Elena-Cristina Nițu, Marin Cârciumaru, Ovidiu Cîrstina,

Tereza Rychtaříková, Petr Škrdla, Jaroslav Bartík,

György Lengyel, Jarosław Wilczyński

Mar Rey-Solé, Corina Ionescu, Marius-Mihai Ciută,

Sándor József Sztáncsuj, Katalin T. Biró,

Viviana Germana Mancusi

Dragomir-Nicolae Popovici, Loredana Niță

Ivan Gatsov, Petranka Nedelcheva

Constantin Preoteasa, Elena-Cristina Nițu, Adrian Bălășescu

Dumitru Boghian, Sergiu-Constantin Enea, Sorin Ignătescu

Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,

Dumitru Boghian, Alexandra-Daniela Popescu,

Viviana Germana Mancusi

Viviana Germana Mancusi

Gerhard Trnka, Michael Brandl

Nicolae Ursulescu, Vasile Cotiugă

List of authors ............................................................................................. 95

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Tuesday, 23th October

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Thursday, 25th October

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Friday, 26th October

Grand Hotel „Ceahlău”

Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum

Chairmen: Prof. Dr. Corina Ionescu and Dr. Katalin T. Biró

Keywords: lithics, minerals, petrography, nomenclature.

The identification of the nature of the siliceous rocks (silicastones)

Fig. 2. Radiolarite associated to Upper Jurassic volcanics

Keywords: Eastern Carpathians, flint, opal, archaeological expeditions.

In a project between the Romanian Academy – Iași Branch,

Keywords: Moravia, Upper Paleolithic, raw materials.

Moravia, currently the Eastern part of the Czech Republic, is a

Keywords: Moravia, Neolithic, Eneolithic, raw materials.

Moravia (an eastern part of the Czech Republic) has been a

Fig. 2. View on the source area of the Želešice type metabasite.

Keywords: Bohemian Massif, raw materials, polished stone tools.

The Bohemian Massif is a horst structure prevalently built of

Fig. 2. Amphibole-rich metabasite from prehistoric quarries