Political Governance II

Pre-Colonial Period

Social Classes
1. Nobles- ruling class
2. Maharlika/Mahadlika- had enough land for their livelihood
3. Alipin( alipin namamahay / aliping sagigilid)- Acquired their status by
inheritance.

Hierarchy of power
1. Sultan- highest
2. Rajah – Middle
3. Datu- lowest

Trial by Ordeal
 To determine the innocence of an accused they must undergo multiple ordeal

Spanish Period
1) Governor General – head of the Spanish Colonial in the Philippines
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Implemented Policies
 Reduccion- Moving small groups of Filipino settlements into one, large town. This
was to regulate the Filipinos, and teach them the basics of Christianity.
 Polo y Servicio ( forced labor ) – forced labor for male Filipinos aged 16-60
 Encomienda- legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the
status of the indigenous population
 Bandala-as an indirect tax imposed on the Filipino farmers who were required to
sell their products to the government.
 Cedula- as an identification card and residence tax certificate that had to be carried
at all times.

Revolutionary Period
  Revolutionary Government

Leaders of the Revolution

 Andres Bonifacio – Leader of Magdiwang Faction
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of Magdalo Faction

Tejeros Convention
 To settle the controversy on who will lead the revolution.
 Emilio won as President

Biak na Bato Republi

 The First Republic
 Led By Emilio Aguinaldo

Treaty of Paris
 Spain Ceded The Philippines for the cost of $20,000,000

American Period
 Military Govenrment- Wesley Merrit being it’s first Governor General
- Due to many insurgencies of REBELLION
 Civil Government – William Howard Taft Being it’s first governor General
 Commonwealth- Manuel L. Quezon Being the first President during the
Commonwealth.
 Jones Law - formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, statute announcing the
intention of the United States government to “withdraw their sovereignty over the
Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein.”
 Tydings Mc-Duffie Law- a law that made the Philippines an independent country
Japanese Period
 Puppet Government- The Japanese established an puppet government in the
Philippines.
 Mickey Mouse Money- Japanese issued bill to lower the American Influence over
the Philippines
 Kalibapi
 Hukbalahap- they fought the Japanese army through guerilla warfare
 Makapili- they gave military aid to the Japanese through telling them who are the
guerilla fighters

Third Republic
 Manuel Roxas- Focused on Rehabilitation and Restoration of the Philippines
 Elpidio Quirino – Focused more on Peace and Order
 Ramon Magsaysay- Focused more on Economic Growth through negotiations
with japan about the war reparation agreement.
 Carlos Garcia- “The Filipino First Policy” which gave way to Philippine made
products in which the investors were not coming to the Philippines
 Diosdado Macapagal- “Sustaining Economic Growth” One dollar is equal to One
Pesos
Fourth Republic
 Ferdinand Marcos- “Dying Man of Asia” Struggle during economically
 Ferdinand Marcos ( 2nd term) – “Martial Law” Due to rise of Criminality and
Communists
 Corazon Aquino- “Sick man of Asia” Increased economically, Freedom
Constitution of 1986 which gave freedom/ democracy.
 Fidel Ramos- “Philippines 2000” “Tiger cub of Asia” Which envisions the
Philippines achieving newly industrialized country status by 2000.
 Ejercito Estrada- “Continuation of Philippines 2000” “EDSA II” Estrada went form
country to country to attract more investors in the Philippines.