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NEOs
Te a c h e r W o r k s h e e t
Notes
Asteroids, comets and NEOs -
Teacher Worksheet Notes
Across Down
1. Ceres 1. Coma
3. Meteorite 2. Rocky
5. Asteroid 3. Meteor
7. Kuiper 4. Tail
22. Meteoroid
Earth 150 1
Uranus 2850 19
Asteroid Activities
Q1.
So,
914,000
= 83,091
11
Q3.
So there are
4.6 × 60
= 0.13
2048 arcseconds per pixel
in an FTN image.
b) FTN images are€ binned to improve the quality of the images. Essentially, binning
means combining pixels on the CCD to create larger pixels. So, in the case of FTN, a
2x2 square of pixels is taken from which just one pixel is created - this single pixel
has twice the width and 4 times the area of the original pixel. Thus, after binning, the
CCD of FTN has effectively been reduced to 1024x1024 pixels in size. Binning of the
FTN CCD effectively reduces the CCD size to 1024 pixels square.
4.6 × 60
= 0.27
1024
c). Depending on where you measure across the asteroid, its size should range from
about 10 - 15 pixels.
d). From b), the scale-size of an FTN image is 0.27 arcseconds per pixel. If we
assume the asteroid is 12 pixels in the diameter, this is 12x0.27 arcseconds, or
approx 3 arcseconds in diameter.
Q4.
a) There are 31 556 926 seconds in 1 year, so one orbit of Ceres will take
b) Ceres is
€ 2.77 ×150,000 = 4.05 ×10 8 km
c)
Sun
Ceres
radius
e) Vel = €
2.54 ×10 9 km
6
= 17.53kms−1
145.162 ×10 s
Q5.
b) The gradient should be in the region of -0.44. The y-intercept should be about 19.
y = −0.44 x + 19
0.44 x = 19
x = 44
€
Comet Activities
Q1.
Q2. A comet doesn’t always have a tail - the tail develops as it nears the Sun, and its
gases and dust evaporates.
Q3. A comet’s tail never points towards the Sun because they are caused by the
Solar wind and radiation pressure (the ‘push’ that light gives off when it falls on
something). This means that if a comet is moving away from the Sun, the tail will be
in front of the comet, not trailing behind! (see Appendix 1 for a more detailed
explanation of how the Solar Wind and radiation pressure create tails in a comet).
Q4.
Q5.
Comets Asteroids
NEOs
Q1.
1
KE = mv 2
2
a) So, for a 1kg asteroid travelling at 20km/s, the K.E. is given by:
€
1
(1)(20 ×10 3 ) 2 = 2 ×10 8 J
2
b)
1
KE = (1)(70 ×10 3 ) 2 = 2.45 ×10 9 J
2
€ 2.45 ×10 9
= 12.25
2 ×10 8
The same asteroid hitting€at a faster velocity gives off 12 and a quarter times more
energy in a collision with the Earth.
c)
1
KE = (2)(20 ×10 3 ) 2 = 4 ×10 8 J
2
Increasing the mass of the object by a factor of 2 increases the K.E. of the collision
by a factor 2 also.
€
Extra Activities
This is a fun way of making the students really think about the objects they are trying
to describe. Cut out the cards underneath and ask the students to try and describe
the object given at the top of the card, but without using the 3 words underneath. This
game has been amended from the association for astronomy education website
where more astronomy resources can be found. ( http://www.aae.org.uk/)
Impact craters
The aim of this activity is to investigate the factors which affect the size of an impact
crater on Earth. This done by dropping objects of different sizes and densities into a
container of flour and cocoa and observing and measuring the craters formed.
Students must plan the experiment, including what variables to change and
investigate, they must carry out the experiment in a controlled and scientific manner,
and finally, they must analyse their results and from them, draw conclusions
regarding how impact craters are formed on Earth.
In the investigation, objects of differing densities (marbles, ball bearings and golf
balls) and various sizes will be dropped from a known height onto a surface of flour
and cocoa. Once dropped, the kinetic energy of these objects will blast a crater into
the surface, sending out rays (ejecta rays) around the object. Students will note the
shape/extent of these rays, and once the object is removed from the crater, they can
also measure its diameter. Results of this investigation can be presented graphically
or verbally, and conclusions drawn regarding the nature of impact craters on Earth.
Any improvements that can be made on the experiment can then be discussed. The
investigation is best done in groups of at least 3 students, one to drop the impact
object, one to time, and one to collect the results. Students should be encouraged to
discuss what they think are the main factors affecting the sizes of impact craters, and
write down their predictions for any trends in their results i.e. larger impact objects will
create larger craters etc.
Golf Balls
Cocoa
Flour
Rulers
Stopwatch
Preliminary Method:
1. Lay down the newspaper and put the saucepan/container in the middle.
3. Sprinkle the surface of the flour with a thin layer of cocoa powder. Make sure it is
evenly spread and flat.
5. Measure the mass of each impact object and note its mass in kg (see Appendix 1
for explanation of difference bewteen mass and weight).
6. Measure the diameter of each impact object in metres. This can be done most
easily by holding up two rulers either side of the marble, and using a third ruler to
measure the distance between them. Note the diameter and therefore, radius
measurement in m.
mass
density =
volume
Experimental Method:
1. Hold the impact object directly above the container of flour/cocoa. Measure the
distance to the container. (Note: since the time taken for the impact object to hit the
flour/cocoa is to be timed, this distance should be made as large as possible to
minimise timing errors).
2. Drop the impact object from this height, starting the stopwatch as this is done. The
stopwatch must be stopped once the impact object has hit the flour/cocoa.
3. Before removing the impact object from the container, look at the ejecta rays that
have formed. Sketch them and make any comments regarding their shape/extent etc.
4. Remove the impact object and measure the crater diameter and ejecta ray
diameter. Make a note of these values.
5. Flatten the flour/cocoa surface once more, and repeat the experiment twice more
with the same impact object.
6. Using impact objects of different size/density (choose one or the other), repeat
steps 1-5, noting the results throughout the investigation.
The results can be noted down in table form, using the example overleaf as a guide.
density
___kgm-3
Results:
1. The kinetic energy of each impact object dropped can be found using
1
KE = mv 2
2
and knowing that the velocity (speed in this case) can be found using
€ distance
speed =
time
Using the two equations above, calculate the K.E. of each impact object as it hit the
surface of the flour/cocoa.
€
2. Plot the results of the investigation on a scatter plot i.e. impact object density vs.
crater diameter or impact object diameter vs. crater diameter.
Discussion:
a) how did the size of the impact object affect the size of the crater? How did it affect
the ejecta rays?
b) how did the density of the impact object affect the size of the crater? Did this affect
the ejecta rays?
d) how do the diameters of the craters compare to the diameters of the impact
objects? Are they bigger/smaller/same size?
f) Was the flour visible at any time during the investigation i.e. in some impacts, or all
impacts or none?
g) What does this investigation tell us about craters on the surfaces of planets?
i) What were the main sources of error in the investigation? How can these be
minimised?
j) Does K.E. affect the size of the craters made? If so, how?
k) Were the results as expected? Did they match any predictions you made prior to
carrying out the investigation?
This activity illustrates the relative distances between objects in the Solar System and
the Sun. It is best done in the school yard/field, as it takes approx. 26 metres to
measure out the distances. This is an excellent activity for showing just how far apart
the planets are in the Solar System, and gives the students more perspective of the
immense distances in space.
Apparatus: Pen
Toilet roll
Method:
Make a dot on the seam of the first sheet of toilet paper - this represents the Sun.
Write ‘Sun’ somewhere near the dot so that you know what it is!
Using the table of distances given below, mark the distances to each object in the
Solar System along the length of the toilet roll. The number in the table is the number
of sheets of toilet roll needed to reach that particular object in the Solar System,
relative to the Sun. At each distance, mark a dot and name the object alongside the
dot until you reach Pluto.
Go outside to the school yard or field and carefully unravel the toilet roll. Get a
student to stand alongside each planet, so that the distances can be seen more
clearly.
Mercury 2.0
Venus 3.7
Earth 5.1
Mars 7.7
Jupiter 26.4
Saturn 48.4
Uranus 97.3
Neptune 152.5
Pluto 200.0
Appendix 1.
Solar wind
The solar wind is a stream of highly energetic particles, mainly protons and electrons,
but with some heavier ions, which are streaming off from the Sun. Its source is the
Sun’s corona, or the outer atmosphere. The temperature is so high in the Sun’s
corona, that not even gravity can hold these energetic particles in place, and they
blow off at velocities of up to 400km/s!
The energetic particles blown out in the solar wind are responsible for the gas tail that
can be seen in a comet. The particles ionise the neutral gas in the comet’s coma, and
the magnetic field of the solar wind then sweeps these ions out of the coma and into
a long gas tail, almost exactly opposite in direction to the Sun.
Radiation pressure
The definition of radiation pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
electromagnetic (EM) radiation. So, in simple terms it can be thought of as the ‘push’
that EM radiation (or, in the case of the Sun, light ) gives when it falls on something. It
is the radiation pressure from the Sun that causes the dust tail in a comet to form.
Dust particles from the coma are pushed out by this pressure, also in an orientation
which is opposite in direction to the Sun.
Since both the Solar wind and radiation pressure act to push particles in the opposite
direction of the Sun, when a comet is moving away from the Sun, the tails will appear
in front of the comet, not behind it!
When we talk about weight and mass, it is easy to confuse the two. However, we
must be careful in their distinction. The mass of an object does not change - it can be
thought of as a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity
(i.e. has no direction) and is measured in units of kg.
To illustrate the difference between mass and weight, we can consider how much a
ball of mass 1kg would weigh if it were placed on the Moon, compared to the Earth.
On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity (the acceleration of a freely falling body
directed towards the centre of gravity, in the case the Earth) is 9.8 ms-2 . So, a 1kg
mass on Earth weighs
1× 9.8 = 9.8N
On the Moon, the acceleration due to gravity is about 6 times less than that on Earth.
Its value is 1.6 ms-2. So, on the Moon, the same 1kg mass ball would weigh
€
1×1.6 = 1.6N
Thus, although the mass of the ball remains the same, the object would weigh only
one-sixth as much on the Moon since the force of gravity is six times weaker than it is
€
on Earth.