ACCA – FA1

Business
To provide good or service for customers using economic resources and make profit for its owner.

Profit : Income ˃ Expenditure

 Types:
 Servicing ‫خدماتی‬
Earn profit by providing intangible products and advices to the customer
Ex : Bank, repair shop, School, Accounting and law firm.

 Merchandising ‫بازرگانی‬
Earn profit by buying products at wholesale price and sell at retail price.
Ex : retailers and wholesalers.

 Manufacturing ‫تولیدی‬
Earn profit by producing and converting raw material into finished good and sell it to
merchandising company. Ex : Factory, Plant, Mill.

Channel : Manufacturer Agent/Broker Merchandiser Consumer

(4) ‫ شرکتی است که هر یک از شرکا طور انفرادی یا دسته جمعی مکلف به تادیۀ تمام قروض و دیون‬:‫شرکت تضامنی‬
‫شرکت می باشند‬.

(5) ‫ شرکتی است که در آن یک یا چند شریک نسبت به قروض و دیون شرکت دارای مسئولیت‬:‫شرکت تضامنی مختلط‬
‫تضامنی و غیر محدود بوده و متباقی شرکا دارای مسئولیت محدود باندازه سهم شان در شرکت می باشند‬.

(6) ‫ شرکتی است که در آن شرکا منفردا ً نسبت به قروض و دیون شرکت مسئول نبوده و مسئولیت‬:‫شرکت محدودالمسئولیت‬
‫هر شریک محدود باندازۀ سهم وی در شرکت می باشد‬.

(7) ‫ شرکتی است که سرمایۀ آن معین و منقسم به اسهام بوده و اندازۀ مسئولیت هر شریک به اندازۀ سهم آن‬:‫شرکت سهامی‬
‫محدود باشد‬.

 Forms :
1. Sole Proprietorship ‫ انحصاری‬: Owned by only one person and it face unlimited liability
(creditor go after the personal asset if the business can’t pay them).
Ex : Inventory, infrastructure (building, road, power supply), real property.

2. Partnership ‫ شراکت‬: Owned by two or more person contribute their resources into the
entity. The profit is divided among partners .and has unlimited liab
 Ex : MC Donald, Twitter, HP, WB picture.

3. Corporation ‫ شرکت‬: has a separate legal personality from its owners has limited liability.
Ex : ICA

4. LLC (Limited Liability Company) ‫ شرکت با مسئولیت محدود‬: combination of corporation,

partnership and sole proprietorship
5. Cooperative : owned by a group of individuals for their mutual benefits.
Ex : Water & Electricity, credit union, banking, housing coop.
6. Joint Stock ‫ شرکت سهامی‬:

7. Franchises : purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation

Limited and unlimited Com:

Publicly & Private Com: publicly can sell share into online exchange market while private can’t sell share
into exchange market. Ex ICA ltd.

Note: 2-7 person is private. Over 8 is public.