PLT-presntation - PDF

Production Logging
Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Shell Learning
Production Logging
Objectives:
- Reconciliation of downhole inflow with
surface rates and reservoir model
Complications:
- Flow regime (laminar / turbulent)
- Single phase / Multiphase flow
- Borehole deviation
What do we want to know ?

- Flow rates / Holdups
- Fluid identification
- Flow regime

Shell Learning
Mechanical Well Problems

Shell Learning
Production Logging
Well and Completion problems Reservoir flow problems

Shell Learning
Tools and techniques
Vertical holes:
- Spinner flowmeters
Continuous, Fullbore, Basket, ...
- Density: gradiomanometer / nuclear fluid density
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Noise
- Radioactive tracer logging
- Oxygen activation
Horizontal holes: Flagship (Schlumberger)

- all of the above
- RST: Reservoir Saturation Tool
- DEFT: Digital Entry Fluid Imaging Tool (FloView)
-Fluid markers
Horizontal holes: MCFM (Baker Atlas)

Shell Learning
Single phase
sensors
•Flowmeters
•Temperature
•Pressure Gauges

Shell Learning
Single Phase - Overview
Qo (bpd)
To evaluate Single phase producing
or injecting wells only the following
sensors are required
 Flowmeter
 To calculate total flowrate
 Temperature
 Fluid entries, Flow behind pipe
 Pressure
 Well performance
Interpretation
 Q=VxA

Shell Learning
Spinners
Basic Concept:
Q = Vm x A
We want to know

fluid SPEED !!

Shell Learning
Shell Learning
Spinners

• Flow Regimes
Velocity Profile using marker dye

Shell Learning
Laminar Flow
Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.
Vavg Rate calculations require an average

fluid velocity.
In laminar flow, the relationship
between the two is:
Vmax
Vavg =
2

Shell Learning
Turbulent Flow
In turbulent flow, the relationship

Vmax between the maximum and average
velocities is not simple
Onset of turbulence is controlled

Vavg by Reynold’s Number, NRe:
Laminar Flow NRe < 2000
Turbulent Flow NRe > 2000
Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

turbulent
I hate the term polyphasic

– say multiphase flow

Shell Learning
Reynold’s Number
Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:
Dvr
NRe = 7.742 x 103
m
where:
D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

v = Fluid Velocity (ft/s)
r = Fluid Density (g/cm3)
m = Fluid Viscosity (cp)

Shell Learning
Velocity Profile Correction Factor
( Vavg = Vmax * C )
1.0
Correction
0.9
Factor, C
0.8
Laminar
Transition Region
0.7 Flow
Turbulent Flow
0.6
0.5
In most cases for use in the field,
0.4 a value of: C = 0.83
0.2 will give satisfactory results
0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe

Shell Learning
Example
Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Reynold’s Number and velocity profile correction factor
Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C r = 0.7 g/cm3

100 0.031 2088 0.621 m = 0.5 cp
200 0.062 4177 0.748 D = 6.184 ins
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in flowing
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 wells, due to rate or
multiple phases

Shell Learning
• Spinner response
Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid to tool

velocity
V
Cable Velocity
Fluid Velocity
V

Shell Learning
Spinner Response
 Ideal: No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction
Spinner
RPS
Fluid Velocity

Shell Learning
Spinner Response
 Mechanical friction effect
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Static friction
Fluid Velocity

Shell Learning
Spinner Response
 Fluid viscosity effect
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Viscosity shifts
response curve
Fluid Velocity

Shell Learning
In-Situ Calibration
Perforations
Flowing region
Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps
Zero flow
region

Shell Learning
In-Situ Calibration - Zero Flow
Spinner
rps
Best fit calibration line
Tool Velocity
ft/min
Threshold velocity, Vt

Shell Learning
Velocity Calculation
Perforations
Flowing region
Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps
Zero flow
region

Shell Learning
Velocity Calculation - Flowing
Flowing line
Spinner
(rps)
DR(i) Zero flow line
y-axis
intercept DV(i)
Slope, m(i)= DR(i) (rps/ft/min)
DV(i)
X-axis
intercept
Down
Tool Velocity
Fluid Vt spinner threshold (ft/min)
Velocity

Vm = mixture velocity = (Xi + Vt) ) x 0.83
Qm = mixture rate = Vm A
Shell Learning
Velocity Calculation
 Based on Flowing In-Situ Calibration(s)
 Determine X-axis intercept for rate (i)
 or
 Determine Y-axis intercept for rate (i), y(i)
 Determine response slope, m(i)
Vt from Zero-flow
calibration
 Velocity given by:
y(i)
Vmax(i) = x(i) + Vt = + Vt
m(i)
 Why are the response curves not parallel?
 Different fluid type or mixture (holdup)
 Increased efficiency of energy transfer to the spinner at higher speeds

Shell Learning
Conventions
 POSITIVE cable velocity is going down
 Consider that depth is assumed to be increasing as we go down, so
velocity must be positive
 Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP

 This follows from the previous convention that the tool velocity is
negative when moving upwards
 Calibration plot axes

Positive Spinner
Up Velocity Down Velocity
Negative Spinner

Shell Learning
Flowing & Zero flow zones
Spinner
RPS
Threshold of the
“Positive” line
- Vt + Vt
Up Down
Cable Speed
2 x Vt
1

Shell Learning
Frequently asked Questions
 What causes a negative threshold velocity? . . . . . 2
– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows faster on the
upper side of the casing, displacing water on the lower side.
– Then, if spinner not properly centralized, it sees oil when logging down
and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative threshold’

Shell Learning
Spinner calibration in detail

Shell Learning
Log Log
up down RPS
C 5 f
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10 e
b a
d ft / min
C - 100 100
c -5
VC
RPS
B 5 f
B negative e
- 100 d ft / min
a 100
b
-5
c VB
RPS
A e
f
5 d
no A - 100 ft / min
flow

a b c d e f -5 100
40 90 150 50 100 140 a
b
ft / min. ft / min. c VA = 0
Shell Learning
Log Log
up down
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10
F
Which perforations
contribute to flow ?
E
D
C

Shell Learning
Log Log
up down
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10
E Perforations
contributing
D to flow
C

Shell Learning
Determining flow rates from spinner
data
0 10 RPS 20
3.6 / 14 = 25.7 %
3.6 RPS
2.1 / 14 = 15.0 % 2.1 RPS
C
8.3 RPS

8.3 / 14 = 59.3 %
Shell Learning
Spinner Log Example
Up CVEL- Down CVEL+ Up & Down SPIN Qo (bpd)

Perforations
Interpretation zones
Shell Learning
Temperature Applications
 Tool and fluid corrections
 Electronics & sensors are affected by temperature (VTCO, VFC, etc)
 Fluid conversions require downhole temperature data
 Flow behind pipe

 Temperature surveys are affected by flow inside and outside of pipe
 Fluid entries and type

 Fluid entries cool the flow stream by mixing
 Gas expansion causes additional local cooling
 Quantitative Mass Flowrate

 Under favorable conditions the mass flowrate can be calculated
directly

Shell Learning
Single Phase
Example

Shell Learning
Pressure Changes in a well

Shell Learning
Pressure Applications
 For comparison with surface rates
 well stable ?
 Leaks ?
 Gas – Oil – Water contacts

 Using pressure gradient
 Fluid properties at downhole conditions

 Used to estimate: Oil, Water and Gas densities , therefore
holdup from the gradiomanometer can be computed.
 Well operating parameters

 Bubble point pressure compared to flowing pressure indicates
if gas-liquid flow is expected

Single Phase
Shell Learning
Slip velocity:
difference between
oil and water velocities
Hold up:
Voil Vwater fraction of total volume
filled by the fluid
Ywater = fraction of water

Two / Three Phases
Shell Learning
Production Logging
Hydrocarbon
Water
Fluid Profile

Flow in vertical wells
Fluid flow profile in the casing cross-section
Shell Learning as a function of Well Deviation and Water Hold-up
Fluid Phases in the Wellbore
FLOW REGIMES
102
LIQUID VELOCITY
10
REGION I
REGION II REGION III
N
TIO
I
NS
DIMENSIONLESS
A
TR
1
BUBBLE FLOW
MIST FLOW
SLUG FLOW

PLUG FLOW
10-1 1 10 102 103
DIMENSIONLESS GAS VELOCITY
Shell Learning
Multiphase Interpretation
 More Sensors required
 Gradiomanometer
 Fluid mixture density from pressure
 Capacitance (HUM)
 Water holdup from mixture electrical properties
 Nuclear Fluid Density (NFD)
 Fluid mixture density from electron density
 Electrical Probes: (PFCS or DEFT)
 Water Hold-up from electrical properties
 Optical Probes: (GHOST)
 Gas Hold-up from fluid optical properties
 Fluid Conversions: PVT

 Downhole rates to Surface ?
 Interpretation Techniques
 2-phase only (bubble flow model)
 2 & 3 phase Single pass interpretation

Shell Learning
Gradiomanometer
Gradio Effects

Shell Learning
Hold-up determination
Water
Holdup 100% water
100% point
•Based on 2 KNOWN points, the

gradio can be used to determine
the Holdup of one phase
In this example
Hw = 40% •For the Holdup calculation we have 2

equations and 2 unknowns
rtool = roil x Hoil + rwater x Hwater

100% = Hoil + Hwater
100% oil
point
0%
roil rtool rwater Gradio Density

Error In Expected Error In Uncertainty in Water
Downhole Oil Density Measurement Origin and Salinity
Shell Learning
Gradio Applications
Fluid Identification
 Each Type of Fluid has a distinct density
Fluid entries
 If a fluid of different density enters the wellbore, it will change the
mixture density
 However, if fluid density is the same, the final mixture density will
remain the same
Holdup Calculation
 In a 2 phase mixture, knowing the individual densities, hold up can
be determined.

Interpretation
Shell Learning
NFD - Nuclear Fluid Densitometer

Shell Learning
Shell Learning

Shell Learning

Shell Learning

Shell Learning

GHOST Optical Probe
 0.1-mm-diameter sensing area not influenced by

wetting effects
 No maximum phase velocity limitation
 Gas holdup accurate to within 7%
 Bubble count accurate to within 1%

Shell Learning
Shell Learning

GHOST Measurement Principle
GHOST Probe Response
Reflected light depends on refractive index of medium (n).

Shell Learning
Local Probe Principle
Probe output is binary.
 Gas holdup
Yg = Red time
Total time
 Gas bubble count

Number of events
Bc =
Total time

Shell Learning
GHOST Log Output

Shell Learning
Flowmeters may read Two Different Types of Flow
in Deviated Wells

Shell Learning
Flow restrictions in undulating boreholes
Trapped
gas
Trapped
water

Shell Learning
Multi Capacitor Flow Meter (MCFM)
Pulsed Neutron Holdup Imager (PNHI)
POS MCFM
• Orientation • Liquid Level • Acoustic • Pressure • Spinner

• Inclination • 3 Phase Holdups
• Velocity
• Temperature
• Caliper
PNHI
GR LS SS Source
Detectors
• 3 Phase Holdups
• Formation Water Saturation
• Oxygen Activation (Water Flow)

Shell Learning
Pulsed Neutron Hold-up Indicator
(PNHI) Baker Atlas
Borehole
RIN (N/F) CO

Shell Learning
Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter
(MCFM)
Capacitance sensors Baker Atlas
Gas
Oil with gas
Oil Oil with water
Water with oil

Water
Circumferential
MCFM wing
Capacitance

in segregated fluids
in segregated fluids
Shell Learning
MCFM - Measurement
Concept
Flow Direction
 Level and holdup determined from sensors at 8 levels across

wellbore (12 bit)
 Velocity determined from correlation of adjacent sensors on 4
rows (1 bit)

Shell Learning

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Production Logging

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

What do we want to know ?

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Well and Completion problems Reservoir flow problems

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Horizontal holes: Flagship (Schlumberger)

Horizontal holes: MCFM (Baker Atlas)

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

We want to know

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Vavg Rate calculations require an average

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

In turbulent flow, the relationship

Onset of turbulence is controlled

Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

I hate the term polyphasic

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:

D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C r = 0.7 g/cm3

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid to tool

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

 Ideal: No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

 Mechanical friction effect

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

 Fluid viscosity effect

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Best fit calibration line

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

DR(i) Zero flow line

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

 Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP

 Calibration plot axes

Up Velocity Down Velocity

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

2.1 / 14 = 15.0 % 2.1 RPS

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

 Flow behind pipe

 Fluid entries and type

 Quantitative Mass Flowrate

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.