Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural
applications
A. Suresh a,⇑, S. Rajakumar b
a
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Varuvan Vadivelan Institute of Technology, Dharmapuri 636703, Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli 627007, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, a 2 kW small scale horizontal axis wind turbine with rotor radius of 1.8 m and Tip Speed
Received 25 March 2019 Ratio of 6 was designed to work at low wind speed for rural applications. Aerodynamic analysis was per-
Received in revised form 2 June 2019 formed on 10 airfoils, viz Aquila, BW-3, E387, FX63-137, NACA0012, NASA LS-0413, RG-15, S1223,
Accepted 3 June 2019
SD7080 and SG6043 using QBlade software. These airfoils were used to analyze Lift Coefficient, Lift to
Available online xxxx
Drag ratio, with different angles of attack and compared with one another. From Numerical simulation,
SD7080 was the most suitable airfoil to start producing high power in low wind speed applications.
Keywords:
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd.
Small horizontal axis wind turbine
Airfoil
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Advanced Materials for Clean Energy
BEMT and Health Applications (AMCEHA).
Wind turbine blade
Numerical simulation
QBlade software

1. Introduction role in producing higher power coefficient, an efficient wind tur-

Energy is an intrinsic, sometimes latent constituent of nature
which can be tapped and utilized for various purposes such as to
run machines, light cities, power vehicles, trains, planes and rock-
ets [1]. There are mainly two sources of energy available in the uni-
verse namely renewable and non renewable sources. Presently, the
wide use of non renewable source, mostly the fossil fuel, is leading
to its rapid depletion besides causing severe pollution which seri-
ously affects the environment. Hence, there is an urgent need for
alternate sources of energy to meet the energy need which keeps
escalating. Among all the alternative energy sources, renewable
energy seems to be a more promising substitute for non renewable
energy. There are different renewable sources available like wind,
solar, bio and tidal energy. In recent times, wind energy has pro-
vided itself as one of the effective renewable energy sources, due
to its low-cost, reliability, steady and wider availability [1,2]. The
kinetic energy available in the wind is changed into mechanical
energy and eventually into electrical energy with the help of wind
turbines. Typically, there are two varieties of wind turbines,
namely HAWT &VAWT, which are generally used to produce elec-
tricity from wind. As wind turbine blade profiles play an important
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sureshkgari@gmail.com (A. Suresh).
bine profile has to be designed so as to give effective lift force
and minimum drag force at low wind speed and the optimum
aerodynamic wind turbine blade profile is influenced by various
criterions such as chord, twist, solidity, angle of attack and pitch
angle [2].
The aerodynamic performance of two varieties of wind turbine
blades has been reported by Lee and Shiah. In their study, one
blade was designed based on the blade element momentum theory
(BEMT) while constant chord length with non-twist type was used
for the design of the second one. The experimental and numerical
simulation results revealed that the maximal power coefficient for
the BEMT blade increased by 50% compared with the other. BEMT
based blade has fully attached flow over the airfoil without separa-
tion whereas the other type covers only a partial region amounting
about 76%. It is because, the flow over the BEMT-blade with twist
angles is still attached to the blade root near the leading edge.
Obviously, the partition of flow is effectually controlled by the
twist angle utilized in the BEMT-blade. This clarifies that BEMT-
blade bears a maximal power coefficient than that of the baseline
at low tip speed ratios. Finally, it was observed that flow separation
is developed on the suction side near the leading edge of both the
blades at low tip speed ratio [3].
The airfoil was designed with a low Reynolds number for appli-
cation in small horizontal axis wind turbines to attain better start

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Advanced Materials for Clean Energy and Health Applications (AMCEHA).

Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
2 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Nomenclature
PT turbine power
R radius of rotor blade
r local radius of rotor blade
A swept area
B number of blades
k tip speed ratio
kr local tip speed ratio
U free stream wind velocity
C chord length
CP power coefficient
Re Reynolds number
up performances at lower wind speed. The experiments were car-
ried out in an open circuit wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers of
38,000, 75,000, 1,28,000 and 2,05,000 on the revised airfoil
(AF300). The flow around the airfoil was evaluated by the utiliza-
tion of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) along with smoke flow
visualization. At different angles of attack (a), the drag and lift
forces were measured with a dynamometer and pressure distribu-
tion over the airfoil surface was studied. Finally, a CFD analysis was
also performed to obtain additional data on the flow characteris-
tics. The experimental outcomes showed that, a maximum lift
coefficient values of 1.72, 1.81 and 1.86 were obtained at the
Reynolds numbers of 75,000, 1,28,000 and 2,05,000 respectively
at the stall angle of 140. The lift coefficient increased from 0.41
to 1.05 in a range of 0–180, and no stalling was recorded at Rey-
nolds number Re = 38,000. The flow visualization of smoke and
PIV results demonstrated that, at Reynolds number as small as
56,000 the flow stayed perfectly connected to the airfoil surface
at an angle of attack of 80, although the flow was fully attached
for Reynolds number as low as 75,000 up to a = 140 [4].
The combination of CFD & BEM method is used to analyze the
flow field around the wind turbine rotor (S809 airfoil) to determine
the aerodynamic performance (Power curve diagram, force, &
moments). This approach consists of two parts: calculation of 2D
aerodynamic coefficient of several span wise sections of the blade
by CFD method and secondly simulation of 3D flow field of wind
turbine using BEM technique. The CFD method requires less com-
putational time and memory while compared with 3D simulation
(BEM) of wind turbines [5].
Optimization of chord and twist parameters of three micro scale
wind turbines for power output values of 0.5kw, 0.75kw, 1kw has
been accomplished by Pourrajabian et al. While taking measures to
improve the performance of the wind turbines designed to run at
low wind speeds starting time was also considered as an objective.
The larger values of the chord and twist at the root of the blade are
necessary for the improved performance when the wind speed is
low. Finally, they concluded that, the blade size and increase in
the number of blades improve both the starting performance and
the power output [6].
A comprehensive review of different profiles of turbine blades
and optimization process of aerofoil geometry to obtain higher
coefficient of power in small wind turbines with Reynolds number
below 5x105 have been conferred by Karthikeyan et al. They
inferred that the performance of noise, lift and drag ratios and
starting characteristics are affected by the modifications of airfoil
trailing edge, camber line, and thickness. Moreover, an optimized
size-reduced rotor blade can produce power equivalent to a larger
less optimized blade [7]. A 3KW three blade airfoil was designed
using Blade element momentum theory and analysis done by
design X-FOIL software with tip speed ratio (k) of 3. A prototype
wind turbine was controlled by variable pitch angle method and
Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
q density of air
l dynamic viscosity
X angular speed of rotor
a Angle of attack
b twist angle
U inflow angle
HAWT horizontal axis wind turbine
VAWT vertical axis wind turbine
NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
BEMT blade element momentum theory
by varying of the field current from the generator. From their
results, it was observed that the designed wind turbine produced
output power of 1105 W and power coefficient (CP) of 0.14 at a
medium wind speed of 10 m/s [8].
Mini wind turbine blades with NACA profiles were manufac-
tured and the power coefficients and rotation rates were studied
by Vardar and Alibas et al. From their investigation, it was found
that the power coefficient is effective for the best rotor blade mod-
els with high rotation rate, while the best rotor models with high
power coefficients generate considerable results in terms of rota-
tion rates. Furthermore, it was found that NACA 4415 profiles with
four blades, 18 grade blade angle and 0 twisting angles produced
the highest power coefficient and NACA 4412 series with two
blades, 5 grade blade angle and 0 twisting angles had the maxi-
mum rotation rate [9]. The startup performance of a three blade,
2 m diameter HAWT was studied in field tests and correlated with
the results of quasi-steady blade element analysis. From the
results, it was observed that the maximum starting torque was
generated closer to the hub and power production was more at
the tip region [10].
The main aim of this work is to design and perform analysis of
2 kW small horizontal axis wind turbine to be used for low wind
speed applications. In the present work, aerodynamic analysis of
10 airfoils was carried out at Reynolds number of 81,712 using Q
Blade software. The blades were designed for the selected airfoils
based on BEMT. Further, simulation of the selected models at Re
of 81,712 was carried out to determine the power coefficients.
From the simulated results, the best blade was selected and ana-
lyzed for different Re values, to be utilized in small horizontal axis
wind turbines operated at low wind speeds.
2. Methodology
2.1. Airfoil selection
In this study, 10 airfoils viz, Aquila (9.3%), BW-3, E387,
FX63-137 (13.7%), NACA0012, NASA LS-0413, RG-15, S1223,
SD7080 (9.2%), SG6043 were selected from literature in view of
low Reynolds number applications. Aquila airfoil works in low Rey-
nolds number conditions with a good (CL/CD) ratio over an
extended range of angles of attack (a) [11]. They showed soft stall
behavior and its maximum CL/CD ratio occurred within a range of
CL values less than or equal to CLmax [4]. BW-3 airfoil with
pultrudable section was designed for small wind turbine systems
by Bergey wind power. This section yielded a relative thickness
of 5% [12]. Richard Eppler designed E387 airfoil in early 1960s
for model sailplanes, which became rapidly successful and is still
used for low Reynolds number applications. It is now a benchmark
used to compare low-Reynolds-number airfoil analysis results of
 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
various wind tunnel equipments. Wortmann developed an
FX 63-137 airfoil and used it for various low-Reynolds-number
applications because of its high-lift, soft-stall characteristics in
addition to its overall good performance [13].
NACA0012 airfoil has been extensively examined and typically
used for various low Reynolds applications. It is symmetrical along
the camber line and thus it provides simplicity in construction and
minimizes the possibility of manufacturing related defects. In addi-
tion, the blade is twisted largely near the root than the tip, also the
great twist near the hub substantially provides higher starting tor-
que, and thus it helps the turbine to start at lower wind speed
[14]. S1223 airfoils were the best candidates for optimization due
to their lower values of CL and CL/CD ratios [4]. SD7080 profile has
a slightly lower maximum lift and at low lift coefficients and high
Reynolds numbers the drag is quite low, which provides good wind
penetration [15]. SG6043 profile with thickness of 10 percent has the
highest lift coefficient and upgraded lift-to-drag performance for
low Reynolds number applications. Further, SG6043 airfoil yields
the best energy capture in the presence of leading-edge roughness
elements applicable for small variable-speed wind turbines [16].
The Geometry shape of different airfoils are shown in Fig. 1.
2.2. Analysis of airfoils
The Q Blade software based on the x-foil tool was used to test
the selected airfoils at the Reynolds number of 81,712 and the
angles of attack (a) ranging from 0° to 20° with increments of 2°.
The obtained results are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The selected
airfoils are compared with one another based on the factors of
maximum lift coefficient and maximum lift to drag ratio.
Fig. 2. Shows the variation of Lift coefficient (CL) with respect to
different angles of attack for the selected airfoils at Re = 81,712.
From Fig. 2, it was observed that the lift coefficient values are
strongly influenced by the angle of attack (a). From the graph it
can be detected that, S1223 airfoil produces CLmax of 1.77 at a of
Fig. 1. Geometry shape of different airfoils.
Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
3
7°. For angles of attack above 7° the CL for S1223 airfoil rapidly
decreases. CLmax of 1.41 occurs at a of 9° for BW-3. Airfoils Aquila
(9.3%), NASA LS-0413, E387, RG-15 and NACA 0012 have CLmax of
1.35, 1.31, 1.23, 1.06 and 0.93 respectively at a of 10°. Similarly
SD 7080 (9.2%), SG6043 and FX 63-137 (13.7%) generate CLmax val-
ues of 1.17, 1.60 and 1.73 at a of 11°, 13° and 15° respectively. The
airfoils SG6043, Aquila (9.3%) and SD7080 (9.2%) revealed the soft
stall behavior in the a range of 7–16°, 4–11° and 7–20° respec-
tively. Finally, It can be concluded that SD7080 (9.2%) airfoil is
most suitable for low wind speed applications due to its large
range of soft stall behavior compared with other airfoils.
Fig. 3. Shows the variation of Lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) for differ-
ent airfoils at a Re value of 81,712. From the plotted graph, it was
observed that the values of lift to drag ratio varies with respect to
the changes in the angle of attack.
A Maximum lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) of 56.40 appeared at a of 8°
for SG6043 airfoil followed by BW-3 airfoil with 51.56 at a of 4°
and E387 airfoil with 50.98 at a of 8°. The S1223, FX63-137
(13.7%), RG-15, Aquila (9.3%), SD7080 (9.2%) and NASA LS-0413 air-
foils displayed the CL/CD ratios of 47.46, 46.65, 46.34, 42.38 46.30
and 42.25 at a of 2°, 9°, 5°, 10°, 5° and 6° respectively. NACA0012
airfoil shows the lowest value of a CL/CD ratio 33.43 at a of 5° com-
pared with other airfoils. Finally, from the obtained results it was
found that SD7080 (9.2%) airfoil has a wide range of CL/CD ratios
and showed a soft stall behavior in the a range of 4–9°. Therefore,
SD7080 airfoil is the best profile for small wind turbine to produce
maximum power. Maximum lift coefficients and lift to drag ratio at
maximum Reynolds numbers of 81,712 for various airfoils are
shown in Table 1.
2.3. Rotor blade design by BEMT method
For blade design, the various parameters like, power, tip speed
ratio, chord, and twist are studied and the details are given below.
The small-scale wind turbines have considerably different
4 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Lift coefficient (CL) for different airfoils at Reynolds no = 81,712.

Fig. 3. Lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) of different airfoils at Reynolds no = 81,712.

Table1
Maximum lift coefficients and lift to drag ratio at maximum Reynolds numbers of 81,712 for selected airfoils.

Airfoil Maximum Lift Coefficient Maximum Lift to Drag ratio

a (°) CLmax a (°) CL/CD ratio
Aquila (9.3%) 10 1.35 10 42.38
BW-3 9 1.41 4 51.56
E387 10 1.23 8 50.98
FX63-137 (13.7%) 15 1.73 9 46.65
NACA0012 10 0.93 5 33.43
NASA LS-0413 10 1.31 6 42.25
RG-15 10 1.06 5 46.34
S1223 7 1.77 2 47.46
SD7080 (9.2%) 11 1.17 5 46.30
SG6043 13 1.60 8 56.40

Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

aerodynamic behaviors than the large-scale wind turbines. Rey- Table 2

nolds number of the airfoil essentially affects the aerodynamic per- Specification of blade.

formance of a wind turbine and is given by the Eq. (1). Parameter Range

qUc Rated Power, P 2000 W

Re ¼ ð1Þ
l Rotor radius, R
Number of blades, B
1.8 m
3
Axis of rotation Horizontal
where Re denotes Reynolds number, C represents the chord length
Tip speed ratio, k 6
of the airfoil, U denotes the wind velocity, q and l are the density Rated wind velocity, U 8 m/s
and the dynamic viscosity of a moving fluid respectively. The Rey- Root Chord Length, Cr 0.4423 m
nolds number is directly proportional to the wind speed (U) and Tip Chord Length, Ct 0.0652 m
chord length (C). These two elements have very low values and
small-scale wind turbines operate better with smaller Reynolds
numbers compared with large-scale wind turbines. Furthermore, Table 3
with decrease in Reynolds number, the maximum lift coefficient The Chord distribution for various sections.
reduces but the drag coefficient is slightly increases. It indicates
Section no Local radius of Radius Tip Speed Chord
that the lift to drag ratio reduces sharply with a decline in Reynolds rotor, r (m) ratio r/R Ratio k Length (m)
number, which result in inadequate performance of the small hor-
1 0.4 0.22 1.33 0.4423
izontal axis wind turbine [17]. Hence, it is more useful to select 2 0.5 0.28 1.67 0.3668
an airfoil shape with maximum lift to drag ratio for the design of 3 0.6 0.33 2.00 0.3080
a stall-regulated small wind turbine [18]. 4 0.7 0.39 2.33 0.2617
The output of the wind turbine power (PT) is given by the 5 0.8 0.44 2.67 0.2247
6 0.9 0.50 3.00 0.1947
Eq. (2).
7 1.0 0.56 3.33 0.1699
1 8 1.1 0.61 3.67 0.1492
PT ¼ cp qU 3 A ð2Þ 9 1.2 0.67 4.00 0.1316
2 10 1.3 0.72 4.33 0.1166
where, CP = power coefficient, U = wind velocity, q = air density, 11 1.4 0.78 4.67 0.1035
12 1.5 0.83 5.00 0.0921
A = rotor swept area = pR2, and R denotes the radius of rotor 13 1.6 0.89 5.33 0.0821
blades.[19]. Power coefficient (CP) for a specific wind turbine differs 14 1.7 0.94 5.67 0.0732
with tip speed ratio (k). The ratio of the speed of the rotor blade tip 15 1.8 1.00 6.00 0.0652
to the wind speed is called the tip speed ratio (k) and is given by the
Eq. (3).
XR
k¼ ð3Þ
U
pN, N denotes the rotor speed in
where, X is the angular velocity i.e. 260
rpm, R is the radius of the blade and U is the wind velocity [20]. The
local tip speed ratio is given by the Eq. (4).
kr Fig. 4. Blade model obtained from Q-blade software.
kr ¼ ð4Þ
R
U is the inflow angle and this is found from below Eq. (5).
of 8 m/s, and a design tip speed ratio of 6 were selected. The rotor
2 blade geometry is split into 15 sections. The rotor blade specifica-
tan/ ¼ ð5Þ
3kr tions in various sections derived from BEMT method are shown in
Table 3.
The maximal power coefficient of the wind turbine considered
For improved performance of the wind turbine at lower wind
two main parameters namely chord and twist distribution of the
speeds, it is necessary that the chord length is larger at the inner
blade. At low wind speed condition large values of the chord and
sections of the blade (closer to the root) and smaller at the outer
twist at the root of the wind turbine blade give superior perfor-
sections of the blade.
mance. The power output and starting performance of the wind
The root sections are set to high twist angles, which contribute
turbine are improved by increasing the blade size and number of
to the low start up performance as the large twist angle makes the
blades [6]. The formula to calculate chord length and twist angle
root sections to have an appropriate angle of attack at low start-up
is given below Eq. (6).
wind but they are more likely to stall at high wind speed. In addi-
8prsinb tion, the twist angle at the tip section is low which also makes the
C¼ ð6Þ
3kr B tip sections more likely to stall at high wind speeds but will con-
tribute at low wind speed [18]. The rotor blade model of simulation
where, C and r are the chord length and local radius of the blade
is shown in Fig. 4.
respectively, kr = local tip speed ratio, B = number of blades, Twist
angle (b) = u  a, where U = inflow angle and a = angle of
attack, [3]. 3. Results

 Rotor specification 3.1. Power coefficient analysis of BEMT-blades at Re = 81,712.

The specification of the rotor blade for the design of small hor- The performance of a wind turbine is evaluated by determining
izontal axis wind turbine is listed in Table 2. its power coefficient or coefficient of performance (Cp). The power
Table 2 has all the design specification of the small horizontal coefficient as a function of the tip speed ratio (shown Fig. 4) depicts
axis wind turbine and a rotor radius of 1.8 m, rated wind speed the response of BEMT-blades at Re = 81,712.

Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
6 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Power Coefficient versus tip speed ratio at Re = 81,712 for selected BEMT-blades.

Fig. 6. Power Coefficient versus tip speed ratio of SD7080 BEMT-blade at various Re values.

From Fig. 5, it can be observed that the Cp values initially
increase with the increase in the value of tip speed ratio (k),
reaches the maximum, and then decreases. Furthermore, the blade
rotors with a wider range of tip speed ratios offer high power coef-
ficients. From the graphical representation, the BEMT-blades viz
Aquila (9.3%), BW-3, FX 63-137 (13.7%), S1223 and SG6043 have
the Cp = 0.36, 0.36, 0.36, 0.38 and 0.38 at k = 5. The blades viz
E387, NACA 0012, NASA LS 0413, RG-15 and SD 7080 generates
Cp values of 0.35, 0.28, 0.34, 0.33 and 0.34 at k = 6 respectively.
Finally from the numerical simulation, SD7080 BEMT-blade was
selected as the optimum blade due to its wide range of tip speed
ratio from k = 3 to k = 10 for 2KW small horizontal axis wind tur-
bine at Re = 81,712.
3.2. Power coefficient analysis of SD7080 blade at different Re values
Numerical simulation of SD7080 blade which was carried out at
various Re values and variation of the power coefficient with
respect to the different tip speed ratio (k) are shown in Fig. 6.
From the results, It was found that the maximum values of
Cp = 0.19, 0.29, 0.31, 0.33, 0.33 and 0.34 were reached at k = 6 for
Re = 30642, 40856, 51070, 61, 284, 71,498 and 81,712 respectively.

Please cite this article as: A. Suresh and S. Rajakumar, Design of small horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed rural applications, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
 A. Suresh, S. Rajakumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Finally, It was found that SD 7080 blade starts to produce the max-
imum power coefficient (Cp) values from lower Re value of 40,856
due to the aerodynamic shape of blade which produced maximum
Lift to Drag ratio (CL/CD) than Re value 30642.
4. Conclusion
This paper describes the design and analysis of 2kw small hor-
izontal axis wind turbine used for low Reynolds number applica-
tions. The Aerodynamic analysis using QBlade software was
carried out on selected airfoils, viz Aquila, BW-3, E387, FX63-137,
NACA0012, NASA LS-0413, RG-15, S1223, SD7080 and SG6043 at
Reynolds number of 81712. These airfoils were measured to ana-
lyze Lift Coefficient (CL), Lift to Drag ratio (CL/CD), with different
angles of attack and compared with each other. From the results,
SD7080 airfoil was selected as the best airfoil due to its wide and
maximum lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) of 46.30 for the angle of attack
(a) of 5°. Further, high soft stall behaviour is observed in a range of
4–9°. The blades were designed for various airfoils based on Blade
Element Momentum Theory (BEMT). The power coefficient (Cp)
was varied with respect to Tip Speed Ratio (k) for the selected air-
foils. From the simulation results, It was observed that the SD7080
airfoil blade has optimum power coefficient of Cp = 0.34, at k = 6
for Reynolds number (Re) = 81712. Finally, SD7080 airfoil blade
was analyzed for different Re values of 30642, 40856, 51070,
61284, 71,498 and 81,712 in comparison with k and power coeffi-
cient. The maximum power coefficient of 0.29 was produced at low
Re = 40856 at k = 5–6. Therefore, from the numerical simulation, it
was concluded that SD7080 was the most suitable airfoil to pro-
duce maximum power in low wind speed applications.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by S. Rajakumar Assistant Professor &
Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University
Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu-627007, India.
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Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.008
7
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