TERESTRIAL & CLOSE-RANGE

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Terrestrial photogrammetry deals with photographs taken
with cameras located on the surface of the earth. The
cameras may be hand-held, mounted on tripods, or
suspended from towers or other specially designed
mounts. The term “close-range photogrammetry” is
generally used for terrestrial photographs having object
distances of up to about 300m.
 APPLICATIONS
• Deformation monitoring.
• Accident reconstruction.
• Time-lapse terrestrial photos have been used
to record speeds of vehicles, directions and
velocities of water currents.
• Measurement of inaccessible objects.
 TERRERIAL CAMERAS
• Metric:
They have fiducial marks built into their focal planes,
which enable accurate recovery of their principal
points.
• Non-metric:
Don’t have fiducial marks. Pictorial quality is more
important that geometrical quality.
• Photo-theodolites/Stereometric cameras:
Combination of camera and theodolite. Mounted on
tripods and centered over a desired camera station
by means of a plumb bob. Relative orientation of the
cameras is known after calibration, and it remains
constant for all stereopairs taken.
HOLOGRAMMETRY
 HOLOGRAMS

Holograms are three-dimensional images of

objects that are a photographic record of light
interference patterns produced using a
photographic plate and light from a laser.
 HOLOGRAMS
These 3D images, like the photogrammetric
stereomodel, may be measured and mapped.
The science of hologrammetry is based upon the
wave theory of light (light is transmitted in regular
sinusoidal oscillations).
Because light transmits sinusoidally, it is possible to
produce from two light sources brighter light by adding
wave crest to wave crest, and it is also possible to
produce darkness from the same two light sources by
adding wave crest to wave trough. (Interference)
INTERFERENCE
RECORDING A HOLOGRAM & RECONSTRUCTING A 3D
VIRTUAL IMAGE FROM A HOLOGRAM
RECORDING A HOLOGRAM & RECONSTRUCTING A 3D
VIRTUAL IMAGE FROM A HOLOGRAM
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The application of photogrammetric

methods to digital images using general
image processing techniques as well as
the generation and output of these digital
images. (Mayr, 1998)
 IMAGE ACQUISITION

• Scanning of analogue photographs.

• Photography using a digital camera.

 DIGITAL IMAGE PROPERTIES
Image dimension:

Raster/Pixel (Picture Element):

The smallest unit of information that makes up a
picture.

Image resolution:
The number of pixels in an image. It is sometimes
identified by the width and height of the image as well as
the total number of pixels in the image. E.g., an image
that is 2048 pixels wide and 1536 pixels high
(2048X1536) contains (multiply) 3,145,728 pixels (or 3.1
Megapixels).
Raster/Pixel
CCD-CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE
CCD-CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE
DIGITAL IMAGE FORMATION: SCANNING
Scanners are differentiated using their
geometric and radiometric resolution, format
size and price.

Basic requirements for scanners used in

photogrammetry:
• Format A3
• High geometric resolution
• High radiometric resolution
• High accuracy
 Format: A3

The format A3 is necessary because for

photogrammetric purposes the photos must
be scanned in total, in particular including
the fiducial marks, and most of the aerial
photos today have the format 23 by 23 cm
(9" by 9") which exceeds the A4 format.
 Radiometric resolution
The radiometric resolution specifies how well
the differences in brightness in an image can be
perceived; this is measured through the number
of the grey value levels.
The finer or the higher the radiometric
resolution is, the better small differences in
reflected or emitted radiation can be measured.
 Geometric resolution
The number of dots per unit length.
The geometrical scan resolution is given in the
units “dots per inch” [dpi] or micrometers [μm]
and reflects on the maximum accuracy to attain
The higher the geometric resolution the finer
the pixel grid.
 Steps for scanning aerial photos
• Photos should be put onto the glass plate in the
way that the direction of the strip (flight) is
parallel to the CCD array of the scanner.
 Steps for scanning aerial photos
• If at all possible only master film material
should be used as scan sources. If film is not
available prints must be used instead. They
should be processed on plain (non-textured)
paper of high geometrical stability.
• The whole aerial photo must be scanned – in
particular, the fiducial marks must be
included, which we will need to establish the
interior orientation.
• Grey scale images must be stored as “grey
scale”, not as “colour” images!
 Steps for scanning aerial photos
• All photos of a block should be scanned in the
orientation in which they form the block,
regardless of the flight direction.
 General remarks for scanning.
• Switch on the scanner without a photo on
the glass plate! Let the equipment run at
least 5 minutes to warm up.
• After that, put the photo onto the glass
plate and cover the unused area of the
plate with a black cardboard. In this way,
the radiometric self-calibration of the
scanner is supported.
 Advantages of digital stereo-
photogrammetry.

• One can easily improve brightness and

contrast “on the fly” when measuring within
images.
• Storage
• Multi-functional
 Further reading.
1. Flatbed Versus Drum roll scanners

2. Ground control for aerial photogrammetry