Anisotropy in Metal

September , 2019

Jeong Whan Yoon

Professor of Mechanical Engineering

KAIST
 Sources of anisotropy in metals

• Macroscopic Level  Yield Function

• Microstructure Level (Grain structure, Dislocation structures, Second-phases, Solutes)
TD

Grain & RD
45º shear

Pole figures AL 1050 Loading

90 degree 45 degree
AL 6022 Loading

90 degree 45 degree
90º shear
70 250

60
200
50
Shear Stress

Shear Stress
40 150

30
100

<111> 20
50
10

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1m Shear Strain
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Shear Strain
0.4 0.5

1050-O 6022-T4 1050-O 6022-T4

 Hill’s(1948) Theory
■ Yield function

  σ   F   yy   zz   G   zz   xx   H   xx   yy 
2 2 2

 2L  yz  2M  zx  2N  xy  2 
2 2 2 2

When F=G=H=1 and L=M=N=3, it becomes von Mises

■ Plane Stress
 ( )  ( G  H ) xx  ( F  H )  2 H  xx   2N  2
2 2 2 2
yy yy xy
 Coefficients Characterization for
F,G,H, N
• Method 1 : Using stress-ratios
 0 /  ,  45 /  ,  90 /  ,  b / 
where    o or  b

• Method 2 : Using three r-values and one

stress ratio
ro , r45 , r90 ,  0 / 
where    o or  b
 Input Preparation :
Stress Tensor Transformation
     ij x i  x j   ij x i  x j
x3 x'3
■ Stress tensor  P P
T
x'2

 co s   sin  0 x2
 
where P  sin 

co s  0

x1  x'1
 0 0 1 

■ Uniaxial tension in 
x1 σ = P σ  P
T

 xx  xy 0
 

  0

 0
0
0
0
0
0


0 

   xy

 0
? 
0
yy
0


0 
 Stress Tensor Transformation
x3 x'3
■  P P
T
x'2

 co s   sin  0 x2
 
where P  sin 

co s  0

x1  x'1
 0 0 1 

■ Uniaxial tension in 
x1 σ = P σ  P
T

 xx  xy 0     cos    cos  sin  0

2
  0 0
     
   xy  0    cos  sin    sin 
2
  0 0 0  
0
 
yy

 0 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 0 
Stress Tensor Transformation (Continued)
 xx    cos 
2

    sin 
2
yy

 xy    cos  sin 

 0  xx   0 ,  yy
 0 ,  xy  0
x2 x 
x 2 1  45  45  45
  45  xx  ,  ,  xy 
 2
yy
2 2
x1
  90  xx  0 ,  yy   90 ,  xy  0

Biaxial  xx   b ,  yy
  b ,  xy  0
 Hill’s(1948) Coefficients (Method 1)-
Based on Stress-ratios
 ( )  ( G  H ) xx  ( F  H )  2 H  xx   2N  2
2 2 2 2
yy yy xy

Tension in 0 :  xx   0,  0 ,  xy  0 ( G  H ) 0  2
2 2
yy

 45  45  45
Tension in 45 :  xx  2
, yy

2
,  xy 
2
( F  G  2 N ) 45  8
2 2

Tension in 90 :  xx  0,    90 ,  xy  0 ( F  H ) 90  2
2 2
yy

Biaxal Tension :  xx   b,   b ,  xy  0 ( F  G ) b  2

2 2
yy

F    90     b     0 
2 2 2

G    b     0     90 
2 2 2

H    0     90     b 
2 2 2

   0 or  b
N  4   45     b 
2 2
 Complete Experimental Data for Modelling of
Yield Surface / Anisotropy / Formability
AL 6022-T4E32 (t=1mm)
Test Voce Max Plastic /BX /BX /BX Disk
Direction A (Mpa) B (Mpa) C eP Work to (Min (Min Plastic Comp/
(Yield)
eP Fracture Work) rvalue
Strain)

Biaxial 355.91 221.48 6.977 0.596 179.97 1 1 1 1.244

0 328.36 194.50 10.941 0.192 46.57 0.995 1.022 1.012 0.820
45 325.90 192.76 9.175 0.216 51.25 0.990 0.982 0.980 0.418
90 316.01 188.75 10.123 0.204 47.10 0.946 0.970 0.968 0.664

Yield Surface /
Anisotropy
(Hill : Method-1)
 Example of AL6022-T4E32

  /  (   /  b )  /   (  b /   )
B 1 1
0 1.012 0.988
45 0.980 1.020
90 0.968 1.033

F    90     b     0   1 . 091
2 2 2

G    b     0     90   0 . 909
2 2 2

 b
H    0     90     b   1 . 044
2 2 2

N  4   45     b   3 . 165
2 2
 Review (von-Mises) :
How to draw von-Mises yield surface?

   11 2   22 2   11 22  3  12 
2

   cos   sin   cos  sin 

2 2

   1 2   2 2   1 2
   * fac
 1    cos  where
 2 /
 2    sin 
fac ( )  cos   sin   cos  sin 
2 2

 
   1 (  cos  ),  2 (  sin  ) 

1 / 1  
    cos 
  1
   1 1
 x  cos 
 fac ( )
2    fac ( )
    sin  2 1
    y  sin 
 fac ( )
How to draw Hill’s (1948) yield surface?
 ( )  ( G  H ) xx  ( F  H )  2 H  xx   2N  2
2 2 2 2
yy yy xy

 
1
( G  H ) 2
xx
 ( F  H )
2
yy
 2 H  xx  yy
 2N
2
xy

2

fac ( )    1 (  cos  ),  2 (  sin  ) 


1
( G  H ) cos 2
  ( F  H ) sin   2 H cos  sin  
2

2
 2 /
  1 1
x  cos 
 fac ( )

2 1
1 / y  sin 
 fac ( )
Yield Surface Plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M1)
Yield Surface with Shear Levels
 How to draw normalized yield stress plot ?

 
1
( G  H ) 2
xx
 ( F  H )
2
yy
 2 H  xx  yy
 2N
2
xy

2

 xx
   cos  , 
2
yy
   sin  , 
2
xy
   cos  sin  
    Y  
where

Y   
1
( G  H ) cos 4
  ( F  H ) sin   2 H cos  sin   2 N cos  sin  
4 2 2 2 2

 1 F or von Mises (F  G  H  1, N  3),


 Y   Y    cos   sin   2 cos  sin
4 4 2 2

cos 2
  sin    1
2 2
 Normalized Stress Ratio Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M1)



r-value plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M1)
Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values
w
d l  d  r 
t

d w  d 
 
2   
2
x2 x
 1

w    2 x 2 
r   x1
t  zz
 Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)
   ij x i  x j   ij x i  x j
 cos    sin  
P 

      22  sin   cos   
2
x2 x
 1   11  12    xx  xy 
     
x 2    12  22   xy  yy 
x1

  11  12 
  P  P
T
 
       
  12  22 2 

 )   xx sin    yy cos   2  xy cos  sin 

    2 (   22
2 2
 Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)

  xx sin    yy cos   2  xy cos  sin 

p p 2 p 2 p

r   / 2

  zz
p p
zz

  xx ,  yy ,  xy ,  zz
p p p p
can be derived from Associated Flow Rule :

d l  d 
 
    p 
p

     
d w  d 
 
2
 Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)

 ( )  ( G  H )   ( F  H )  2 H  xx   2N  2
2 2 2 2
xx yy yy xy

 xx  2  ( G  H ) xx  H  
p
 yy
   
p

   
p
yy

 2  ( F  H ) yy
 H xx

 zz    xx   yy
p p p

 
p


xx

 
xx
1  
  2 N 

p  
 xy 
p
 
p
xy xy 2    xy 


yy
yy


 xy  2  xy  
p

 xy
 Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)
 xx  2  ( G  H ) xx  H  
p
yy
From Tensor Transformation :
 yy  2  ( F  H )  H 
p
 xx    cos 
2
yy xx

 zz   (  xx   yy )     sin 
p p p 2
yy

 xy    cos  sin 

p
xy

 2 N  xy


 xx  2  ( G  H )  cos   H   sin  
p 2 2

 yy  2  ( F  H )  sin   H   cos  
p 2 2

 zz  2   G   cos   F   sin  
p 2 2

 xy  2   N   sin  cos  
p
Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)

  xx sin    yy cos   2  xy cos  sin 

p p 2 p 2 p

r   / 2

  zz
p p
zz

H  ( 2 N  F  G  4 H ) sin  cos 
2 2

r 
F sin   G cos 
2 2

H 2N  (F  G ) r90 
H
r0  r45 
G 2( F  G ) F
 Hill (1948) coefficients (2nd method)-
Based on r-values (Continued)
2
Three r-values: ro   
F  2  

H r90 (1  ro )   o 
r0  2
G 1   
G  2  
2N  (F  G ) 1  ro   o 
r45  
2( F  G ) 2
ro   
H H  2  

r90  1  ro   o 
F
 ro  r90  2 r45  1    
2

N  2  

Tension in 0: 2 r90 1  ro  o 
( G  H ) 0  2
2 2

   0 or  b
 Complete Experimental Data for Modelling of
Yield Surface / Anisotropy / Formability
AL 6022-T4E32 (t=1mm)
Test Voce Max Plastic /BX /BX /BX Disk
Direction A (Mpa) B (Mpa) C eP Work to (Min (Min Plastic Comp/
(Yield)
eP Fracture Work) rvalue
Strain)

Biaxial 355.91 221.48 6.977 0.596 179.97 1 1 1 1.244

0 328.36 194.50 10.941 0.192 46.57 0.995 1.022 1.012 0.820
45 325.90 192.76 9.175 0.216 51.25 0.990 0.982 0.980 0.418
90 316.01 188.75 10.123 0.204 47.10 0.946 0.970 0.968 0.664

Yield Surface /
Anisotropy
(Hill : Method-2)
 Example of AL6022-T4E32
 b
  /  (   /  b ) r 2
ro   
B 1 1.244 F  2    1.3251

0.820 r90 (1  ro )   o 
0 1.012
2
45 0.980 0.418   
1
90 0.968 0.664 G  2    1.0730

1  ro   o 
2
ro   
H  2    0.8799

 /   (  b /   ) 1  ro   o 
1
 ro  r90  2 r45  1   
2

0.988 N  2    2.2014

1.020 2 r90 1  ro  o 
1.033
Yield Surface Plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M2)
Normalized Stress Ratio Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M2)



r-value plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Hill-M2)
Summary (Yield Surface)
Summary (Stress Ratio)
Summary (r-value)
 Rodney Hill
Professor Rodney Hill
Professor Rodney Hill, who died on February 2, 2011 aged 89, had a formative influence on
the development of the science of the mechanics of solids, especially, though not exclusively,
in the theory and applications of plasticity in metals.
In science, plasticity describes the non-reversible deformation of a
material in response to applied forces; a piece of metal or plastic being
pounded into a new shape, for example, displays plasticity as permanent
changes occur within the material itself. The theory of plasticity is the
mathematical study of stresses and strains in plastically-deformed solids
and has applications in, for example, designing crash resistant vehicles
or modelling the structural stresses in buildings.

In 1949, after taking a doctorate with a thesis entitled Theoretical Studies

of the Plastic Deformation of Metals, he moved to Sheffield to head a
new section in the Metal Flow Research Laboratory of the British Iron
and Steel Research Association. Rodney Hill’s monumental
Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, published in 1950 when he was just
29, defined the field and remains in print as an indispensable work of
reference.
In 1953, aged only 31, Hill was offered a new chair in Applied Mathematics at Nottingham University. In 1961
he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, whose Royal Medal he would win in 1993. As well as his books,
Hill was the author or co-author of more than 150 articles which, though seldom an easy read, were notable for
their fresh thinking, concision and, above all, exemplary scholarship. In 2008 the scientific publishers Elsevier,
in collaboration with the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, established the Rodney Hill
Prize in his honour — a quadrennial award in the field of solid mechanics.
Yld89-Barlat & Lian (1989): Plane Stress
M M M
f  a K1  K 2  a K1  K 2  c 2K 2  2
M

where 2

 xx  h  yy   h 
K2     p 2 xy2
xx yy
K1   
2  2 

When M=2, it reduce to Hill’s(1948) Yield Function,

Anisotropic Coefficient : a,c,h,p

- Method-1 : Using Four Tensile Stress (0,45,90,B)

- Method-2 : Three r-values and one Tensile Stress
 Yld91-Barlat (1991) et al.
  s    S 1  S 2
a a a
 S2  S3  S 3  S1  2
a

~ ~
where S 1~ 3 are the principal values of s  L 
b  c c b 0 0 0    xx 
   
 yy
 c c a a 0 0 0   
1  b a a b 0 0 0    zz 
L      
3 0 0 0 3f 0 0  
 xy 
 0 0 0 0 3g 0   
  
yz

 0 0 0 0 0 3 h    xz 

Anisotropic Coefficient : a , b , c , f , g  h  1
- Method-1 : Using Four Tensile Stress (0,45,90,B)
- Method-2 : Three r-values and one Tensile Stress
 Coefficients relationship between
Hill’s(1948) and Yld91
Hill (1948) Yld91

(a  c )  c  a
2 2 2

2( F  4G  H ) 
9
(b  c )  c  b
2 2 2

2(4 F  G  H ) 
9
2 (b  c )c  2 ( a  c )c  2 a b
2(4 F  4G  2 H ) 
9
4L  6 f
2

4M  6g
2

4 N  6h
2
 Multiple Linear transformations
Approach
■ Multiple linear transformations
  s     s , s   s  = C s s  = C s

■ Application:
Plane stress (Yld2000-2d : Barlat et al. (2003))
General case (Yld2004 : Barlat et al. (2005))
 Yld2000-2d –Barlat et al. (2003): Plane Stress

  s   1  s     2  s  
a a a
 s 1  s 2  2s 2  s 1  2s 1  s 2  2
a

where
~
s1, 2 and
~
s1,2 are the principal values of
~
s   C  s  C T  and ~
s   C  s  C T 

 1 0 0   4 5   3 2 6  2 4 0   2 1 0  xx 
  1  1   
C  0 2 0 C   2 3  2 5 4 4   6 0 T  1 2 0    yy 
  3  3 
 0 0  7   0 0 3 8   0 0 3   xy 
 

Anisotropic Coefficient :  1~ 8
- Four Tensile Stress (0,45,90,B)
- Four r-values(r0,r45,r90,rb)
Coefficients relationship between
Yld89 and Yld2000-2d

Yld2000 Yld89
 Complete Experimental Data for Modelling of
Yield Surface / Anisotropy / Formability
AL 6022-T4E32 (t=1mm)
Test Voce Max Plastic /BX /BX /BX Disk
Direction A (Mpa) B (Mpa) C eP Work to (Min (Min Plastic Comp/
(Yield)
eP Fracture Work) rvalue
Strain)

Biaxial 355.91 221.48 6.977 0.596 179.97 1 1 1 1.244

0 328.36 194.50 10.941 0.192 46.57 0.995 1.022 1.012 0.820
45 325.90 192.76 9.175 0.216 51.25 0.990 0.982 0.980 0.418
90 316.01 188.75 10.123 0.204 47.10 0.946 0.970 0.968 0.664

Yield Surface /
Anisotropy
(Yld2000-2d)
Yield Surface for 6022-T4E32
(with Yld2000-2d Model)
Yield Surface Plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Yld2000-2d)
Normalized Stress Ratio Al 6022-T4E32
(with Yld2000-2d)
 N o rm a liz e d S tre n g th D ire c tio n a lity
6 0 2 2 -T 4 E 3 2 (t= 1 -m m )

1 .1

P re d ic te d Y L D 2 0 0 0 -2 d

E x p e rim e n ta l

1 .0 5
N o rm a lize d S tres s

0 .9 5

0 .9

0 15 30 45 60 75 90
O rie n ta tio n , D e g re e s to R D
r-value plot for Al 6022-T4E32
(with Yld2000-2d)
 P la s tic S tra in R a tio D ire c tio n a lity
6 0 2 2 -T 4 E 3 2 (t= 1 -m m )

0 .8

0 .6
r V a lu e

0 .4

0 .2
P re d ic te d Y L D 2 0 0 -2 d
E x p e rim e n ta l

0 15 30 45 60 75 90
O rie n ta tio n , D e g ree s to R D
Yld2004 –Barlat et al. (2005): General Case
1,3

  s      S i, S j  
a

 S i  S j  4
a

i, j

~
s   C  s  C T  and ~
s   C  s  C T 

 s xx   0  c12  c13 0 0 0   s xx 
    s 
s c 0  c 23 0 0 0
 yy   21   yy 
 s zz    c 31  c 32 0 0 0 0   s zz 
Each Transformation s     
(9 Coefficients)  s yz   0 0 0 c 44 0 0   s yz 
s   0 0 0 0 c 55 0   s zx 
zx
    
 s xy   0 0 0 0 0 c 66   s xy 

Anisotropic Coefficients : 16 (in plane)+ 2(out of plane)

- Seven Tensile Stress (0,15,30,45,60,75,90,B)
- Seven r-values(r0,r15,r30,r45,r60,r75,r90,rb)
Yld2004 : Application to rigid packaging
1 .10
Exp. 2 .5
Y ld 2 0 0 4 -1 8 p
1 .05 Y ld 2 0 0 0 -2 d
2
N o rm a liz e d flo w s tre s s

1 .00

1 .5

r v a lu e
0 .95

1
0 .90 Exp.
Y ld 2 0 0 4 -1 8 p
Y ld 2 0 0 0 -2 d 0 .5
0 .85

5 0 1 9 A -H 4 8 (S .N o . 7 6 5 21 7 )
0 .80 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T e n s ile d ire c tio n
Effective Stress Contour for AL 5019 with Yld2004

Yld2000 Yld2004
EXP
Predicted Earing Profile with Yld2004
2 1 .6
Exp.
2 1 .4 Y ld 2 0 0 4 -1 8 p

2 1 .2
C u p ra d iu s (m m )

21

2 0 .8

2 0 .6

2 0 .4
5 0 1 9 A -H 4 8
E n d s to c k
2 0 .2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
A n g le fro m ro llin g
 Frédéric Gérard Barlat
Professor Frédéric Gérard Barlat
Prof. Barlat made his monumental contribution in the field of generalized yield function
development. His papers related to yield functions (Yld89, Yld91, Srp93, Yld96, Yld2000,
Yld2004) were cited over 3000 times.
Prof. Barlat received a PhD in Mechanics from the “Institute
National Polytechnique de Grenoble,” France, in 1984. The same
year, he joined Alcoa Technical Center near Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA, the research facility of Alcoa Inc. (formerly the
Aluminum Company of America) as Technology Specialist in the
Alloy Technology and Materials Research Division. His work was
used for the design of alloys and processes in support of Alcoa's
major business units, including packaging, automotive and
aerospace. Prof. Barlat is Director of Materials Mechanics
Laboratory Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang
University of Science and Technology, where he directs activities
on the fundamentals of plasticity and forming . He is also currently
Invited Full Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering
at University of Aveiro, Member of the Board of Directors of the
Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Portugal.

Prof. Barlat has published as an author or co-author over 200 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and
more than 100 conference articles. He holds three US patents with co-inventors from Alcoa Inc. and Kobe
Steel, Ltd., Japan and one EU patent with co-inventors from the Centre for Mechanical Technology and
Automation, University of Aveiro. In 1995, he was the honored recipient of the ASM Henry Marion Howe Medal
of the Material Society for the best technical paper published in Metallurgical Transactions A. He received the
2006 International Journal of Plasticity Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Plasticity. He is an
editorial board of International Journal of Plasticity.