Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Abstract:- The high rate of urbanization and population solutions of the essence of developing entrepreneurship in
explosion in the world has placed high demand for food rural youths. Buguma is one of the riverine communities in
especially the demand for fish, which has continued to rise. Rivers State that have more than 90% of the land area
Globally, aquaculture has manifested as a significant surrounded by natural river bodies and this creates the
means of nutritious food production, income generation enabling environment for the aquaculture (see fig.3).
and livelihood support in the lives of people. This study
investigated the impact of aquaculture farming on In 2010 United Nation's Food and Agriculture
economic improvement of residents’ of Buguma in Rivers Organization (FAO) Stated that World Fisheries and
State of Nigeria. The study was undertaken as a mixed Aquaculture credited 62% of all the global fishing to China,
method research with the use of convenience and stratified 4.5% to Europe, 26% to Asia and 4.5% to America but
random sampling of households in twenty eight (28) streets Nigeria with all the rivers and water bodies still import fishes.
in Buguma. The total number of questionnaires It is on this note the Rivers State government in 2013 went
administered to residents households’ heads were 384 and into partnership with a private aquaculture organisation to
376 were retrieved. The research design used was the build the Buguma Fish farm to create jobs, increase seafood
Triangulation Mixed-Method Design and the data were production, reduce depression in the youths and increases the
analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques involving protein content of local diets. It was also partly conceptualized
bar charts, pie charts, histogram with mode and to fulfill an aspect of the Millennium Development Goals.
percentages. The result revealed that 73.0% of the
respondents were of the opinion that the Buguma fish farm Hunting for fish or catching fish in the open river in the
had positive impact on the residents, while 5.8% sees more rural coastal areas of the state was an occupation of people
of its negative impact. In terms of benefits derived from living in the riverine communities in Rivers State but this is
the fish farm by the residents, 59.0% strongly agreed that gradually becoming unattractive because of factors such as
it was a source of employment. With this positive rural to urban migration and the effects of illegal refining of
information, the Buguma aquaculture can be used to crude oil businesses. Aquaculture is new paradigm, a welcome
improve the economic stay of Buguma and other riverine development in sustenance of the fishing culture of the people
communities. Thus, it is recommended that the Buguma of Buguma.
aquaculture farms be restored with proper collaboration
with the state government, local government, experienced Crop farming in the upland areas and fishing in the
companies and other stakeholders and that the key coastal communities of Rivers State were complementary and
stakeholders should adopt an agropolitan development had been the backbone of Rivers State economy for many
model that will boost economic activities and guide rural years. However, the focus changed when oil was discovered in
development in this study area. Oloibiri community of the then Rivers State in 1956. Today,
aquaculture is gradually replacing the primary occupation of
Keywords:- Aquaculture, Rural Development, Fishing. the people of Buguma, the administrative headquarters of
Asari-Toru Local Government area of Rivers State in Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION’ The young and old, educated and illiterates that have moved to
the urban areas are returning to take advantage of the
In recent times, the attention of youths in developing aquaculture business in Buguma. This is another economic
countries especially in the rural areas has been directed to base in addition to other available secondary occupations such
entrepreneurship aimed at reducing the growing pace of as education and health. The total employment in these sectors
poverty and unemployment. Aquaculture is the farming of is not more than 5% of the total population. The vast majority
aquatic organisms, including fish, crustaceans and aquatic are left to take decisions either to migrate to urban centres or
plants. It is the farming of aquatic equivalent of agriculture on to resort to the traditional fishing and farming at a subsistence
land ( FAO, 2010). This artificial system remains one of the level leaving the vast local resources in the rivers and creeks
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Buguma is a community in Rivers State and possessed
the ideal components for aquaculture advancement. These
Rivers State holds promise for aquaculture advancement potentials were supported with the establishment of the
in Nigeria. This is because of a number of factors or ideal Buguma fish farm but quite surprisingly, the aquaculture farm
components such as its unique location in the Niger Delta, is not thriving. As at the time of this study, the Buguma fish
availability of abundant water resources, favorable year round farm has ceased operations, workers sent home and equipment
tropical season, thriving fishing culture and fish consumers. vandalized. The hallmark of it is that, the Buguma community
Others are Niger Basin Development Authority, Tertiary residents whose primary occupation is traditional fishing to
institutions with aquaculture training programs, aquaculture earn a living can hardly go out for fishing because of pipeline
professionals, researchers. These facts were supported by a vandalism triggered pollution, rape of women fisherfolks,
piracy, kidnapping and theft in the creeks.
The aim of this study is to assess the economic impacts Qualitative and quantitative methods are most often used
of aquaculture development on Buguma community, Rivers in exploratory studies (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). The
State. The major objective is to appraise the operational combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of data
success and challenges of the Buguma aquaculture collection and analysis commonly called mixed method was
development from 2013-2018. The study was conducted in used. Mixed method became needful and convenient since it
Buguma, headquarters of Asari-Toru Local Government Area has the capacity to provide detailed and comprehensive data in
of Rivers State, Nigeria. Buguma City historically is the order to achieve the research objectives and answer the
foundation of the Kalabari kingdom where the King Amachree research questions (Bryman, 2006). This study belongs to the
dynasty sits. Buguma is an Island that is surrounded by sea class described as ‘Triangulation Mixed-Method Design
and creeks (the Asari-Toru –Buguma Sea leading to the (Cresswell & Tashakkori, 2007), because the qualitative and
Cawthorne channels and the Amanyanabo Okolo creek quantitative data are collected at the same time and emphasis
connecting to the Girls Secondary School Marywood through is placed on both qualitative and quantitative data in
to the Buguma fish farm site). Buguma shears boundary on establishing result and making recommendation (Cresswell,
East by Bukuma community of Degema Local Government 2002). Triangulation mixed-method design allows residents
Area. On the south at the tributaries leading to the Atlantic perception and expectations to be explored and better
Ocean, On the West by Angulama, Omekwetariama, Minama, understood both qualitatively and quantitatively. Samples
Krakrama, Sangama communities and on the north by Ido were drawn from the relevant populations and studied
community of the Asari-Toru Local Government Area. concurrently. Residents of Buguma and specifically the fisher
folks were major cohorts of consideration.
Buguma like other settlements in the Niger Delta is
engulfed with a predominant mangrove swamp vegetation and V. RESULTS/ RESEARCH FINDINGS
tropical rain forest climate. The people are pre-occupied with
fishing along the creeks that criss-cross the area and sea Length of Stay in Buguma
fishing traditionally in canoes. Buguma is dominated by one In Table 1, a total of 5.6% of respondents (21) had been
traditional language known as Kalabari. Buguma community in Buguma for 1-5years, 26.86% of respondents (101) had
enjoys rural-urban and urban-rural linkage by the Emuohia- stayed in Buguma for 6-10years, 20.2% of respondents (76)
Abonnema-Buguma link road thus making transportation and for 11-18years while 47.34% of respondents (174) had been
flow of ideas and resources easy. there since childhood.
Reason for Having Positive Views about the Buguma been grouped into ‘Net categories’. The percentages that are
Aquaculture Farm shaded and in bold state the proportion of respondents who
In the survey, those whose viewed of the industry made at least one of the more specific comments in that
positive were recorded were recorded verbatim, and were then category.
coded prior to analysis. In Table 4.30, similar responses have
As can be seen in Table 5, positive perceptions of the Reason for Having Negative Views of the Buguma
industry centre primarily on the economic benefits of Aquaculture Farm
aquaculture to Buguma residents and her neighbours (74.4%), Table 6 displays the reasons survey respondents gave for
particularly that aquaculture makes fresh sea food/ fishes viewing the industry quite or very negatively. Respondents
available (55.5%). Other reasons for viewing the industry most commonly mentioned that contracts and senior level jobs
positively include that aquaculture is perceived to be a source were done by foreigners and strangers (87.4%). This was
of employment (54.4%), that it’s it increases the community followed by those who said that it causes environmental
population so boasting commerce and trade (43.1%), products pollution (85.1%), then by the group who says that the
taste good, soft and enjoyable (44.2%), and that it Produces aquaculture industry is too expensive and not for individuals
good, quality and healthy sea foods (24.1%). or community to embark upon (84.0%). Not natural,
genetically modified (43.6%); Fear of future health hazard
(17.24%), It encroaches on recreational areas (19.5), Disliked
farmed sea foods / don’t eat it (19.5%) and others who do no
comment (23.0%).
Respondents Employment Status 101 persons were unemployed while a total of 22 respondents
Table 7 shows the display respondents’ employment could not disclose their employment status. It shows that
status. A total of 184 respondents were into permanent majority of the respondents are employed.
employment, 69 persons were into temporary employment,
Income Status of Respondents Less than N18,000, 5.3% of respondents (14) fell within
Table 8 shows the income level of respondents and N18,000 – N39,999, 6.4% which is 16 respondents fell within
income was of interest in this research because it influences or income brackets N40,000 – N59,999, 14.9% which is 38
determines respondents’ perception of aquaculture. A total of respondents fell within N60,000 – N79,999, 21.5% which is
376 respondents were interviewed. A total of 101 respondents 54 respondents fell within N80,000 – N99,999, 24.5% which
were unemployed and a total of 22 respondents employment is 62 respondents fell within N100,000 – N119,999, 6.11%
status were not disclosed. So, a total of 253 persons were which is 15 respondents ell within income bracket of
identified as employed (permanent and temporary) with N120,000 – N139,999, 12.2% which is 31 respondents fell
monthly income. An analysis of the monthly income level of within N140,000- N159,999 while 4.2% which is 11
these respondents reveals that 12 respondents, that is 4.8% of respondents fell within N160,000 and above.
the overall respondents fell between the income brackets of
Residents’ Personal View of Impact of the Buguma 120 respondents (31.9%) view aquaculture as positively
Aquaculture on Residents impacted on the residents, 79 respondents (21.0 ) view it as
Without any prompting about the possible positive or negatively impacted, 19 respondents (5.0%) view it as both
negative impacts of aquaculture, all respondents were asked to negative and positive while 142 of respondents (37.8%) view
tell their views of the aquaculture industry as positive or it as with no impact. 15 respondents (4.3%) says they don’t
negative on them. Table 9 shows that out of 376 respondents, know.
S/N Personal View of Impact of the Buguma Aquaculture Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents
1 Positively impacted 120 31.9
2 Negatively impacted 79 21.0
3 Both Positive and negative 19 5.0
4 No impact 142 37.8
5 Don’t know 16 4.3
Total 376 100
Table 9:- Impact of the Buguma Aquaculture on Buguma Residents
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018
In Table 10, aquaculture was seen as a sustainable way provides jobs/ Employment for Buguma residents. 56
to produce sea food in the area. A total of 202 respondents respondents’ making 15.0% agreed, 6 respondents making
strongly agreed that aquaculture is a sustainable way to 1.6% remained undecided, 44 making 11.7% disagreed while
produce sea food. A total of 66 respondents’ agreed, 18 48 making 12.7% strongly disagreed.
respondents remained undecided, 55 disagreed while 35
strongly disagreed. For questions that found out that the Buguma
Aquaculture farm contributes positively to Buguma’s clean,
Buguma aquaculture farm was looked at as a tourism green image, the table shows that 84 of the respondents 22.3%
destination and Table 10 shows that 218 of the respondents strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm
(58.0%) strongly agreed that the Buguma aquaculture farm is Contributes positively to Buguma’s clean, green image, 203
a tourism destination. A total of 72 respondents’ agreed respondents’ 54.0% agreed, 16 respondents making 4.3%
(19.1%), 21 respondents remained undecided (5.6%), 35 remained undecided, 45 making it 12.0% disagreed while 48
respondents making 9.3% disagreed while 30 respondents making 7.4% strongly disagreed.
(6.0%) strongly disagreed.
When asked respondents whether the Buguma
It was also confirmed whether the Buguma Aquaculture Aquaculture farm contributes significantly to local, state and
farm has improved the living standard of Buguma residents. national economy, Table 10 shows that 82 of the respondents
Table 10 shows that 152 of the respondents strongly agreed 21.8% strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm
that the Buguma Aquaculture farm has improved the living contributes significantly to local, state and national economy,
standard of Buguma residents by opening window of 148 respondents’ 39.4% agreed, 14 respondents making 3.7%
investment opportunities. 72 respondents’ agreed, 15 remained undecided, 106 making it 28.2% disagreed while 26
respondents remained undecided, 78 disagreed while 59 making 6.9% strongly disagreed.
strongly disagreed.
The question of Buguma aquaculture farm having
For the question that ascertained that the Buguma negatively impacted on Buguma’s natural beauty was
Aquaculture farm provides jobs/ Employment for Buguma answered by respondents as shown on the table that 44 of the
residents, the table shows that 222 of the respondents making respondents 11.7% strongly agreed that the Buguma
59.0% strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm Aquaculture farm has negatively impacted on Buguma’s