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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

An Assessment of Rural Development Aquaculture


Programme in Rivers State, Nigeria
(The Case of Buguma Community)
1. Tpl. Ikiriko Tamunoikuronibo Dawaye, Greater Port Harcourt City Dev. Authority
2. Tpl. Samuel, Dagogo, Rivers State University
3. Arc. Anthony Enwin, Rivers State University

Abstract:- The high rate of urbanization and population solutions of the essence of developing entrepreneurship in
explosion in the world has placed high demand for food rural youths. Buguma is one of the riverine communities in
especially the demand for fish, which has continued to rise. Rivers State that have more than 90% of the land area
Globally, aquaculture has manifested as a significant surrounded by natural river bodies and this creates the
means of nutritious food production, income generation enabling environment for the aquaculture (see fig.3).
and livelihood support in the lives of people. This study
investigated the impact of aquaculture farming on In 2010 United Nation's Food and Agriculture
economic improvement of residents’ of Buguma in Rivers Organization (FAO) Stated that World Fisheries and
State of Nigeria. The study was undertaken as a mixed Aquaculture credited 62% of all the global fishing to China,
method research with the use of convenience and stratified 4.5% to Europe, 26% to Asia and 4.5% to America but
random sampling of households in twenty eight (28) streets Nigeria with all the rivers and water bodies still import fishes.
in Buguma. The total number of questionnaires It is on this note the Rivers State government in 2013 went
administered to residents households’ heads were 384 and into partnership with a private aquaculture organisation to
376 were retrieved. The research design used was the build the Buguma Fish farm to create jobs, increase seafood
Triangulation Mixed-Method Design and the data were production, reduce depression in the youths and increases the
analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques involving protein content of local diets. It was also partly conceptualized
bar charts, pie charts, histogram with mode and to fulfill an aspect of the Millennium Development Goals.
percentages. The result revealed that 73.0% of the
respondents were of the opinion that the Buguma fish farm Hunting for fish or catching fish in the open river in the
had positive impact on the residents, while 5.8% sees more rural coastal areas of the state was an occupation of people
of its negative impact. In terms of benefits derived from living in the riverine communities in Rivers State but this is
the fish farm by the residents, 59.0% strongly agreed that gradually becoming unattractive because of factors such as
it was a source of employment. With this positive rural to urban migration and the effects of illegal refining of
information, the Buguma aquaculture can be used to crude oil businesses. Aquaculture is new paradigm, a welcome
improve the economic stay of Buguma and other riverine development in sustenance of the fishing culture of the people
communities. Thus, it is recommended that the Buguma of Buguma.
aquaculture farms be restored with proper collaboration
with the state government, local government, experienced Crop farming in the upland areas and fishing in the
companies and other stakeholders and that the key coastal communities of Rivers State were complementary and
stakeholders should adopt an agropolitan development had been the backbone of Rivers State economy for many
model that will boost economic activities and guide rural years. However, the focus changed when oil was discovered in
development in this study area. Oloibiri community of the then Rivers State in 1956. Today,
aquaculture is gradually replacing the primary occupation of
Keywords:- Aquaculture, Rural Development, Fishing. the people of Buguma, the administrative headquarters of
Asari-Toru Local Government area of Rivers State in Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION’ The young and old, educated and illiterates that have moved to
the urban areas are returning to take advantage of the
In recent times, the attention of youths in developing aquaculture business in Buguma. This is another economic
countries especially in the rural areas has been directed to base in addition to other available secondary occupations such
entrepreneurship aimed at reducing the growing pace of as education and health. The total employment in these sectors
poverty and unemployment. Aquaculture is the farming of is not more than 5% of the total population. The vast majority
aquatic organisms, including fish, crustaceans and aquatic are left to take decisions either to migrate to urban centres or
plants. It is the farming of aquatic equivalent of agriculture on to resort to the traditional fishing and farming at a subsistence
land ( FAO, 2010). This artificial system remains one of the level leaving the vast local resources in the rivers and creeks

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
untapped. This has led to consistent poverty, unemployment, study on aquaculture potential of Rivers State (Gordon et al.,
hunger and high levels of incivilities. 2003).

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Buguma is a community in Rivers State and possessed
the ideal components for aquaculture advancement. These
Rivers State holds promise for aquaculture advancement potentials were supported with the establishment of the
in Nigeria. This is because of a number of factors or ideal Buguma fish farm but quite surprisingly, the aquaculture farm
components such as its unique location in the Niger Delta, is not thriving. As at the time of this study, the Buguma fish
availability of abundant water resources, favorable year round farm has ceased operations, workers sent home and equipment
tropical season, thriving fishing culture and fish consumers. vandalized. The hallmark of it is that, the Buguma community
Others are Niger Basin Development Authority, Tertiary residents whose primary occupation is traditional fishing to
institutions with aquaculture training programs, aquaculture earn a living can hardly go out for fishing because of pipeline
professionals, researchers. These facts were supported by a vandalism triggered pollution, rape of women fisherfolks,
piracy, kidnapping and theft in the creeks.

Fig. 1:- Map of Study Area


Source: Adapted by Researcher from Nigerian Muse, 2010

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 2:- Map of Buguma showing Streets


Source: Researcher, 2018

III. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The aim of this study is to assess the economic impacts Qualitative and quantitative methods are most often used
of aquaculture development on Buguma community, Rivers in exploratory studies (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). The
State. The major objective is to appraise the operational combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of data
success and challenges of the Buguma aquaculture collection and analysis commonly called mixed method was
development from 2013-2018. The study was conducted in used. Mixed method became needful and convenient since it
Buguma, headquarters of Asari-Toru Local Government Area has the capacity to provide detailed and comprehensive data in
of Rivers State, Nigeria. Buguma City historically is the order to achieve the research objectives and answer the
foundation of the Kalabari kingdom where the King Amachree research questions (Bryman, 2006). This study belongs to the
dynasty sits. Buguma is an Island that is surrounded by sea class described as ‘Triangulation Mixed-Method Design
and creeks (the Asari-Toru –Buguma Sea leading to the (Cresswell & Tashakkori, 2007), because the qualitative and
Cawthorne channels and the Amanyanabo Okolo creek quantitative data are collected at the same time and emphasis
connecting to the Girls Secondary School Marywood through is placed on both qualitative and quantitative data in
to the Buguma fish farm site). Buguma shears boundary on establishing result and making recommendation (Cresswell,
East by Bukuma community of Degema Local Government 2002). Triangulation mixed-method design allows residents
Area. On the south at the tributaries leading to the Atlantic perception and expectations to be explored and better
Ocean, On the West by Angulama, Omekwetariama, Minama, understood both qualitatively and quantitatively. Samples
Krakrama, Sangama communities and on the north by Ido were drawn from the relevant populations and studied
community of the Asari-Toru Local Government Area. concurrently. Residents of Buguma and specifically the fisher
folks were major cohorts of consideration.
Buguma like other settlements in the Niger Delta is
engulfed with a predominant mangrove swamp vegetation and V. RESULTS/ RESEARCH FINDINGS
tropical rain forest climate. The people are pre-occupied with
fishing along the creeks that criss-cross the area and sea  Length of Stay in Buguma
fishing traditionally in canoes. Buguma is dominated by one In Table 1, a total of 5.6% of respondents (21) had been
traditional language known as Kalabari. Buguma community in Buguma for 1-5years, 26.86% of respondents (101) had
enjoys rural-urban and urban-rural linkage by the Emuohia- stayed in Buguma for 6-10years, 20.2% of respondents (76)
Abonnema-Buguma link road thus making transportation and for 11-18years while 47.34% of respondents (174) had been
flow of ideas and resources easy. there since childhood.

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
S/N Length of stay Respondents Percentage of  Awareness of Respondents of Buguma Aquaculture
Respondents Table 3 shows that 352 respondents out of 376 are aware
1 1-5yrs 21 5.6 of Buguma Fish Farm, 19 are not aware while 5 persons are
2 6-10yrs 101 26.86 ignorant.
3 11-18yrs 76 20.2
4 From Childhood 178 47.34 S/N Awareness Respondents Percentage of
Total 376 100 Respondents
Table 1:- Length of Stay in Buguma 1 Yes 352 93.62
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018 2 No 19 5.05
3 No Response 5 1.33
 Marital Status of Respondent
Table 2 shows that 50.0% of the respondents were Total 376 100
single, 32.2% of the respondents were married, 9.6% were Table 3:- Awareness of Buguma Aquaculture Development
divorced, 6.4% of the respondents were widow/ widower Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018
while the remaining 1.8% were others who did not disclose
their marital status.  Respondents Occupational Status
Table 4, reveals the occupational status of the
S/N Marital No of Percentage of respondents who say that they are working. Out of the 253
Status Respondents Respondents persons (persons with permanent and temporary employment),
1 Single 188 50 82 respondents which represents 32.4% of the workforce are
2 Married 121 32.2 civil/ public servants.
3 Divorced 36 9.6
4 Widow/ 24 6.4
widower
5 Others 7 1.8
Total 376 100
Table 2:- Respondents’ Marital Status
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

S/N Occupational Status No of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

1 Civil/Public Servant 82 32.4


2 Corporate worker 24 9.5
3 Trader 27 10.7
4 Driver 14 5.5
5 Labourer 16 6.3
6 Fisherfolk 48 19.0
7 Business man/contractors 21 8.3
8 Artisan 21 8.3
Total 253 100
Table 4:- Respondents Occupational Status
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

 Reason for Having Positive Views about the Buguma been grouped into ‘Net categories’. The percentages that are
Aquaculture Farm shaded and in bold state the proportion of respondents who
In the survey, those whose viewed of the industry made at least one of the more specific comments in that
positive were recorded were recorded verbatim, and were then category.
coded prior to analysis. In Table 4.30, similar responses have

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

S/N Reasons for Positive View Respondents Percentage of


N=274 Respondents
1 Economic benefits to Buguma residents and neighbours 204 74.4
2 It is a source of employment 149 54.4
3 It makes fresh sea food/ fishes available 152 55.5
4 It is clean, sustainable and environmental friendly 36 13.1
5 It increases the community population so boasting commerce and trade 118 43.1
6 It protects wild stock from over fishing 38 13.8
7 Produces good, quality and healthy sea foods 66 24.1
8 Taste good, soft and enjoyable 121 44.2
9 It makes sea food available, readily accessible (point to kill) 44 16.1
10 People no longer struggle in the harsh weather trying to catch fish 44 16.1
Table 5:- Reason for Having Quite or Very Positive Views of the Buguma Fish Farm
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

As can be seen in Table 5, positive perceptions of the  Reason for Having Negative Views of the Buguma
industry centre primarily on the economic benefits of Aquaculture Farm
aquaculture to Buguma residents and her neighbours (74.4%), Table 6 displays the reasons survey respondents gave for
particularly that aquaculture makes fresh sea food/ fishes viewing the industry quite or very negatively. Respondents
available (55.5%). Other reasons for viewing the industry most commonly mentioned that contracts and senior level jobs
positively include that aquaculture is perceived to be a source were done by foreigners and strangers (87.4%). This was
of employment (54.4%), that it’s it increases the community followed by those who said that it causes environmental
population so boasting commerce and trade (43.1%), products pollution (85.1%), then by the group who says that the
taste good, soft and enjoyable (44.2%), and that it Produces aquaculture industry is too expensive and not for individuals
good, quality and healthy sea foods (24.1%). or community to embark upon (84.0%). Not natural,
genetically modified (43.6%); Fear of future health hazard
(17.24%), It encroaches on recreational areas (19.5), Disliked
farmed sea foods / don’t eat it (19.5%) and others who do no
comment (23.0%).

S/N Reasons for negative view Respondents Percentage of


N=87 Respondents
1 Not natural, genetically modified 38 43.6
2 Fear of future health hazard 15 17.24
3 Causes environmental pollution 74 85.1
4 Too expensive and not for individuals or community 73 84.0
5 Disliked farmed sea foods / don’t eat it 17 19.5
6 Contract and senior level jobs done by foreigners and strangers 76 87.4
7 It encroaches on recreational areas 17 19.5
8 No comment/ don’t know 20 23.0
Table 6:- Reason for Having Negative Views of the Buguma Aquaculture Farm
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

 Respondents Employment Status 101 persons were unemployed while a total of 22 respondents
Table 7 shows the display respondents’ employment could not disclose their employment status. It shows that
status. A total of 184 respondents were into permanent majority of the respondents are employed.
employment, 69 persons were into temporary employment,

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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S/N Status of Residents Employment Respondents Percentage of Respondents
1 Permanent 184 48.8
2 Temporary 69 18.4
3 Unemployed 101 26.9
4 Not Ascertained (NA ) 22 5.9
Total 376 100
Table 7:- Respondents Employment Status
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

 Income Status of Respondents Less than N18,000, 5.3% of respondents (14) fell within
Table 8 shows the income level of respondents and N18,000 – N39,999, 6.4% which is 16 respondents fell within
income was of interest in this research because it influences or income brackets N40,000 – N59,999, 14.9% which is 38
determines respondents’ perception of aquaculture. A total of respondents fell within N60,000 – N79,999, 21.5% which is
376 respondents were interviewed. A total of 101 respondents 54 respondents fell within N80,000 – N99,999, 24.5% which
were unemployed and a total of 22 respondents employment is 62 respondents fell within N100,000 – N119,999, 6.11%
status were not disclosed. So, a total of 253 persons were which is 15 respondents ell within income bracket of
identified as employed (permanent and temporary) with N120,000 – N139,999, 12.2% which is 31 respondents fell
monthly income. An analysis of the monthly income level of within N140,000- N159,999 while 4.2% which is 11
these respondents reveals that 12 respondents, that is 4.8% of respondents fell within N160,000 and above.
the overall respondents fell between the income brackets of

S/N Income Category No of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

1 Less than N18,000 12 4.8


2 N18,000 – N39,999 14 5.3
3 N40,000 – N59,999 16 6.4
4 N60,000 – N79,999 38 14.9
5 N80,000 – N99,999 54 21.5
6 N100,000 – N119,999 62 24.5
7 N120,000 – N139,999 15 6.11
8 N140,000- N159,999 31 12.2
9 N160,000 and above 11 4.2
Total 253 100
Table 8:- Respondents Monthly Income Status
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

 Residents’ Personal View of Impact of the Buguma 120 respondents (31.9%) view aquaculture as positively
Aquaculture on Residents impacted on the residents, 79 respondents (21.0 ) view it as
Without any prompting about the possible positive or negatively impacted, 19 respondents (5.0%) view it as both
negative impacts of aquaculture, all respondents were asked to negative and positive while 142 of respondents (37.8%) view
tell their views of the aquaculture industry as positive or it as with no impact. 15 respondents (4.3%) says they don’t
negative on them. Table 9 shows that out of 376 respondents, know.

S/N Personal View of Impact of the Buguma Aquaculture Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents
1 Positively impacted 120 31.9
2 Negatively impacted 79 21.0
3 Both Positive and negative 19 5.0
4 No impact 142 37.8
5 Don’t know 16 4.3
Total 376 100
Table 9:- Impact of the Buguma Aquaculture on Buguma Residents
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

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 Operationalization of Aquaculture SA- strongly Agree
In this environment, the researcher uses a five point A-Agree
Likert scale. Note what the following acronyms stand for. U-Undecided
D-Disagree
SD-Strongly Disagree

S/N Questions No of Respondents and percentages


SA A U D SD
1 Aquaculture is accepted as a sustainable way to 202 66 18 55 35
produce sea food 53.7% 17.6% 4.8% 14.6% 9.3%
2 The Buguma aquaculture farm is a tourism 218 72 21 35 30
destination. 58% 19.1% 5.6% 9.3% 8.0%
3 The Aquaculture farm has improved the living 152 72 15 78 59
standard of Buguma residents 40.4% 19.1% 4.0% 20.8% 15.7%
4 Provides jobs/ Employment for Buguma residents 222 56 6 44 48
59.0% 15.0% 1.6% 11.7% 12.7%
5 Contributes positively to Buguma’s clean, green 84 203 16 45 28
image 22.3% 54.0% 4.3% 12.0% 7.4%
6 Contributes significantly to local, state and national 82 148 14 106 26
economy 21.8% 39.4% 3.7% 28.8% 6.9%
7 Has negatively impacted on Buguma’s natural beauty 44 23 63 48 198
11.7% 6.1% 16.8% 12.8% 52.6%
8 Aquaculture poses risk to natural sea life 103 74 26 105 68
27.3% 19.7% 6.9% 27.9% 18.2%
Table 10:- Operationalization of Aquaculture
Source: Researcher’s Field Data, September 2018

In Table 10, aquaculture was seen as a sustainable way provides jobs/ Employment for Buguma residents. 56
to produce sea food in the area. A total of 202 respondents respondents’ making 15.0% agreed, 6 respondents making
strongly agreed that aquaculture is a sustainable way to 1.6% remained undecided, 44 making 11.7% disagreed while
produce sea food. A total of 66 respondents’ agreed, 18 48 making 12.7% strongly disagreed.
respondents remained undecided, 55 disagreed while 35
strongly disagreed. For questions that found out that the Buguma
Aquaculture farm contributes positively to Buguma’s clean,
Buguma aquaculture farm was looked at as a tourism green image, the table shows that 84 of the respondents 22.3%
destination and Table 10 shows that 218 of the respondents strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm
(58.0%) strongly agreed that the Buguma aquaculture farm is Contributes positively to Buguma’s clean, green image, 203
a tourism destination. A total of 72 respondents’ agreed respondents’ 54.0% agreed, 16 respondents making 4.3%
(19.1%), 21 respondents remained undecided (5.6%), 35 remained undecided, 45 making it 12.0% disagreed while 48
respondents making 9.3% disagreed while 30 respondents making 7.4% strongly disagreed.
(6.0%) strongly disagreed.
When asked respondents whether the Buguma
It was also confirmed whether the Buguma Aquaculture Aquaculture farm contributes significantly to local, state and
farm has improved the living standard of Buguma residents. national economy, Table 10 shows that 82 of the respondents
Table 10 shows that 152 of the respondents strongly agreed 21.8% strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm
that the Buguma Aquaculture farm has improved the living contributes significantly to local, state and national economy,
standard of Buguma residents by opening window of 148 respondents’ 39.4% agreed, 14 respondents making 3.7%
investment opportunities. 72 respondents’ agreed, 15 remained undecided, 106 making it 28.2% disagreed while 26
respondents remained undecided, 78 disagreed while 59 making 6.9% strongly disagreed.
strongly disagreed.
The question of Buguma aquaculture farm having
For the question that ascertained that the Buguma negatively impacted on Buguma’s natural beauty was
Aquaculture farm provides jobs/ Employment for Buguma answered by respondents as shown on the table that 44 of the
residents, the table shows that 222 of the respondents making respondents 11.7% strongly agreed that the Buguma
59.0% strongly agreed that the Buguma Aquaculture farm Aquaculture farm has negatively impacted on Buguma’s

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Volume 4, Issue 9, September – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
natural beauty, 23 respondents’ 6.1% agreed, 63 respondents 1. The Government should outsource the Buguma Fish farm
making 16.8% remained undecided, 48 making it 12.8% to be managed by a private organization. This is because
disagreed while 198 making 52.6 strongly disagreed. historically, as a bid to curb the vast majority of people
from the pervasive and high incidence of poverty,
Finally, Aquaculture poses a risk to natural sea life was ignorance, disease, squalor, poor diet, and poor shelter, the
raised as a question and the answer was explained by the table. government of Nigeria has confronted the lack of
It shows that 103 of the respondents strongly agreed that the development of the hinterland communities with various
Buguma Aquaculture farm poses a risk to natural sea life, 74 development strategies or policies- The Directorate for
respondents’ agreed, 26 respondents remained undecided, 105 Food Roads and Rural infrastructure (DFRRI), Operation
respondents disagreed while 68 respondents strongly Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution (GR), Better
disagreed. Life for Rural Women (BLRW), Family Economic
Advancement Programmed (FEAP), National Poverty
VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Eradication Programme (NAPEP), National Directorate of
Employment (NDE) and all these programs and or policies
The coastal communities and marine ecosystem failed to deliver their objective of rural development.
according to Poloczanska et al. 2013, are presently witnessing Private investors are better managers than the government.
progressive pressures from various quarters causing changes The government should rather concentrate on policy
in exceptional ways. These changes are the key threats to formulation and implementation supervision and extend
marine ecosystem services provision which ordinarily partnership with aquacultural production nations like China
supports coastal communities in different ways. and India, as well as international agencies and
organizations.
Aquaculture stands therefore as an intervention and 2. Public participation is a key to the sustenance of top-
adaptation strategy with industrial capacity to tackle reduction bottom government development projects. The rural
in wild fish catches, an aspect of sea foods production that communities as key stakeholders should be given first hand
meets the increasing request by coastal communities for information and orientation on project capacity and
seafood protein and economic empowerment (Tidwell & Allen benefits. Communities should not just be islands but
2001). According to Troeng, 2011, production of fish has should be connected with exchangeable profiting linkages.
changed significantly in the course of recent decades and half 3. There is difference between a stakeholder and a
of all fish today originates from aquaculture. shareholder. A shareholder will go even the extra mile to
protect and preserve his/her investment. Windows of
It is now obvious that aquaculture contributes to food investment opportunities should be open to rural dwellers
security, income generation, improved food supply, so as to invest, become shareholders and indirectly or
employment and trade among Nigerians (Omotoso et. al directly defenders or police of the project.
2005). It is now supported that aquaculture is a monetary 4. The government should roll out capacity development
advancement apparatus for the coastal communities with the programmes tied to the Buguma Fish Farm with
arrangement of key factors that may in diverse ways enhance Universities, Polytechnics, SMEs participating and
the personal satisfaction of the general population regarding resourcing.
employment, business ventures, income generation, gigantic 5. Agropolitan development model should be drawn or
fish production, food security and sustenance for all (Oyase et. adopted to serve as a guideline for effective sustainable
al; 2016 and FAO; 2016). development. This will address the financing aspect,
investment aspect, population aspect, institutional aspect,
Now, concerning the present situation of the Buguma facility and infrastructure aspect, policy aspect, security
fish farm, the residents frowns at its moribund status. Such a aspect, accessibility and mobility aspect, the physical
laudable and strategic project needs to continue majorly environment and the regional economy.
because of the significantly overriding positive impacts on the
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