THE FEASIBILITY OF LEMON AND BAKING SODA AS RUST REMOVER

A Thesis
Presented to the
High School Department
Sta. Teresa College
Bauan, Batangas

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements
In Research II

by:
Alcayde, Louis Yvan C.
Dapat, Verna Alexa I.
De Leon, Khrizia Monique B.

April 2018
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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust

Remover” prepared and submitted by Dapat, Verna Alexa, de Leon, Khrizia

Monique, Alcayde, Louis Yvan in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research II

has been examined and recommended for approval and acceptance.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on Researching Science with a grade of ____.

MRS. RIGGIE M. VILLAHERMOSA

Chairman

MR. ORLANDO C. VILLANUEVA MRS. OLIVE BAON

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research II.

__________________ ___________________

Date Basic Education Principal

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ABSTRACT

An abstract of “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust Remover”

presented for the fulfilment of the requirement for Research II.

Rust Remover is a breakthrough in the removal of unwanted rust. Eliminates

rust from iron and steel without harmful fumes. Begins working immediately to

transform rust into a gray/black iron phosphate, which interrupts the rusting process.

When the rust is gone, the chemical transformation has occurred, and the surface is

prepared for a protective coating such as paint. It is compatible with many surfaces and

will not harm most glass, hoses, decals, plastic, rubber or vinyl and paints. Effective for

use on most painted surfaces for removal of surface rust. A rust remover is great for

removing rust from cars, trucks, boats, RVs, motorcycles and ATVs, industrial

equipment, road equipment, lawn furniture, tools, and restoration of metal parts.

Lemon, also known as Citrus Limon, is the best citrus fruit seeing that it has a

very appealing colour, odour, and flavour. An average lemon tree can grow from 10 to

23 feet or 3 to 6 meters in height. This fruit has different kinds and varieties. The lemon

fruit is oval with a nipple-like protuberance at the apex and a light yellow colour on its

outer peel. The average size of a lemon fruit can range from
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2 inches to 3 inches in diameter. The true home of the lemon is unknown but at present

it is cultivated in several countries like Italy, Spain, Greece, Australia, and South Africa.

While lemons can be grown only at medium or high elevations in the Philippines.

On the other hand, the lemon fruit contains nutrients that is beneficial for the

body. In relation to this study, it can be a great help with the household chores because

the lemon can be a cleaning agent but it is not a disinfectant. In other words, it is not a

robust substitute for bleach or other related products with regards to food cleaning

safety. In addition, lemons are also used as beauty regimens.

Baking Soda is also known as Sodium Bicarbonate. Baking Soda has been

around since before the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, so it’s racked up quite a

story. If baking soda mixes with either an acid or an alkaline substance it has a

neutralizing effect on it. Baking soda can be helpful in terms of hygiene. It also serves

as an alternative cleaning agent in doing household chores because it can easily wear

away dirt and stain. If mixed with vinegar, it can create carbonic acid which is more

bubbly and better to scrub with.

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Experimental method was used in this study for it intends to investigate the
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feasibility of lemon and baking soda as rust remover. The specific questions that the

experiment is intended to answer must be clearly identified before carrying out the

experiment.

The experiment shows that the ratio of the ingredients to be used depends on the

severity of the rust a metal contains. Removing the rust also depends on how harsh

you scrub the rust off the nail. Time also effects on how the rust will be removed, more

time means that the rust will be strongly weakened.

After the experiment, here are some of the recommendations for the

improvement of the study. First, the usage of lemon and baking soda as an alternative

for rust remover is recommended for home use and other metal equipments with rust.

Second, other components that will also help to reduce the amount of rust may be

added to improve the effectiveness of the rust remover. Third, the amount of time

submergence may be changed and be explored to discover the effectiveness of the

product. And lastly, further research about the variables of the study must be produced

to fortify the foundation of the research.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We, the researchers, are truly thankful to the following people for giving us their

time and effort to help us. This research paper could not have been accomplished

without their guidance and help.

First and foremost, we would like to thank and show our gratitude to our Almighty

God for giving us the guidance and giving us what we all need to accomplish this

research paper. Through Him and His will, we are a step closer to our dreams.

We would also like to express our sincerest gratitude to our beloved research

teacher, Mrs. Riggie M. Villahermosa, for guiding and supporting us throughout this

whole school year. This research paper wouldn’t be possible without her guidance.

Also, her lectures have helped us to make this research paper better

We also want to show our appreciation to our Advanced Chemistry teacher, Mr.

Orlando Villanueva for guiding us and assisting us with everything related to science.

His comments and suggestions really made a big impact into our experiment. Also, his

remarks made our research paper better and more precise.

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We would also like to thank, our adviser and our English teacher, Mrs. Olive
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Baon, for supporting us all throughout this project. Her motivational words is what keep

us motivated and close to greatness. Without her patience, this research paper could

not have been possible. Also, a big thanks to her for correcting our grammar and

helping us to choose the right words to put in our research paper.

And lastly, we would like to thank our class, 10- St, Albert the Great, for being

with us the whole time. Your support was truly appreciated. Thank you for walking with

us throughout this journey.

DEDICATION
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The researchers would like to dedicate this research paper to the following people for

their continuous support while writing this paper:

To our class, 10- St. Albert the Great S.Y. 2017-2018 – thank you for a rollercoaster

ride. We’ve made it until the end! Cheers to more greatness together!

To our teachers – thank you for not giving up on us and staying with us until the end.

We are going to bring with us your words and remarks.

To our friends – thank you for being with us throughout this journey.

To our family – words can’t be expressed but we are sending our sincerest appreciation

for understanding us. Thank you for your patience and guidance.

To God Almighty - we owe everything to you. We indeed blessed by you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page
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TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................i

APPROVAL PAGE.............................................................................................ii

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................vi

DEDICATION....................................................................................................viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................ix

LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................xii

LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction..................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem............................................................4

Hypothesis...................................................................................5
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Scope, Limitation and Delimitations............................................5
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Significance of the Study.............................................................6

Definition of Terms......................................................................7

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature.................................................................10

Research Literature....................................................................17

Conceptual Framework..............................................................20

Theoretical Framework...............................................................21

Synthesis....................................................................................24

III.RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design......................................................................26

Data Gathering Procedure........................................................27

Procedure.................................................................................27

Evaluation of the Study.............................................................28

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IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Summary..................................................................................39

Findings...................................................................................40

Conclusions.............................................................................41

Recommendations..................................................................42

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................43

CURRICULUM VITAE................................................................................47

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LIST OF TABLES
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Table Title Page
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1 Components of Lemon and Baking Soda that

help Remove Rust…………………………………………...........…...29

2 Initial weight of nails with rust........................................................34

3 Change in Weight After 1 Hour......................................................35

4 Change in Weight After 2 Hour......................................................37

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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study............................20

2 Theoretical Framework of the Study............................23

3 Preparation of Materials…...........................................31

4 Pouring of Baking Soda...............................................31

5 Squeeze the Lemon....................................................32

6 Appearance of Nails (Before).......................................33

7 Appearance of Nails (After 1 hour)......... .....................36

8 Appearance of Nails (After 2 hours)..............................38

CHAPTER 1
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THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
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Introduction

Iron is the most used metal in our lives. It is indeed an incredibly useful substance that

can be used abundantly for it is extremely strong than copper and wood. Iron can also be

easily shaped into various form if it is heated properly allowing us to make tools as our needs

and unlike the wood it can handle a very high temperature.

Furthermore, the day will come when the terms of technology will be very advanced and

iron will be completely replaced by plastics aluminium, things like glass, fibres and carbon.

These days we used iron because economic equations tell us that inexpensive iron has many

advantages over those expensive alternatives.

Replacing critical materials with abundant materials, particularly in applications that use

large amounts of catalysts, would have many benefits. Abundant materials are cheaper, less

susceptible to supply fluctuations, and more environmentally benign. Cheap and abundant

metals also can be less selective, less tolerant of functional groups, and use more expensive

ligands than rare and expensive metals, but research gradually is reducing these

shortcomings.

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Rust is one of the most common problem when it comes to metal and iron tools.
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Specifically, the tools in our homes like hammers, scissors, and the like. People use their iron

tools when needed for work but afterwards, they carelessly live the tools without cleaning

them properly. If a piece of iron is left long enough, with exposure to water and oxygen, its

rusting is inevitable. In result, the coating of the metal and iron tools becomes reddish and

flaky. When the tools are said to be rusty, it becomes weak and causing the tool to be less

useful.

Once a metal is corroded, the only option to save the metal is to completely destroy

the rust. However, prolonged exposure and contact with the acids are proven bad for the

health and alternatives are being used as a replacement to the commercially sold rust

remover.

Evapo – Rust, Bull Frog, Workshop Hero Metal, Unrust Rust Remover and many others

are examples of commercially sold rust remover. Effective and quick. Easy to use. It removes

rust from a range of metals, like iron and steel, and is nontoxic and harmless to your skin or

eyes if it happens to come in contact with them. Simple hand tools can become unusable if

they're caked and flaking. Disfigured nuts and bolts marred by red-orange deposits can see

use again, but they'll need some help. Saw blades, knives, scissors, and pliers all need to be

rust-free to work properly. Lemon in other hand, mixed with baking soda is a homemade rust

remover that could surpass this commercial rust removers.

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Lemon, also known as Citrus Limon, is the best citrus fruit seeing that it has a very
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appealing colour, odour, and flavour. An average lemon tree can grow from 10 to 23 feet or 3

to 6 meters in height. This fruit has different kinds and varieties. The lemon fruit is oval with a

nipple-like protuberance at the apex and a light yellow colour on its outer peel. The average

size of a lemon fruit can range from 2 inches to 3 inches in diameter. The true home of the

lemon is unknown but at present it is cultivated in several countries like Italy, Spain, Greece,

Australia, and South Africa. While lemons can be grown only at medium or high elevations in

the Philippines.

On the other hand, the lemon fruit contains nutrients that is beneficial for the body. In

relation to this study, it can be a great help with the household chores because the lemon can

be a cleaning agent but it is not a disinfectant. In other words, it is not a robust substitute for

bleach or other related products with regards to food cleaning safety. In addition, lemons are

also used as beauty regimens.

Baking Soda is also known as Sodium Bicarbonate. Baking Soda has been around

since before the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, so it’s racked up quite a story. If baking

soda mixes with either an acid or an alkaline substance it has a neutralizing effect on it.

Baking soda can be helpful in terms of hygiene. It also serves as an alternative cleaning

agent in doing household chores because it can easily wear away dirt and stain. If mixed with

vinegar, it can create carbonic acid which is more

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bubbly and better to scrub with. Most of all, baking soda is used in baking to rise the dough
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mixture in making bread and related pastry products.

Therefore, our group ponders on how we can create an alternative rust remover from

lemon and baking soda that can prevent the negative effects of commercial rust removers.

Our research can help those Filipinos in lack of capital for such expensive cleaning products.

Since the use of iron and metal tools are widely common to every house hold.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study "The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust

Remover" is to yield an alternative rust remover which may become a solution in getting rid of

rusts.

The study sought answers to the following sub-questions:

1. What are the components of lemon and baking soda?

2. How can a rust remover be made out of lemon and baking soda?

3. How can a lemon and baking soda be used as a rust remover?

Hypothesis
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Lemon juice and baking soda is not an effective alternative for a rust remover.
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Scope, Limitations, and Delimitations of the Study

The study focuses on the possibility of baking soda and lemon juice as components of

alternative rust remover. The composition of baking soda and lemon juice which are similar to

that of the commercial rust remover were the baking soda or sodium bicarbonate has

awesome attributes that make it so helpful and versatile around our homes include: mildly

alkaline ( to cut grease and oil), can lift dirt by fizzing in vinegar or effervescing in water, it

buffers pH so it is a great deodorizer because it chemically neutralizes odours, while the lemon

juice, containing citric acid which is the active bleaching agent, can effectively remove stains.

However, the product to be made only includes baking soda and lemon. The process

was done just by mixing the baking soda with the lemon juice. No other ingredient was added.

The rust remover was tested by brushing the produced paste on a rusty surface of any iron

tools.

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The researchers did not use any other active bleaching agent like sodium hypochlorite
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or chlorine. Also, the study did not deal with any other alternative sources of rust remover other

than baking soda and lemon juice.

Significance of the study

The researches of the study intend to test the feasibility of lemon and baking soda as

rust remover. Furthermore, the study aims to be beneficial for the following:

Students. This study could give them a better understanding with regards to the

making of a rust remover using raw materials which are environmental friendly. This study

could teach them the basic concepts of making a reliable rust remover.

Teachers. As the secondary mentors, teachers can benefit to the findings of the study.

The findings will give them the knowledge of lemon and baking soda and their properties that

will be used to create a reliable rust remover. This study will serve as a good example for them

to teach and give certain lessons to help the students learn in a new way.

Future Researchers. This study can be beneficial to the future researchers for they

can learn something and be used for future studies. They can used this as a reference and

look for improvements which is for the betterment of the society.

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Consumers. This study will give a great contribution to the community especially to the
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consumers. If the study succeeds, the rust remover can be normally use as an ordinary

product by the consumers.

Definition of Terms

The terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for the better of

understanding of the readers.

Temperature. According to the Cambridge-Dictionary, the degree or intensity of heat

present in a substance or an object is the definition. Based on the study, its definition is really

simple, the measure of an object if it’s cold or hot.

Technology. According to BusinessDictionary, it is the purposeful application of

information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the

organization of human activities. Based on the study, it is the application of scientific

knowledge for practical purposes.

Cleaning agents. According to Adhesive and Glue, they are chemical materials used in

the preparation of surfaces for cleaning and remove the contaminants that may exist on the

surface of a material. Based on the study, cleaning agents are the instruments used for

removing contaminants on a certain object.

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Acids. According to Britannica-Encyclopaedia, any substance that
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in water solution tastes sour, changes the colour of certain indicators (e.g., reddens

blue litmus paper), reacts with some metals (e.g., iron) to liberate hydrogen, reacts

with bases to form salts, and promotes certain chemical reactions (acid catalysis). Based on

the study, it is a water solution that’ll help remove the rust from any kind of metal especially

iron.

Base. According to ScienceBuddies. A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen

ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide

ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a

solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkaline. Based

on the study, it is a solution that are aqueous and easy to accept protons from any proton.

Alkaline. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is having the properties of alkali.

Based on the study, it is a substance with a pH higher than seven.

pH Scale. According to Chemistry@Elmhurst, it is logarithmic and as a result, each

whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. Based on the

study, it is used to define how acidic and how basic a substance is.

Robust. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it means full-bodied and hearty.

Based on the study, it is used to describe the effectivity of baking soda as rust remover.
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 Protuberance. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the usually rounded part that

sticks out from a surface. Based on the study, it used to define the rounded pointy tip of the

lemons.

Inevitable. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a situation that is unavoidable.

Based on the study, it is used to define a situation when rusting occurs in a metal.

Effervesce. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is to show liveliness or

exhilaration. Based on the study, it is to bubble and form a foam when gas escapes.

Neutralization. According to Chem-Libretexts, it is when an acid and a base react to

form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water.

When a solution is neutralized, it means that salts are formed from equal weights of acid

and base. Based on the study, it is when a base and an acid react to each other and will be the

cause on making the rust weaker and easier to remove.

Oxidation. According to ThoughtCo, it is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a

molecule, atom or ion. It occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is

increased. Based on the study, when iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust

because it has been oxidized, this process is called oxidation.

Chapter II
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter tackles the conceptual and reviewed literature that helped the

researchers during the experimentation and data-gathering processes. It contains the

insight of previous topics that provide the significant background for the purpose of this

research. It also shows the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of this study,

synthesis and definition of terms.

Conceptual Literature

The following topics are discussed in the conceptual literature. It contains the

different topics befitting to the study. These were gained from different sources that

would be a great help to this study. The topics to be tackled are rust in metals, rust

remover, benefits of lemon and its side effects, and lemon and baking soda as rust

remover.

Rust Formation. According to Gromicko, “Rusting describes the process of the

corrosion of iron and its alloy, steel. InterNACHI inspectors, homeowners

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and commercial property owners should understand how rust forms and how to prevent

it. Rust is more than a cosmetic issue; it can lead to serious structural deterioration.
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Rusting is a common form of corrosion – an electrochemical process leading to the
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disintegration of a material into its constituent atoms – a category that also includes

galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion. Rust usually appears as a

red, brown or orange flaking or pitting of the metal surface. Rust is formed when oxygen

comes into sustained contact with iron in a process called oxidation. Oxygen is

delivered to the metal from water, either from liquid water or water vapor. Carbon

dioxide in the air combines with water to form a weak carbonic acid, dissolving the water

into its component parts – hydrogen and oxygen – as well as causing some of the iron

to dissolve. The free oxygen bonds with the dissolved iron to form iron oxide or rust.

Oxidation catalysts, such as saltwater and air, acids and acid rain, soils, and airborne

sulfur compounds, will accelerate rust formation. Rust formation is also encouraged by

architectural crevices that trap liquids. Once rust forms, its porous surface will trap

additional liquids and lead to further corrosion.

Iron. According to Michael D. Fenton. Iron is one of the most abundant elements

on Earth, but it does not occur in nature in a useful metallic form. Although ancient

people may have recovered some iron from meteorites, it wasn’t until smelting was

invented that iron metal could be derived from iron oxides. After the beginning of the

Iron Age in about 1200 B.C., knowledge of iron-

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and steelmaking spread from the ancient Middle East through Greece to the Roman

Empire, then to Europe and, in the early 17th century, to North America. The first
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successful furnace in North America began operating in 1646 in what is now Saugus,
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Mass. Introduction of the Bessemer converter in the mid-19th century made the modern

steel age possible.

Pig iron is a high-carbon alloy made by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace with

carbonaceous material, typically coke, as a reducing agent. Limestone is added to the

iron ore-coke charge as a fluxing agent to remove impurities. Steel is produced from pig

iron by removing some of the carbon in a basic oxygen converter and adding several

alloying elements, such as manganese, chromium, copper, nickel, titanium,

molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. Steel is also made by recycling ferrous scrap in

an electric arc furnace. Applications are found in appliances, construction, shipbuilding,

containers and packaging, as well as in the automotive, machinery and equipment

industries. Alloy steel, about 5 percent of annual production, contains as much as 4

percent alloying elements. Special applications for alloy steel include use in machined

parts and tool fabrication. Stainless steel, which accounts for about 2 percent of annual

steel production, is formed by adding chromium and usually nickel to steel to make it

highly corrosion-resistant.

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Since 2008, steelmaking capacity has greatly exceeded apparent steel

consumption, primarily as a result of China’s rapid economic expansion and rapidly

increasing capacity. This has resulted in an influx of steel products into the United
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States and other steelmaking countries that already have excess capacity. Demand by
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China’s steelmakers has also driven unprecedented increases in the prices of iron ore

and metallurgical coal. In the short term, steelmaking capacity, globally and especially in

China, is expected to continue to exceed steel consumption, with steel prices and

production costs remaining stable.

Rust Remover. According to Beghin, Hamberg, and Smith, “It has long been

recognized in the art that, because of certain chemical and physical properties, the

phosphoric acids are among the best acid type rust removers.

Certain deficiencies in the simple phosphoric acid solutions when used as rust

removers have also been recognized. For example, it has already been proposed to

improve the properties of phosphoric acid rust removers by adding sulfonated aromatic

compounds, alcohols, oils, glycols, sulfonated higher fatty alcohols, and so forth, to

improve the wetting properties, the adhesiveness and to increase the viscosity of such

rust removing compositions. For certain cases these compounds are useful; but, in the

case of positional structural steel, they leave much to be desired. Field tests have

shown that these compounds in use

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adhere poorly, cover poorly, and when allowed to dry on the surface as recommended

by the manufacturer leave substances not beneficial to painting.

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According to Winning and Tuttle, “Combustion engines relates to a composition
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for removing rust from metallic surfaces”. More particularly it relates to a composition

adapted for the cleaning of the radiators of internal With a preferred embodiment in

mind but without intention to limit the invention more than is required by the prior art, the

composition comprises an ammonium salt of a mineral acid, an alkali salt of a water-

soluble organic acid, sugar, a protective agent or colloid for suspended rust precipitate

and a corrosion inhibitor. The ammonium salt of a mineral acid functions as an active

ingredient for momentarily dissolving the rust which is then immediately precipitated

from solution as the finely divided iron hydroxide with regeneration of the ammonium

salt. The alkali salt of an organic acid serves to deflocculate the rust precipitate by

forming chemical complexes therewith. It effects also a similar though less rapid

removal of the rust.

Benefits of Lemon and It’s Side Effects. According to Molina, Perles, Moreno,

and Viguera (2009), Citrus genus is the most important fruit tree crop in the world and

lemon is the third most important Citrus species. Several studies highlighted lemon as

an important health-promoting fruit rich in phenolic

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compounds as well as vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, essential oils and carotenoids.
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According to Aguirre (2017), Lemon, like vinegar, is a terrific cleaning agent. The
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acid in lemons is antibacterial and antiseptic, and it acts as a natural bleach. The citrus

smell of a lemon is refreshing and invigorating. Oils in the rinds can also help to clean

and shine. Add a little salt, and you can throw away many of the harsh, chemical-based

products in your cleaning bucket.

There's just one caveat to bear in mind. While lemons and lemon juice can do a

great job with many household chores, it is not a disinfectant.

In other words, it is not a good substitute for bleach or related products when you

are actually trying to remove dangerous microbes from cooking surfaces. Because food

safety is important, be sure to hang onto appropriate cleaning products and use them as

needed.

According to Rozza, Moraes, Kushima, Tanimoto, Marques, Bauab, Hiruma-

Lima, and Pellizon (2010), Citrus lemon (CL) belongs to Rutaceae family and is

popularly known in Brazil as limão siciliano. The phytochemical analysis of CL fruit bark

essential oil showed two majority components, limonene (LIM) and β-pinene (PIN). This

study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective mechanism of action from CL, LIM and

PIN in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers and its in vitro anti-

Helicobacter pylori activity. After ethanol-induced gastric ulcer,

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the ulcer area was measured and the stomachs were destined to histology (HE and

PAS), immunohistochemistry for HSP-70 and VIP and glutathione (GSH) measurement.
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The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl (SH) compounds was determined.
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The ulcer area for indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers was measured. PGE2

concentration was biochemically measured. The minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) against H. pylori was determined in vitro. In ethanol model, CL and LIM

demonstrated 100% of gastroprotection, while PIN did not exert effective

gastroprotection (53.26%). In the indomethacin model, CL and LIM offered effective

gastroprotection but PIN did not show gastroprotective effect. The gastric ulcer area of

rats pretreated with NO-synthase inhibitor or SH-blocker was decreased in comparison

to the control group. The MIC obtained for CL was 125 μg/mL, for LIM was 75 μg/mL

and for PIN was 500 μg/mL. The gastroprotective effect of CL and LIM was involved

with increasing in mucus secretion, HSP-70 and VIP, but not with GSH, NO or SH

compounds.

Benefits of Baking Soda and Its Effects. According to Alexandra Ossola

(2017), Baking soda, a mainstay of many baking recipes, has colonized territory way

beyond the baking rack. It can be found lurking in the backs of refrigerators, in cleaning

kits tucked beneath the sink, and in the list of ingredients for natural deodorants and

toothpastes. And while Arm & Hammer is largely responsible for making baking soda

the household staple it is today, we've been using baking soda for millennia: Back

in 3500 BCE, the Ancient Egyptians used it as a

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cleaning agent and to dry out bodies for the process of mummification. The acid-base
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reaction is also the reason baking soda and lemon are cleaning partners in crime.

According to Rob Kern (2014), it is one of those everyday household products

that can actually be used on practically every surface in the home. In addition, baking

soda is an affordable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly cleaning alternative to

conventional cleaners.

One of the best ways to clean with baking soda is to mix it with vinegar. Baking

soda gently wears away at stains so is most useful as a regular cleaner to keep dirt at

bay rather than as part of a deep clean. However, if you mix it with vinegar then you

create carbonic acid which is more bubbly—and better to scrub with—and also more

corrosive and therefore tougher on stains.

Research Literature

The following researches and studies about “The Feasibility of Baking Soda and

Lemon as Rust Remover” are to be found below and discussed in the research

literature.

According to the study of Sarinas, Gellada, Somosa, Paragon, Alonsabe,

Balitucha, Molleda, Tumadiang, and Verano (2013), “Rust is a common problem

18

and sometimes the cause of ship’s damage to hull and other parts of the ship if no

intervention is applied. Rust or iron oxide is being formed due to the exposure of iron to
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air and water. This happens when iron melts in the water with the combination of
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oxygen. Eventually, the iron or metal will undergo corrosion. In order to remove the rust

and prevent corrosion, crew onboard must apply a chemical that is highly acidic.”

Nevertheless, it acquires peril on human health. With that, they made a study

using citrus, lemon grass, vinegar, and muriatic acid to find an alternative rust remover

solution. And based on the results, the most effective way in removing rust is the

mixture of citrus and vinegar, which, as we can notice, is an eco-friendly and natural

alternative for rust removal. Although, muriatic acid is favourable and beneficial, its

solution still contains harmful chemicals.

The research of Oladele and Okoro (2011) entitled “Investigation of Corrosion

Effect of Mild Steel on Orange Juice” probed the effect of orange juice to the corrosion

of steel. Corrosion of metals and their alloys when exposed to the action of acids in

industrial processes are recognized as major contributions to infrastructure deterioration.

The material used for most equipments used in the manufacturing sector is mild steel; it

is selected because of its strength, ductility and weld ability. Mild steel corrodes easily

because all common structural metals form surface oxide films when exposed to pure

air but the oxide formed on mild steel is readily

19

broken down, and in the presence of happens in canned acidic fruit juices such as citrus

juices (Jimenez and Kane, 1974). Mild steel as constructional materials are often

exposed to juice or used to package juice to a great extent during service. This

exposure can be under conditions of varying temperature, flow rate, pH and other
 factors; all of which can alter the rate of corrosion. The relative acidity of the solution is

the most important factor to be considered; at low pH, the evolution of hydrogen tends

to eliminate the possibility of protective film formation so that steel continues to corrode

but in alkaline solutions, the formation of protective film greatly reduces corrosion rate.

The research has shown that mild steels are corrosive in fruit juices especially citrus

juices due to temperature, flow rate, pH and other factors. Second, the corrosion rate

was highest in the orange juice especially in citric juices. Lastly, fruit juice demands a

substantial degree of operation such as milling, pressing, and concentration by

evaporation, storage, and packaging using metallic constructional materials.

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Conceptual Framework

This part includes the methodical experimentation of the study in order to test the

hypothesis. It focused on the input works, on the procedures, and the output works that

has been produced.

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INPUT Junior High School Department
PROCESS
-Identifying the OUTPUT
problem and the -Gathering of
Purpose of the Materials and its Rust Remover
study Analysis
From
-Knowing the -Experimentation
Lemon and
components of -Evaluation of the Baking soda
Lemon and Baking Study
soda

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

This includes the tests of the study to examine the outcome of the hypothesis. It

focused on the input, processes, and the output that has been made.

21

The input includes the identification of the problem and the purpose of the study,

knowing the components of Lemon and Baking soda.

The process will first start by the collection of data related to the study.

Researches should be conducted and studied very well for these could be a
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background of the study and could provide a solution to the problem of the study. The
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researchers also used experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to

support or disprove them. The product of the study will be based on the gathered data

or outcome of the study. Afterwards, a rust remover will be produced from the Lemon

and Baking soda.

Theoretical Framework

This framework will discuss about the theories interrelated with the study. The

researchers anchored their concepts and ideas on the following theories stated below.

Phlogiston Theory

This theory was proposed by Johann Joachim Becher in 1669. He supposed that,

when a substance burned, combustible earth was liberated. Thus, wood was a

combination of phlogiston and wood ashes.

22

Georg Ernst Stahl applied the name phlogiston at the beginning of 18 th century.

Stahl believed that the corrosion of metals in air was also a form of combustion, so that

when a metal was converted to its calx, or metallic ash, phlogiston was lost. Therefore,

metals were composed of calx and phlogiston. The function of air was merely to carry

away the liberated phlogiston.

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In Becher’s theory, during combustion, the fire-element is released into the air,

with flames being the visible sign of its escape. The residue, eg wood ash, is ‘lighter’

(meaning less dense) than the original material – evidence that something has been lost,

explained by the escape of terra pinguis. Similarly, heating a metal in air produces a

calx, which is ‘lighter’ than the metal for the same reason.

Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis

In chemistry, quantitative laws used to express magnitudes of electrolytic effects,

first described by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1833. The laws state that the

amount of chemical change produced by current at an electrode-electrolyte boundary is

proportional to the quantity of electricity used, and the amounts of chemical changes

produced by the same quantity of electricity in different substances are proportional to

their equivalent weights. In electrolytic reactions, the equivalent weight of a substance is

the gram formula

23

weight associated with a unit gain or loss of electron. The quantity of electricity that will

cause a chemical change of one equivalent weight unit has been designated a faraday.

It is equivalent to 9.6485309 × 104 coulombs of electricity. Thus, in the electrolysis of

fused magnesium chloride, MgCl2, one faraday of electricity will deposit 24.312/2 grams
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of magnesium at the negative electrode and liberate 35.453 grams of chlorine at the
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positive electrode.

Faraday’s Law of
Phlogiston Theory Electrolysis

Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm of the Study

The Feasibility of Baking soda and

Lemon as rust remover 24

Synthesis

This part shows the resemblance and unlikeness of the views of the different

scientists and researchers with regards to the subject matter.

 STA. TERESA COLLEGE
The researches mentioned above add up to the purpose of the researcher’s
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study to use lemon and baking soda as an alternative rust remover. The purpose of this

study is to know whether Lemon and Baking soda is an effective alternative for rust

remover.

Different concepts about the study were also explained in this part. It explains

the analysis of skin hygiene and how it is applied effectively. Also, it discusses the

components of lemon as a rust remover.

In the research literature, the researchers presented the potential of Lemon and

baking soda as rust remover. The studies mentioned were the contributions and

implications of study. By these critical analysis and experimentation, the researchers

were able to generate new ideas for the study.

According to the study of Sarinas, Gellada, Somosa, Paragon, Alonsabe,

Balitucha, Molleda, Tumadiang, and Verano. Rust is a common problem in the world

and it causes damage to different kinds of materials that we used on our daily life.

25

In the conceptual framework, the researchers presented the input and the

processes to make lemon and baking soda as rust remover as their final outcome.

In the theoretical framework, the researchers discussed about different kinds of

theories that will support the idea of lemon and baking soda as rust remover.
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

This chapter provides information on the methods and processes which were

used in the field of study. This briefly tackles the research design, data gathering

procedures, and the propositions prerequisite to the said study.

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Research Design

Experimental method was used in this study for it intends to investigate the

feasibility of lemon and baking soda as rust remover. The specific questions that the

experiment is intended to answer must be clearly identified before carrying out the

experiment. We will attempt to identify known or expected sources of variability in the

experimental units since one of the main aims of a designed experiment is to reduce

the effect of these sources of variability on the answers to questions of interest. That is,

we designed the experiment in order to improve the precision of our answers.

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Data Gathering Procedure

In the study, the amount of lemon and baking soda needed depends on the

severity of rust. These variables are directly proportional, which means that as the

severity of rust increases, the amount of lemon and baking soda also increases.

Procedure
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The researchers prepared all the materials needed in the experiment. Some
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factors have been taken into considerations, such as the type of product with rust and

the severity of rust.

A product was prepared. This contained the lemon and baking soda which are

the main components for this research. The product was put in a clean container to

make sure that no microorganisms would affect the production of the rust remover.

The product was put in a cool dry place that will be appropriate for an accurate

result. The researchers took down notes and observed the experiment on an hourly

basis.

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Production of rust remover from lemon and baking soda

The researchers found out that the lemon and baking soda have the ability to

remove rust which could be a substitute for commercial rust removers. The process of

production included the extraction of the juice from lemon to gather the needed juice for

the experiment. Observation and data gathering followed until a certain time frame is

attained.
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Evaluation

The first step that the researchers did to evaluate the product after doing the

processes involved is to get a small amount of the juice from the extracted lemon. The

next one is they put the product in a clean container with baking soda. The third

procedure that the researchers did to evaluate is to put the product on the rusted

material.

After all the steps, to know whether the product is successful or not, the lemon

and baking soda mixture should thoroughly remove the rust from a certain material.

The researchers can find a solution for the improvement of the experiment if it is

necessary.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data, analysis, and interpretation of data

conducted by the researchers.

1. Component of lemon and baking soda that can help remove rust.
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Table 1. Components of Lemon and Baking Soda that can help Remove
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Rust.

Components of Rust Remover

Lemon Citric acid reacts quickly with iron

but it does not corrode them. It

removes corrosion and leave a

clean and bare metal. Corrosion

will set in due to the contact with

air and humidity afterwards. The

water in the lemon juice helps in

rusting the iron with the presence

of air. A rusted nail dropped into a

citric acid solution dissolves in an

hour or a two.
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Baking Soda Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda,

sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) is

a neutral compound formed from

a positively charged ion, or cation,

and negatively charged ion, or

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anion. But while ionically speaking
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baking soda is neutral, its pH is

higher than neutral. This means

that it is slightly basic (the

opposite of acidic), which is key to

understanding why it's such a

good cleaner.

2. Producing Rust Remover from Lemon and Baking Soda

Lemon and baking soda were the only ingredients used by the researchers in

producing an alternative rust remover. The ratio of the ingredients used were: 1 whole

lemon is to 125g of baking soda. There are certain steps that should be properly

executed in order to produce a rust remover.

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Figure 3. Preparation of Materials.

First thing to do is to prepare all the materials needed. It includes one whole

lemon, baking soda, paper towel, knife, sifter, plastic fork, and a plastic container.

Figure 4. Pouring of Baking Soda.

Next, sift the baking soda (125g).

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Figure 5. Squeeze the Lemon.

Then, squeeze half of the lemon until the mixture gets bubbly. Afterwards, soak

the nails into the mixture.

The baking soda and lemon juice were mixed to form a mixture with citric acid

and sodium bicarbonate wherein, the rusted metal could be submerged for 1 to 2 hours

before cleaning it with a paper towel.

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3. Testing the Product

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To test the product, the researchers provided 5 nails each coated with different
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amount of rust to compare the results. The nails were named A,B, C, D, and E

according to the most amount of rust contained.

NAIL A NAIL B

NAIL C NAIL D

NAIL E

Figure 6. Appearance of Nails (Before)

The researchers used a digital weighing scale to measure the mass of the nails.

The data gathered was used for the comparison of the nails after each trial.

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TABLE 2
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Initial weight of nails with rust
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RUSTED NAIL INITIAL WEIGHT

NAIL A 7.52

NAIL B 7.68

NAIL C 7.63

NAIL D 7.60

NAIL E 7.61

The initial weight of the nails used was shown in the table above.

The researchers soaked the nails for an hour and two. The experiment was done

to know if the product was effective by observing the changes of the nails having

different amount of rust after a particular length of time.

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TABLE 3
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Change in Weight After 1 Hour
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INITIAL WEIGHT WEIGHT

NAIL A 7.52 7.50

NAIL B 7.68 7.66

NAIL C 7.63 7.61

NAIL D 7.60 7.57

NAIL E 7.61 7.58

The difference between the initial and final weight of the nails after soaking them in the

mixture after one hour was shown in the table above. Nail A which contains the most amount

of rust changed its weight from 7.52 g to 7.50 g. Based on the weight conducted, the amount

of rust present in the nails was removed but was not completely vanished. Nail C, containing

moderate amount of rust also made a change, corresponding 0.01 g, in its weight. Nails D and

E which contained the least amount of rust had a changed of 0.03 g in its weight but rust can

still be seen in the nail. Even so, after performing the first trial, the changes are still observable

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NAIL A NAIL B
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NAIL C NAIL D

NAIL E

Figure 7. Appearance of Nails (After 1 hour)

The appearance of Nails A, B, C, D, and E after an hour of soaking was shown in

the pictures above.

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TABLE 4

Change in Weight After 2 Hours

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Change in Weight Change in
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(First Hour) Weight
Initial Weight
(Second Hour)

Nail A 7.52 7.50 7.48

Nail B 7.68 7.66 7.64

Nail C 7.63 7.61 7.59

Nail D 7.60 7.57 7.54

Nail E 7.61 7.58 7.55

The difference between the initial and final weight of the nails after soaking them

in the mixture after two hours was shown in the table above. Nail A changed its weight

from 7.52 g to 7.48 g after 2 hours of being soaked. There also had been a change of

0.02 g on nails B and C. Compared to the previous trial, the nails when soaked after 2

hours made a huge difference. The reddish-brown spots can still be seen but the

change in its physical traits can be seen clearly. Nails D and E had a change of 0.03 g

after being soaked in the mixture

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for 2 hours. The black and reddish-brown spots are still there but they are not really

visible.
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NAIL A
NAIL B

NAIL C NAIL D

NAIL E

Figure 8. Appearance of Nails (After 2 hours)

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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This chapter presents the summary of finding, conclusions, and recommendations of
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the study.

Summary

The main purpose of the study “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust

Remover” is to yield an alternative rust remover which may become a solution in getting rid of

rusts.

The study sought answers to the following sub-questions:

1. What are the components of Lemon and Baking Soda that can help remove rust?

2. How can a rust remover be made out of lemon and baking soda?

3. How effective is the rust remover mixture made out of lemon and baking soda?

The type of research done is experimental. Its objective is to solve problem such as the

formation of rusts in tools and other metal equipment that the ingredients needed are just

inside your kitchen and is readily available, like lemon and baking soda.

40

Findings

From the data we have gathered, we have obtained that:

 1. Baking soda also known as sodium bicarbonate and lemon which contains citric acid

are both effective in removing rusts.

2. To have a readily available rust remover, lemon juice and baking soda must be mixed to

create a paste where the rusted equipment or metal would later be soaked.

3. The rust remover was tested by arranging the nails from the nail containing the most

amount of rust to the nail containing the least amount of rust and soaking them into the

mixture for 2 hours. After regulating the experiment, we have concluded that the rust in

the nails do not weigh much. Also the amount of time the nails should be soaked into

the mixture, depends on how much rust was attached into the nails. And lastly, the way

we dry the nails also affect the result. The more harsh you dry the nails, the more rust

will come out.

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Conclusions

Based from the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

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1. Lemon which contains citric acid, and baking soda also known as sodium bicarbonate
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can remove rust.

2. Rust remover can be produced at home, only by using lemon juice and baking soda.

3. Rust remover made out from lemon and baking soda is effective.

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Recommendations

Recommendations were formed to further improve the research study.

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1. The usage of lemon and baking soda as an alternative for rust remover is
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recommended for home use and other metal equipment with rust.

2. Other components that will also help to reduce the amount of rust may be added to

improve the effectiveness of the rust remover.

3. The amount of time submergence may be changed and be explored to discover the

effectiveness of the product.

4. Further research about the variables of the study must be produced to fortify the

foundation of the research.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Aguirre, S. (n.d.). Meet Sarah Aguirre Guide for Housekeeping, Organization. Retrieved April
Junior High School Department
04, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/sarah-aguirre-1900091.

Baking Soda. (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

1/Baking-Soda.html.

Beghin, Hamberg, & Smith. (n.d.). US2558167A - Rust remover. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://patents.google.com/patent/US2558167.

Cleaning with baking soda. (2016, July 10). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

http://www.cleanconscience.com/blog/2014/07/cleaning-baking-soda/.

Louis. (2017, March 09). Faradays Law. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Faradays_L

aw.

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Faradays Laws Lesson. (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/faradays-laws-6.
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Junior High School Department
Fenton, M. D. (2014, February 01). Mineral resource of the month: Iron and steel. Retrieved

April 04, 2018, from https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70159439.

Garcia, N. (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-

sodium-bicarbonate-structure-formula-uses.html.

González-Molina, E., Domínguez-Perles, R., Moreno, D. A., & García-Viguera, C. (2010,

January 20). Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health.

Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748198.

Gromicko, N. (n.d.). Rust Inspection and Prevention. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://www.nachi.org/rust-inspection-prevention.htm.
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NC State News. (2014, May 21). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://news.ncsu.edu/2014/05/baking-soda-powder/.
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Ossola, A. (2017, December 06). Why Is Baking Soda Such a Good Cleaner? Retrieved April
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03, 2018, from https://www.thekitchn.com/why-is-baking-soda-such-a-good-cleaner-

236104.

Rozza, A. L., Moraes, M., Kushima, H., Tanimoto, A., Marques, M. O., Bauab, T. M., . . .

Pellizzon, C. H. (2011, January 15). Gastroprotective mechanisms of Citrus lemon

(Rutaceae) essential oil and its majority compounds limonene and β-pinene:

Involvement of heat-shock protein-70, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glutathione,

sulfhydryl compounds, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂. Retrieved April 04, 2018,

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934418.

Rust Inspection and Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://www.nachi.org/rust-inspection-prevention.htm.

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Oladele, & Okoro. (2011). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from http://www.corrosionx.com/rust-

remover.html.
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What is Phlogiston and How Is It Connected to Chemistry? (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018,
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from http://blog.melscience.com/en/2015-11-06-phlogiston.html.

Winning, & Tutle. (n.d.). US1988823A - Rust remover. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from

https://patents.google.com/patent/US1988823.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
 STA. TERESA COLLEGE
Name : Louis Yvan C. Alcayde
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Nickname : Van
Date of Birth : October 12, 2002
Address : Amaia Scapes, As-is, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Male
E-mail Address : alcayde33@gmail.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Marlone P. Alcayde
Mother’s Name : Yvette C. Alcayde

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary : Sta. Teresa College

Elementary : Bauan East Central School

48

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
 STA. TERESA COLLEGE
Name : Verna Alexa I. Dapat
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Nickname : Verny
Date of Birth : August 14, 2002
Address : San Diego, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Female
E-mail Address : vernaalexadapat@gmail.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Severino F. Dapat
Mother’s Name : Gliceria I. Dapat

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary : Sta. Teresa College

Elementary : San Diego Elementary School

49

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : Khrizia Monique B. de Leon
Nickname : Monique
Date of Birth : September 4, 2001
Address : Sto. Domingo, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Female
E-mail Address : khriziamonique@yahoo.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Arnold S. de Leon
Mother’s Name : Marites B. de Leon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary : Sta. Teresa College

Elementary : Sta. Teresa College