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What is Dye?
Plastic toys for children to that fabrics you wear, from food to wood; hardly there is any
industry where
coloring material that color commodities of our day to day use. Dyes are applied everywhere,
from a natural or synthetic substance used to add a color or to change the color of something.
Dyes are the dyes are not used commercially.
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. It
is an Ionising and aromatic organic compounds. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous
solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
With the help of dyes we can easily manipulate things according to our liking. At the very basic
level the use of color in identifying individual components of tissue sections can be
accomplished primarily with dyes. Dyes are applied to numerous substrates for example to
textiles, leather, plastic, paper, food etc.
The rule that we apply to other chemicals is similarly applicable to dyes also. They also get
completely or atleast partially soluble in which it is being put to. For example certain kind of
dyes can be toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic and can be hazardous to health.
Chomophores make the dyes proficient in their ability to absorb radiation. Chromophores act
by making energy changes in the delocalised electron cloud of the dye. This alteration invariably
results in the compound absorbing radiation within the visible range of colors and not outside
it. Human eyes detects this absorption, and responds to the colors.
Electrons may result in loss of color, their removal may cause the rest of the electrons to revert
to the local orbits. A very good example is the Schiff's reagent. As Sulphurous acid reacts with
Pararosanilin, what happens is that a Sulphonic group attaches itself to the compound's central
carbon atom. This hampers the conjugated double bond system of the Quinoid ring, and causes
the electrons to become localised. As a consequence the ring ceases to be a Chromophore. As a
result, the dye becomes colorless.
To conclude chromophores are the atomic configurations which has delocalised electrons.
Generally they are represented as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. They can have
alternate single and double bonds.
Classification of Dyes
Dyes can be classified in several ways, each class has a very unique chemistry, structure and
particular way of bonding. Some dyes can react chemically with the substrates forming strong
bonds in the process, and others can be held by physical forces. Some of the prominent ways of
classification are given below
Natural / Synthetic By nature of the Electronic
Organic / Inorganic Excitation
By area and method of application According to the dyeing methods
Chemical classification - Based on Anionic (for Protein fibre)
the nature of their respective Direct (Cellulose)
chromophores. Disperse (Polyamide fibres)
US International Trade Commission has advocated the most popular classification of
dyes. This system classifies dyes into 12 types, which are given below:
Group Application
Direct Cotton, cellulosic and blended fibres
Vat dyes Cotton, cellulosic and blended fibres
Sulphur Cotton, cellulosic fibre
Organic pigments Cotton, cellulosic, blended fabric, paper
Reactive Cellulosic fibre and fabric
Disperse dyes Synthetic fibres
Acid Dyes Wool, silk, paper, synthetic fibres, leather
Azoic Printing Inks and Pigments
Basic Silk, wool, cotton
Type of Dyes
The Dyes are classified based on the products to which they can be applied and the chemical
nature of each dye. Dyes are complex unsaturated aromatic having characteristics like
solubility, intense color, sub-stansiveness and fastness. A dye-formulation is supposed to have
approximately 10-80% pure dyestuff. It is mostly observed that dyestuffs delivered in powder
form have a higher value. While a lower value is obtained for the liquid formulations.
MALACHITE GREEN
INTRODUCTION
Alternative titles: aniline green; benzaldehyde green; china green
Malachite green, also called aniline green, benzaldehyde green, or china
green, triphenylmethane dyeused medicinally in dilute solution as a local antiseptic. Malachite
green is effective against fungi and gram-positive bacteria. In the fish-breeding industry it has
been used to control the fungus Saprolegnia,a water mold that kills the eggs and young fry.
Malachite green also is used as a direct dye for silk, wool, jute, and leather and to dye cotton
that has been mordanted with tannin. Prepared from benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline, the
dye occurs as lustrous green crystals soluble in water and in alcohol.
PREPARATION
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Test tube
Water bath
Flask
Beaker
Watch glass
China dish
CHEMICAL REQUIRED:
3 ml of benzaldehyde
6 ml of dimethylaniline
3 g of Anhydrous ZnCl2
2 g of PbO2
4 g of sodium sulphate in cold water
PROCEDURE:
1. Place 3 g of anhydrous ZnCl 2 in a china dish and 3 ml of benzaldehyde and 6ml of dimethylaniline
to it.
2. Cover it with watch glass andheat for about 90 minute on a water bath. Stir frequently and if the
mixture becomes very viscous to stir, add 1 ml of hot water.
3. While the china dish is still on the water bath, add 5 ml of water, stir the contents with a glass
rod to dissolve the maximum dye and transfer the solution to 400ml beaker.
4. Add 125 ml of ice cold water. Leuco form of the dye is obtained. With stirring, now add a
suspension of 2 g PbO 2 in 20 ml of water and then 4 g of sodium sulphate in 20 ml of water to it.
Warm and filter.
USES
Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye. Millions of kilograms of MG and related
triarylmethane dyes are produced annually for this purpose. [3]
MG is active against the protozoan Saprolegnia, which infects fish eggs in
commercial aquaculture, MG is used to treat parasites and is used as anantibacterial.] It is a
very popular treatment against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in freshwater aquaria. The
principal metabolite, LMG, is found in fish treated with malachite green, and this finding is the
basis of controversy and government regulation. See also Antimicrobials in aquaculture.
MG has frequently been used to catch thieves and pilferers. The bait, usually money, is
sprinkled with the anhydrous powder. Anyone handling the contaminated money will find that
on upon washing the hands, a green stain on the skin that lasts for several days will result.
FLOURESCENT DYE
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Test tube
Weighing balance
Burner
Conical flask
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
2g Resorcinol
2g Phthalic anhydride
5% NaOH
2ml Conc. H2SO4
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 2g Resorcinol and 2g Phthalic anhydride and add 2ml conc. H 2SO4 to it.
2. Heat the content on burner till the content turns black.
3. Cool the contents and add 20 ml of 5% NaOH in a conical flask.
4. Vary concentration of NaOH and water to obtain different intensities of colour.
OBSERVATION:
The dye formed shows fluorescence. It appears green from some angle and orangish yellow
from others. The dye when put in sink with a large amount of water turned into bright yellow
colour.