1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

In 2018, it has been reported that the Malaysia has won the throne of having the
highest number of obesity cases in the Southeast Asia. It was confirmed and concluded
by the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Tackling Obesity in ASEAN which include Malaysia,
Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam.

Obesity is a serious medical concern that happens when a person carries excess
weight or body fat. This condition will lead to serious health problems that usually can be
fatal such as heart attack. There are several causes that can lead to this problem such
as consuming too much calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and many more.

Doctor will usually detect a person with obesity by calculating their Body Mass
Index (BMI). BMI is a tool or method to calculate whether a person has an appropriate
weight for their age, sex and height. The formula is as below:

In this research, an analysis was performed on 30 students from class of 2 Ibnu

Wafid in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Hamid Khan in Tapah on their height, weight
and BMI. The purpose of this study is to determine if the BMI of a person can determine
their level of obesity. This study can also determine the correlation between the BMI and
level of obesity.

1.2 Objectives of study

i. To analyze the weight, height and BMI of students.

ii. To determine the relationship of BMI and the level of obesity of the students.
iii. To identify the correlation between BMI and the level of obesity of the students.

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1.3 Scope And Limitations

There are several limitations that have been identified for this research in order to
complete this study. Due to this limitations, precaution steps have been taken to avoid
these factors from affecting the result for this study.

1.3.1 Research limitation

The sampling frame for this research was limited to students in class of 2 Ibnu Wafid in
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Hamid Khan at Tapah. This research is not involving
the whole students in SMK Hamid Khan and the convenience sampling that we used in
this research may have lead to biases in selection respondents due to limit of time and
information resource.

1.3.2 Availability of the secondary data

We are having difficulty in getting additional information from primary data so we have to
take another initiative which is we get the secondary data from the websites.
Furthermore, we are also lack of journals that related to the study.

1.3.3 Lack of experience

We do not have experience conducting thesis before this besides lack of knowledge.
Due to this constrain we are having difficulties in conducting this study and might have
some deficiency in collecting data.

1.3.4 Time constrain

The time given was very limited and constrain. We have to manage our timetable
carefully in order to avoid time wastage with our daily class routine. Due to this
constrain, it will affect the process of constructing solution for this problem.

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2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Data Description

A group of 30 students from class of 2 Ibnu Wafid in Sekolah Menengah

Kebangsaan Hamid Khan in Tapah was involved in this studies. The data consists of list
of name, height, weight and BMI were taken and research are done towards the BMI
analysis of students in categorized ways by using many method in conducting the
researches.

2.2 Graphical Technique

Graphical technique are typically used with quantitative statistical evaluations.

Graphical techniques provide information that may not be otherwise apparent from
quantitative statistical evaluations, so it is a good practice to evaluate data using these
methods prior to performing statistical evaluations. Graphical techniques are also a key
component of exploratory data analysis. Various graphical techniques are initially used
to display data for qualitative assessments prior to selecting appropriate statistical tests.
Some technique had been chosen in conducting the research of BMI of people
according to their weight.

2.2.1. Scatter Plot

Scatter plot are used to displays the relationship between two or three variables
when comparing data sets consisting of multiple observations per sampling point. The
scatter plot is a visual way to describe the nature of the relationship between the
independent (X) and dependent (Y) variable. Linear relationships will manifest in points
clustering about a straight line. Scatter plot are a simple graphical method. This method
is useful for comparing data sets side by side. This are supposedly used in this study
due to two variables that been studied that is BMI and weight of pupil in Sekolah
Menengah Kebangsaan Hamid Khan in Tapah

2.2.2. Histograms

Histograms present data in terms of bars of height (Y) in relation to a parameter

(X), permitting a comparison of the shape and size of the plot, and of the shape and size
of
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the plot, and the placement of the plot along the x-axis. Histogram can be used to
identify whether data are representative of a single population (one peak) or whether
data may be representative of a single population or data may be representative of two
separate population. Construction of histograms does not require highly specialized
software and is relatively quick and simple. Histograms provide a quick and easy method
to investigate the skewness and symmetry of data.

2.3. Numerical Technique

2.3.1 Correlation analysis

Correlation analysis is used to measure the strength of the relationship between

two variables. It is represented as a number. The correlation coefficient is a measure of
how closely related two data series are. In particular, the correlation coefficient
measures the direction and extent of linear association between two variables. There are
several types of correlation coefficients. The one explained in this section is called the
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient which is normally denoted by r.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient tell us two aspects of the relationship between two
variables. The sign (- or +) for r identifies the kind of relationship between the two
quantitative variables, and the magnitude of r describes the strength of the relationship.
The magnitude of the correlation lies between -1.0 and 1.0.

2.3.2. Regression analysis

Regression analysis involves identifying the relationship between a dependent

variable and one or more independent variables. A Simple Linear Regression Model is a
basic regression model where there is only one independent variable and one
dependent variable that been used in this analysis. In studying relationships between
two variables, collect the data and then construct a scatter plot. After scatter plot is
drawn, the next steps are to compute the value of the correlation coefficient and to test
the significance of the relationship. If the value of correlation coefficient is significant, the
next step is to determine the equation of regression line, which is the data’s line of best
fit. The purpose of the regression line is to enable the researcher to see the trend and
make predictions on the basis of data. The simple linear model can be stated as Yi = B0
 + B1Xi + ei. In the regression analysis, the assumptions of the model and error terms
must be considered.

3.0 DATA

3.1 Data Presentation

HEIGHT (M) WEIGHT (KG) BMI
1.75 66.5 22
1.56 47.0 19
1.69 66.0 23
1.77 67.0 21
1.58 46.5 19
1.65 41.0 15
1.61 68.0 26
1.71 94.0 32
1.69 64.0 22
1.75 46.0 15
1.51 45.0 20
1.49 49.0 22
1.58 47.0 19
1.51 39.0 17
1.59 51.0 20
1.52 51.0 22
1.56 54.0 22
1.55 48.0 20
1.52 77.0 33
1.54 41.0 17
1.62 71.0 27
1.58 58.0 23
1.56 60.0 25
1.61 48.0 19
1.76 52.0 17
1.49 50.0 23
1.54 47.0 20
1.56 52.0 21
1.54 59.0 25
1.55 76.0 32

Table 1.0: List Of Weight, Height and BMI of 30 students from class 2 Ibnu Wafid
 From the table above, the total of 30 weight and height of students of class 2 Ibnu
Wafid has been collected and calculated to get the BMI of each person in the class. The
highest BMI that are calculated is 33 and the lowest one that is 15.

3.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ANALYSIS

3.2.1. Scatter plot

Scatterplot of BMI vs BERAT (KG)

35

30

25
BMI

20

15

40 50 60 70 80 90 100
BERAT (KG)

Figure 1: Scatterplot of BMI vs weight (kg)

From this scatter plot, we can determined the pattern of the distribution in the
statistical data whether it were positive or negative correlation. From this scatter plot, it
shows positive correlation where, when the weight of students increases, the BMI rate in
some people body are increases. The dependent variable in this scatter plot is BMI but
the independent variable that is weight. With a scatter plot a mark, usually a dot or small
circle, represents a single data point. With one mark (point) for every data point a visual
distribution of the data can be seen. Depending on how tightly the points cluster
together, you may be able to discern a clear trend in the data.
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3.2.2. Histogram

Histogram of BERAT (KG)

12

10

8
Frequency

0
40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
BERAT (KG)

Figure 2.1: Histogram Of Frequency Vs Weight

Histogram of BMI
10

8
Frequency

0
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5
BMI

Figure 2.2: Histogram Of Frequency Vs BMI

Figure 2.1 shows the weight of each students of 30 students in class 2 Ibnu Wafid in Sekolah
Menengah Kebangsaan Hamid Khan. Apparently, the number of weight which is 48 kg (12
students) is the highest compared to 96 kg ( 2 people) which is the least. Hence, figure 2.2
shows the BMI that were calculated which indicates the highest BMI that calculated is 20.0 ( 10
people) compared to 27.5 ( 1 people). Majority below overweight which are not reaches obesity.

3.3 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Correlation: BMI, BERAT (KG)

Correlations
Pearson correlation 0.878
P-value 0.000

Regression Analysis: BMI versus BERAT (KG)

Analysis of Variance
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value
Regression 1 469.98 469.983 94.07 0.000
BERAT (KG) 1 469.98 469.983 94.07 0.000
Error 28 139.88 4.996
Lack-of-Fit 22 126.72 5.760 2.62 0.117
Pure Error 6 13.17 2.194
Total 29 609.87
Model Summary
S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)
2.23514 77.06% 76.24% 72.72%
Coefficients
Term Coef SE Coef T-Value P-Value VIF
Constant 4.16 1.88 2.21 0.035
BERAT (KG) 0.3172 0.0327 9.70 0.000 1.00
Regression Equation
BMI = 4.16 + 0.3172 BERAT (KG)
Fits and Diagnostics for Unusual Observations
Obs BMI Fit Resid Std Resid
 4 21.000 25.412 -4.412 -2.04 R
8 32.000 33.977 -1.977 -1.09 X
19 33.000 28.584 4.416 2.11 R
R Large residual
X Unusual X
Figure 3.0 : The correlation and regression analysis
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For the correlation and regression analysis, Minitab software has been used to
easier to make an analysis for statistical studies of weight of students and the BMI. From
this software, the Pearson’s correlation that is obtained was 0.878. This indicates that
the study has strong correlation and suitable for the studies.

For regression, the estimated regression equation is y = 4.16 + 0.372x. From the
regression analysis, we can see that the response variables are normally distributed and
the respon variables are independent variables. The error terms also normally
distributed and have constant variance. The coefficient of determination is the ratio of
the explained variation of the total variation. It is normally denoted as R2. In other words,
R2 explains how much of the variability in Y can be explained by the fact that they are
related to X. For simple linear regression line of y and x, coefficient of determination is
the square of correlation coefficient,r. Thus, from the Minitab software we can determine
that our coefficient of determination is 77.06%. 77.06% variability of BMI can be
explained by the variability of weight of students. The remaining of 22.94% is explained
by other factors. Increase 1 unit of weight, the BMI will increase by 0.3172.

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5.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, obesity is the serious matter that we need to see and take precautions as
it can affect our health. BMI is an estimate of body fat and a good measure of your patients' risk
for diseases that can occur with overweight and obesity. For adults, a healthy weight is defined
as the appropriate body weight in relation to height. This ratio of weight to height is known as
the body mass index (BMI). For underweight the BMI are in ratio 18.5 and below. For normal
weight that all people need to have was 18.5 - 24.9. People who are overweight (BMI of 25–
29.9) have too much body weight for their height which are one of the chances that they wil get
the obesity. People who are obese (BMI of 30 or above) almost always have a large amount of
body fat in relation to their height. Most of students have reach normal BMI which is in ratio 18.5
– 24.9 (18 people). This indicates most of the students are practicing healthy lifestyles and
aware about the obesity that is become the major problem in students. The higher the BMI, the
higher the risk for heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, osteoarthritis,
sleep apnea, and certain cancers We can analyzed the weight, height and BMI of the student of
2 Ibnu Wafid from SMK Hamid Khan from the graph above. Numerical technique and graphical
technique are been used for studying this statistical research. Numerical technique that been
used is correlation and regression analysis which is one of the method that been used
nowadays in conducting research to become more easy. The graphical technique that been
used is histograms and scateer plot where from the both technique we can see the pattern of
the studies that being conduct which is not miserable and organized correctly based on the
variables that been chosen.

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6.0 References

References
-. (-, - -). Regression and Correlation Analysis. Retrieved from -:
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/correlation.html

A.Muhaimin. (2016, March 4). Assignment matematik semester 4 (2015). Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/joeskypark/assignment-matematik-semester-4-2015

ITRC. (2013, December -). 5.1 Graphical Method. Retrieved from -: https://www.itrcweb.org/gsmc-
1/Content/GW%20Stats/5%20Methods%20in%20indiv%20Topics/5%201%20Grph%20Methods.
htm

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (-, - -). Aim for a Healthy Weight. Retrieved from Calculate Your
Body Mass Index: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm

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 Universiti Teknologi MARA
Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Diploma in Science

STA 108
PROJECT TITLE:

BODY MASS INDEX IN STUDENTS OF SEKOLAH

MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN HAMID KHAN

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 03/05/2019

GROUP A4AS1204_ :1 / 2 / 3 / 4

GROUP MEMBERs:
No. Student’s Name Student Id.
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN HAMIM BIN SHAHFAR AMIL 2017680342
1.
2. MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN ZULKEPLI 2017854412
3. NIK MUHAMMAD SYAHMI BIN NIK RUSLAN 2017651776
4. FARAH NABILAH BINTI MOHD SAHADAN 2017403928
5. BAHJAH ULWANI BINTI ABU HASHIM 2017671098

PREPARED FOR : MADAM NORHASLIZA BINTI AHMAD