Engineering Academy: Branch: Mechanical Engineering ESE-Offline Test Series - 2015 (Conventional-7) Solutions

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Branch: Mechanical Engineering
ESE-Offline Test Series– 2015 (Conventional- 7) Solutions
01 (a)
Sol:
 In a converging diverging nozzle M
(i) Flow is subsonic upto throat Shock E,F,G
(ii) At throat it is subsonic or sonic (for Sonic flow in nozzle Subsonic flow at
maximum discharge) at throat nozzles exit (no
(iii) In divergent portion flow is subsonic; shock in nozzle)
supersonic or supersonic upto occurrence
1
of shock, (normal) later it is subsonic. D Subsonic flow at
nozzles exit
Throat Pe C (shock in nozzle)
B Super sonic flow at

nozzle exit (no shock)
A
P0 0
Inlet Throat Exit x
Vi  0
Pb
 A fluid enters the nozzle with a low velocity
x at stagnation pressure P0. When Pb = P0
(Case A). There will be no flow through the
Pb
nozzle. This is expected since the flow in a
P nozzle is driven by the pressure difference
A PA between the nozzle inlet and the exit.
P0 B Subsonic flow  When P0 > Pb > Pc, the flow remains subsonic
PB at nozzles throughout the nozzle, and the mass flow is
C exit (no shock)
less than that for choked flow. The fluid
PC velocity increases in the first (converging)
D Subsonic flow at section and reaches a maximum at the throat
PD nozzles exit (shock (but M<1). However, most of the gain in
in nozzle)
P* velocity is lost in the second (diverging)
Sonic flow PE section of the nozzle which acts as a diffuser.
Super sonic flow
at throat PF at nozzle exit (no The pressure decreases in the converging
Shock shock in nozzle) section, reaches a minimum at the throat, and
in nozzle E,F,G PG increases at the expense of velocity in the
0
Inlet Throat Exit x diverging section.
 When Pb = PC, the throat pressure become P*
and the fluid achieves sonic velocity at the
throat. But the diverging section of the nozzle
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:2: ESE Offline Test
still acts as diffuser, slowing the fluid to  When PE > Pb >0, the flow in the diverging
subsonic velocities. The mass flow rate which section is supersonic and the fluid expands to
was increasing with decreasing Pb also PF at the nozzle exit with no normal shock
reaches its maximum value. forming with in the nozzle. Thus the flow
 Recall that P* is the lowest pressure that can through the nozzle can be approximated as
be obtained at the throat, and the sonic isentropic.
velocity is the highest velocity that can be  When Pb = PF, no shocks occur within or
achieved with a converging nozzle. Thus outside the nozzle. When Pb <PF, irreversible
lowering Pb further will have no influence on mixing and expansion waves occur
the fluid flow in the converging part of the downstream of the exit plane of the nozzle.
nozzle or the mass flow rate through the When Pb > PF, however, the pressure of the
nozzle. But it will influence the character of fluid increases from PF to Pb irreversibly in
the flow in the diverging section. the wake of the nozzle exit, creating what are
 When Pc >Pb > PE, the fluid which achieved a called oblique shocks.
sonic velocity at the throat continues
accelerating to supersonic velocities in the
(b).
diverging section as the pressure decrease. Sol: Let us consider the first-order phase
This acceleration comes to a sudden stop, transition of one more of substance from
however, as a normal shock develops at a phase 1 to phase 2. Using the first Tds
section between the throat and the exit plane, equation
which causes a sudden drop in velocity to Tds = dU + pdv
subsonic levels and a sudden increase in
 p 
pressure. Tds = cv dT + T   dv
 The fluid then continues to decelerate further  T  v
in the remaining part of the converging- For reversible isothermal and isobaric,
diverging nozzle. Flow through the shock is integrating over the whole change of phase.
highly irreversible, and thus it cannot be 2  p 
1 1 v 1 T T  v dv
2 2
approximated as isentropic. The normal shock Tds  c dT 

moves downstream away from the throat as Pb
 p 
is decreased, and it approaches the nozzle exit TS 2  S1   0  T  V2  V1 
plane as Pb approaches PE.  T  v
 When Pb=PE, the normal shock forms at the  dp  S 2  S1
 
exit plane of the nozzle. The flow is  dT  V2  V1
supersonic through the entire diverging For reversible phase transition, heat transfer
section in this case, and it can be per kg is latent heat
approximated as isentropic. However, the hfg = T (S2 –S1)
fluid velocity drops to subsonic levels just dp h fg dp h fg
  
dT T Vg  Vf 
before leaving the nozzle as it crosses the or
normal shock. Normal shock waves are dT TV2  V1 
discussed in the next section.
In general below critical temperature
Vg >> Vf
:3: CONV – 7 Solutions
dp h fg  Co 2 652.8  43.1
350  m
 
dT T Vg   Co 2  0.574kg / sec
m
From equation of state for Vapour
Work compression for Co2
RT
Vg   Co 2 h 2  h 1   37.62kW
WCo 2  m
p
dp p. h fg dp h fg Total compress work = WC Co 2  WC NH3
 2
(or)  .dT
dT RT p RT 2 Wnet = 96.5 + 37.62 = 134.12kW
(c). NRE 350

6 COP    2.6
Sol: T Wnet 134.12
NH3
7
7
2
3 2 6
5C
5
–7C 8
CO2 W NH 3
=96.5
–40C
4 1
8 –7C 5
S
Given 3 2
h1 = (hg)at –40C = 652.8kJ/kg 5C
h2 = (hg)at 5C = 649.8kJ/kg Condenser
s1 =s2 = (sg)at –40C = 5.2262kJ/kg.K
s2 = (sg)at 5C = 5.0097kJ/kg.K
h4 = (hg)at 5C = 43.1kJ/kg
 WC Co 2
T 
s 2  s2  c p v n 2  –40C 1
 T2 
4
 S S 
 2 2 
 cp  
 T2  T2 e  v 
(d).
 5.2262 5.0097 
 
Ans:
 278  e  0.85 
 358.64K Polytropic efficiency is nothing but the
 h 2  h 2  c p v T2  T2 
isentropic efficiency of one very small
stage of a multistage compressor.
= 649.8 + 0.85 (358.64 – 278) This small stage efficiency is supposed to
= 718.34kJ/kg be constant for all stages of the
compressor with infinite number of
Net refrigeration effect (NRE) stages.
=m  Co 2 h 1  h 4 
The isentropic efficiency of compression dP  1  TdP  PdT 

 
and expansion process vary with pressure P n R  T2


and this variation is taken into account in
dP  TdP  PdT 
polytrophic efficiency. The overall n
isentropic efficiency which is a very good T
measure of overall performance of T
dP   TdP  PdT
machine is not suitable to compare two n
compressors having different pressure T
ratio (or) stages PdT = TdP–dP
n
The concept of polytropic efficiency is
 1
used for such a comparison among  TdP1  
compressor.  n
dP  n  1 
2 dT   T …..(2)
T P  n 
2s
Similarly for isentropic process, the
temperature rise for elemental stage would
dT dT have been
dP    1 
dT   T ......(3)
P   
1
s Efficiency of small stage which is defined
1-2 = Actual compression path as the ratio of the isentropic temperature
1-2s = Isentropic compression rise to the actual temperature rise
dT 
i.e  p,c 
By assuming polytropic law for actual dT
compression process    1  n 
PVn = C1  p ,c    
For isentropic process, PV =C2    n  1 
P = C1n
Differentiating the above equation (e).
Sol:
dP = C1nn-1d
For perfect intercooling the air is cooled
nP dP nd
dP= d   ......(1) to its initial temperature, the whole of the
 P  work done in compression must be
from gas law rejected to the cooling medium. For a
P = RT single stage of a multistage compressor
P with intercooler heat rejected is given by

RT Heat rejected ,
Differentiating the above equation  n 1

 
P1 V1    1

n P n
1  TdP  PdT  W 2
d    n 1  P1  
R T2   
For 1kg of air
P1V1 = RT1
n 1
 U   S 
T2  P2  n    T   P
   v  T  v  T
T1  P1 
 U   S 
P     T  ----- (1)
n  T  T1   v  T  v  T
W  RT1  2 
n 1  T1  According to Maxwell’s relation
R T2  Tl kJ / kg
n  S   P 
W     ------ (2)
n 1  v  T  T  v
R = Cp–Cv For an ideal gas at constant volume
W  qR 
n
C p  C v T2  T1 kJ / kg Pv = RT.
n 1  P 
nC p  nC v T2  T1  v   R
 T  v

n 1  P 
nC p  C p  C p  nC v T2  T1 
R
   
  T  v v
n 1 From equation (1) & (2)
C p n  1  C v C p / C v  n   U   P 
= T2  T1  P   T 
n 1  v T  T  v
C p n  1  C v   n   U 
 T2  T1   P  
TR
n 1  v  T v
 C   n  
q r  C p  v T2  T1 kJ / kg The As Pv = RT 
RT
P
 n  1  v
 U 
first tem Cp(T2–T1) of above equation  P  P
represents the heat rejected at constant  v  T
pressure in the intercooler while the   U    v  R
   n  So P        P  R
second term Cv  T2  T1    v  T   T  P P
 n  1    U    v 
represents the heat rejected during Thus c p  c v  P     
  v  T   T  P
compression alone to cooling jacket
water. Using the intermediate step in the above
process
02.
(b).  P    U  
T    P    
Sol: Pv = RT at constant pressure.  T  v   v  T 
 v   P   v 
 P  R Thus c p  c v  T    
 T  P  T  v  T  P
 v  R  P   T   v 
    But          1
 T  P P  T  v  v  P  P  T
dU = TdS – Pdv  P   v   P 
        
At constant temperature, when considering  T  v  T  P  v  T
w.r.t volume
 v   v   P   1
Then c p  c v  T       T02s  P02  
 T  P  T  P  v  T  
2 T01  P01 
 v 
- T  0.4
 T  P
2
 v   P  T02s  4.2  1.4
 T     =
 T  P  v  T  v   
  T01  1.14 
 P  T
T02s = 441.52K
 v  1  T0s = T02s –T01
  
 T  P v = 441.52–304.19
 v  = 137.3oC
    v
 T  P Actual rise in total temperature ,
1  v   v  T0s
K           Kv T0 
v  P  T  P  T 
 T  2 v2 137.3
cP  cv    171.625 o C
 Kv 0.8
vT 2 (ii) Work consumed by compressor
 cP  cv  W = Cp(T02–T01)
K
= 1.005(171.625) = 172.483 kJ/kg
Also W = vw2u2
(c). 02 u 22
Sol: 0 2s = kJ / kg
1000
172.483  1000
 u 22 
T 2s 0.95
P01 Impeller Tip speed , u2 = 426.09 m/s
P1 D 2 N 426.09  60
T01 u2   D2 
60   20,000
D 2  0.406m
S
Impeller tip diameter, D2 = 40.6cm
Power required , P = m W
The stagnation temperature at inlet is
=10172.483
V12
T01  T1  =1724.83 kW
2C p From continuity equation

150 2 m  D12  D 2h Vf  
= 293  4
2  1005
Since no information about flow velocity
T01 = 304.19K

Assuming radial flow at inlet
1.4
P01  T01   1 vf1 = v1
 304.19  0.4
     
P1  T1   293  m   D12  D 2t v1  1
4
P01 1.14 bar
P1 1  10 2 Substituting equation 3 into equation 4

1    1.189kg / m 3 given
RT1 0.287  293
dT  dT d 

 
10  D 2h  0.15 2  150  1.189
4
ds  C P
T
 R 
 T
 
 
d
 C P  R   R
D= 0.306m  D  30.6cm dT
External diameter of eye, D1 = 30.6cm T 
R
 CP 
03.(a)  1
Sol:
R  R 
The flow in a constant area duct with heat CP  R   R   
transfer but with negligible friction is referred  1   1
to as Rayleigh flow. R dT d
ds  R …….. (5)
The practical examples include combustion  1 T 
chamber and in heat exchanger.
Dividing above equation by dT
Mass equation is given by, AV = constant ds R d
 R
For constant Area, (A1 = A2) dT T  1   dT
 V = constant d  dV

Taking log & Differentiating  V
 log + logV = log C ds R RdV
d dV  
 0 dT T  1 V  dT
 V
ds R R dV
d    …….. (6)
dT T  1 V dT
dV
 …… (1)
 V
From momentum or impulse equation From equation (3)
F = P + V2 = constant dP dT d
 
In differential from P T 
dP + (V) dV = 0 Dividing by dV
dP dP dT 1 d 1
 V …… (2)    
dV P  dV dV T  dV
From ideal gas equation P = RT V dT 1 dV
   
dP = RdT + RTd P dV T V  dV
dP dT d 1 dT 1 V
 
  ……… (3)
P T  T dV V RT
dT T V
Entropy change for an ideal gas with   ……. (7)
dV V R
constant specific heat is given as
dT dP ds R R dV
ds  C P R ……… (4)  
T P dT T  1  dT
  (b)
ds R R 1  Sol:
   
dT T  1 V  T V  The momentum equation :
 P1 A – P2 A = m  (V2 –V1)
V R 

P1  P2  V2  V1 
m
R R  VR 
  
T  1 V  RT  V 2 
A
P1 – P2 = 1V1 (V2 –V1)
R R2 P P
  V2  V1  1 2
T  1 RT  V 2 1V1
For an ideal gas,
R 2 T  RV 2  R 2 T  R 2 T P


T  1 RT  V 2  1  1
RT1


R RT  V 2  
140
 1.62 kg / m 3

T  1 RT  V 2  0.287  300
T V2  110 
140  70 1000
Ma b  1 / k
If
ds
 0 (at point a)
Tmax
1.62  110
dT b V2 = 501.36 m/s
a Maa = 1
2 1V1 = 2 V2
R (RT – V ) = 0
110
 2  1.62 
RT – V2 = 0 Smax 501.36 = 0.35 kg/m3
P2 = 2 RT2
P
V  RT  sonic veloicty S T2  2
2R
 M = 1 Hence sonic conditions exists at
70  10 3
throat 
dT 0.35  287 = 696.86 K
If  0 (at point B) Stagnation temperature,
ds
dT T  1 RT  V 2

    1 2 
T02  T2 1  M2 
ds 
R RT  V 2   2 
C 2  RT2
T( – 1) (RT – V2) = 0
 1.4  287  696.86 = 529.5 m/s
RT – V2 = 0
V 501.36
M2  2 
V2 = RT V  RT C2 529.5 = 0.947
V RT T02 = 696.86 [1 + 0.2  (0.947)2]

M  = 821.97 K
RT RT
1

T01  T1 1  0.2M12 
M C1  RT1

 1.4  287  300 = 347.188 m/s  Pv V 

 
R T
V 110  =  v 
M1  1   0.3  Pa V 
C1 347.18  
R T
 a 
T01 = 300  [1+0.2(0.3)2] = 306.02 K
 R 
 
From energy equation R a Pv  M a  Pv M v Pv
     
R v Pa  R  Pa M a Pa
Q  V2   V2   
  h 2  2    h 1  1   Mv 
dm  2   2 
18 Pv
= h02 – h01  
Q 29 Pa
 C p T02  T01  Pv
8m   = 0.622
= 1.005  (696.86 – 306.02) Pa
Q Pv kg vapour
 392.794 kJ / kg   = 0.622
m Patm  Pv kg dry air
Change3 in entropy,
S = s2 – s1
T  P  (b)
 C p  2   Rn 2 
 T1   P1  Sol: (i) Dew Point temperature (DPT):
 696.86   70 
 1.005n    0.287n   P=Psat
 300   140  T PV
s2 – s1 = 1.045 kJ/kg.K 1
Tsat=Tdp 2
P01 P02
T01 T02
s
T DPT is the temperature at which water
vapour present in air starts to condense,
(1) when it is cooled at constant pressure. The
formation of dew on the grass is the best
example. It occurs due to cooling of water
S
vapour at constant pressure to its saturation
04.(a). temperature.
m vapour
Sol: Specific humidity,  =
m air (ii) Dry and Wet bulb temperatures
Pv V PV  Dry bulb temperature (DBT) is
mv = ; ma  a temperature recorded of air by ordinary
R vT R aT
thermometer.
 Saturated vapour pressure (Psat) is the
saturated partial pressure of water vapour
at the dry bulb temperature.
: 10 : ESE Offline Test
 When unsaturated is air is blown over the (c)

wet wick of a thermometer the water in Sol: Source temperature, TG = 100oC = 373 K
the wick evaporates and air comes out as Refrigeration temperature, TE = –6oC =
saturated air in this process cooling effect 267K
produces and the temperature drops to a Ambient temperature, To = 30oC = 303 K
new value and this temperature is called Expression for ideal COP of a vapour
as the Wet Bulb Temperature(WBT). absorption refrigeration system.
Where
(iii) Relative Humidity : TG – Generator temperature
 Relative Humidity () is defined as the To – Surrounding temperature
ratio of the partial pressure of the water TE – Evaporator temperature
vapour in the mixture to the saturation Generator
pressure (ps) of water at the mixture TG
temperature.
p v m QG
 v  s  v Qc Surrounding
p s v v m sat
R TO
p .p a
 v  Qa
p s 0.622 p s
QE
(iv) Specific humidity: TE Storage

 Specific humidity or humidity ratio () is
defined as the ratio of mass of water Let us assume that an absorption
vapour (mv) to the mass of dry air (ma) in refrigeration plant uses heat QG for a region
the mixture. at TE and rejects heat ( Qa + Qc) to a sink
m
 v (atmosphere) at To .
ma
By the first law,
s   0.622 ps QE + QG = Qc + Qa …….(1)
p atm  p s
By the second law,
pvv
(ds) universe  0
R T M p 18 p v (ds) system + (ds) surroundings  0
  v  v  v  
p a v M a p a 29 p a Q Q Q Q
 G  E  C  a 0
RaT TG TR TO TO
p Q Q 
  0.622  v Qc + Qa  To  E  G 
pa T 
 E TG 
pv kg of vapour
  0.622 
p atm  p v  kg of dry air From equation 1
Q Q 
QE + QG  To  E  G 
T 
 E TG 
: 11 : CONV – 7 Solutions
1 1  Clearance volume , Vc =
2
 Vs
Re-arranging QG    Q-
100
 To TG 
2
1 1  =  80A
E   100
 TE TO  Vc  V3  1.6A cm 3
 T  To   TO  TE  Cylinder volume , V1 = Vs+Vc
QG  G   QE   = 80A+1.6A  V1 = 81.6A
 ToTG   TE TO 
QE  TG  To   TE To 
 3 2
QG  To TG   To  TE  P
QE  TG  To   TE 
  COP=
QG  TG  
 o
T  T E 
4 1
QE

QG  WP
Process 3-4
Where, WP – Work done by pump is P3 V3n  P4 V4n
negligible 1
 P n
V4  V3  3  = 1.6A81.3
1
QE
COP =
QG  P4 
V4 = 7.92A
 TG  To   TE 
COP      Volume of free air sucked in
 TG   To  TE  = V1–V4
 T  To   TE  = (81.6A – 7.92A) = 73.68A cm2
(COP)max =  G    After overhauling :
 TG   To  TE  With insertion of distance piece the
clearance space is increased.
 TE   TG  To  Therefore for the same stroke volume, the
COP =    
 To  TE   TG  cylinder volume would increase.
 267   373  305  Clearance volume = (1.6+0.5)A
= 
 305  267   373 
= 2.1 A cm3
Cylinder volume = 80A+2.1A
COP = 1.28 = 82.1A cm3
 volume of free air sucked in
05(a). = (82.1–10.4)A = 71.7A cm3
Sol: Change in free air delivery
Before overhauling:

73.68  71.7 A
Stroke volume = piston Area  stroke 73.68A
length ` =2.69% (decrease)
Vs = A80 cm3 The power expended in running the
compressor is directly proportional to free
air sucked in . Therefore change in power n

P0 N  TON  n 1  510.388 
3.15
will be same as change in free air taken in   = 
Percentage of change in power expended P01  T01   288 
= 2.69% (decrease) P0N = 6.06 bar
N
PON  P02 
(b).  
Sol: The stagnation temperature at the inlet to P01  P01 
the first and second stage are P 
T01 = 288k n 6.06  Nn 02 
T02 = T01+(T)first stage  P01 
= 288+20 = T02 = 308k
Polytropic efficiency , 1.802
 1
 N N = 8.53
n P02 / P01 
0.211

P = N9
n T02 / T01   Number of stages = 9
0.4
 P  1.4
n  02 
0.9  
1  (iii) Overall isentropic efficiency :
 308  TON ,s  T01
n    o ,is 
 288  T0 N  T01
P02  1.235 bar  1
TON ,S P  

P02
 1.235   ON 
P01 T01  P01 
= 6.061.4
0.4
Power required by compressor = 4470 =
 c p T0 N  T01 
m TON,S = 481.8 k
T0N = 510.388k 481.8  288
Polytrophic efficiency of compressor in o,is 
510.388  288
terms of n &  is o,is = 87.2%
n   1
p 
n  1   (c).
n  Sol:
 p  For compressor running at very high
n 1  1
speed there is always a possibility of
1.4
 0.9  shock wave at inlet if mach number is
0.4 greater than one. In order to avoid this
n case with the help of inlet guide vanes
 3.15
n 1 fluid is given a pre-rotation to reduce the
n 1 relative velocity at inlet due to this
T0 N  PON  n
  construction cost increases and pressure
Tl 01  P01  developed decreases.
  T01
T02
c 
T02  T01
 T  1 
T01  02 
c   T01 
V1 T02  T01
Vr1
V1  1
 
Vr1  P   
U1 T01   02   1
U1   P01  
Uw1 T02  T01   
c
Actual energy transfer to the air from the impeller
is given by
W = Pif  u22
h 0 In terms of stagnation temperature
Efficiency of compressor, c  W = Cp (T02 – T01)
h 0
 CP (T02 – T01) = Pif  u22
Pif  u 22
P02 T02  T01 
h 02 Cp
02   1 
P01
 P02   
h0 T01    1
h0
 01 
P
Pif  u 22 
  
01
Cp c

s P02  2   1
c Pif  u 2
  1  
P01  C p T01 

Engineering Academy: Branch: Mechanical Engineering ESE-Offline Test Series - 2015 (Conventional-7) Solutions

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ACE

B Super sonic flow at

approximated as isentropic. The normal shock Tds  c dT 

(c). NRE 350

The isentropic efficiency of compression dP  1  TdP  PdT 

P1 1  10 2 Substituting equation 3 into equation 4

V RT T02 = 696.86 [1 + 0.2  (0.947)2]

 1.4  287  300 = 347.188 m/s  Pv V 

 When unsaturated is air is blown over the (c)

(iv) Specific humidity: TE Storage

air sucked in . Therefore change in power n

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