Protection

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Protection
The DIgSILENT protection modeling features have been implemented with the following
philosophy in mind.
The protection modeling should be as realistic as possible

The user must be able to create new complex protection devices or alter existing ones
Although the protection models may show high complexity, their use must be kept easy
All protection models will act on switches.
These specifications led to the following principles.
A fuse is modeled as a time-overcurrent relay acting on a switch

A distinction is made between defining or altering new relay models, which is described
in the technical reference, and the use of those models, which is described in this
chapter.
Creating a Protection Device

Basic Protection Devices
Short-Circuit Sweep
The Time-Distance Diagram
Path Definitions
Protection Analysis Results
Time-Overcurrent Plots
The Curve-Input Command
Creating a Protection Device
Protection devices are normally stored in the object which they act upon, but they may be
stored elsewhere when needed. Recommended, and by default, is that
protection devices which act upon a single switch are stored in the cubicle which
contains that switch (highly recommended)
protection devices which act upon two or more switches connected to the same busbar
are stored in that busbar
protection devices which act upon two or more switches connected to the same busbar
system, are stored in the station containing that busbar system
protection devices which act upon switches connected to more than one busbar system
are stored in the station containing those busbar systems, or in the power system grid
folder if more than one station is involved
As a rule, the relay is best stored in the same folder as the voltage and/or current transformers
which it uses.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\DIgSILENT\pf130b231\Help\digsi_e.chm::/digsi_e9.html 29/1/2007
Editing or creating protection devices in a cubicle can be done in several ways:
by right clicking a switch-symbol in the single line graphic. This will bring a pop up menu
with the options Edit Protection Devices and New Protection Devices
by editing the object which is connected to the cubicle (line, transformer, load, etc.) and
pressing the button at the cubicle field. See the figure for example. The option Edit
Relays will bring a list of all protection devices in the cubicle. New devices may be then
created with the button.
Figure 1.104: Editing line protection devices
In all cases, selecting the option to create a new protection device will bring a list with the
following options:
Relay Model (ElmRelay )

Fuse (RelFuse )
Current Transformer (StaCt )
Voltage Transformer (StaVt )
Each of these options will open a dialog to specify the device that is to be created or to select
the one that is to be edited.
Example: a Time-Overcurrent Relay
Protection devices form a group of highly complex and non-uniform power system devices.
This places any program for modeling them for a difficult dilemma. On the one hand, the relay
models should be as flexible and versatile as possible, to ensure that all types of protection
relays can be modeled with all of their features. On the other hand, the relay models should be
as simple as possible in order to reduce the amount of work and knowledge needed to define
power system protection devices.
This dilemma is solved by DIgSILENT by separating the process of definition a protection type
definition from the process of creating a specific protection element . Although the definition
of a new protection type asks for a good understanding of composite frames, DSL, time
overcurrent plot definitions, etc., the use of a protection element is more or less a 'take of the
shelf' process.
This separation between defining new or using existing relay types led to the global relay
object hierarchy as shown in the figure .
Figure 1.105: Global Relay Object Hierarchy
The relay frame is a graphically defined composite frame which defines the functional parts of
the relay and their connections. The relay frame can be compared with a empty printed circuit
board.
The relay type is based on the relay frame and defines the type of parts which are allowed to
be put in the relay slots. The relay type can be compared with a printed circuit board with
specific, but still empty, chip or relay sockets.
The relay itself models a specific protection element, based on the relay frame and the relay
type. The relay model uses specific functional elements where the relay type defines only the
allowed type of elements. These specific elements must be based on those element types.
The relay object can be compared with a finished printed circuit board, where specific relays
and chips have been inserted in the sockets.
The the figure also shows that most of the work of defining a protection device is done by the
Relay Type Designer. A large set of common relays types is available in the database and
these types are ready for use.
How to use a relay type, that is: how to create a relay element, how to add it to the power
system, how to adjust the relay settings, how to perform calculations, etc., is shown by the
example of a simple time-overcurrent relay. This relay measures the currents in three phases,
but calculates a single maximum current Imax. The relay trips a breaker when Imax violates
either the time-overcurrent or the instantaneous overcurrent conditions.
The Relay Frame
The example relay frame is shown in the figure . This is not a symbolic representation of the
relay, but the actual Composite Frame which defines the relay type. The design of these relay
frames is described in the technical reference manual. The block diagram is only shown here
to explain the example relay.
Figure 1.106: Composite frame of a time-overcurrent relay
In the relay frame, the following slots can be distinguished:
A current transformer slot (StaCt ), which outputs are the real and imaginary parts of the
three phase currents (IrA, IiA, IrB, etc.) and the real and imaginary parts of the zero
sequence current (I0x3r,I0x3i).
A measurement unit slot (RelMeasure ), which output is Imax, which is the maximum of
the three phase currents.
A slot for a time-overcurrent relay unit (RelToc ) and one for an instantaneous
overcurrent relay unit (RelIoc ), with the tripping signals as outputs.
A logic unit slot (RelLogic ), which combines the tripping signals in a logical way to
produce a single tripping signal.
The Relay Type
The example relay type that is defined on the basis of the time-overcurrent relay frame is
shown in the figure .
Figure 1.107: The Relay Type Dialog
The "Relay Definition'' field points to the relay frame. The slot definition list will automatically
show all slots defined by that relay frame. In the example, these are the five slots described in
the previous section. The "Category'' field is only used to help selecting a relay type.
An object type is normally selected for each slot, except for the slots for the current and
voltage transformers. A relay based on the relay type may not use elements other than such
which are based on the given object types. The fact that, in the example, no type is specified
for the current transformer, means that all current transformers may be used.
Normally, relay types are only selected but not changed or edited. The DIgSILENT relay
database offers a wide variety of relay types.
Creating a Relay Model
This is where we leave the domain of the relay designer enter that of the relay user. As soon
as a new relay is inserted in the power system, which is normally done by right clicking a
switch and selecting New Protection Device - Relay Model , an empty relay model (ElmRelay )
appears. The example relay model is depicted in the figure .
Figure 1.108: Relay Model dialog
The relay model has a reference to a relay type, a location, a device number and a list of slots.
The location is normally set automatically when a relay is defined in the single line graphic by
right clicking a cubicle. The cubicle then defines the location. The device number is only
relevant for the device documentation. The slot list is defined by the relay type.
As is shown in the figure , the relay model should define objects for all the slots in the relay
type. Each of these 'slot elements' must use the corresponding 'slot type', when such a type is
defined in the relay type.
Luckily, the tedious work of creating the correct elements, selecting the correct type and
assigning the element to the correct slot, is performed by the relay element itself.
The whole process of creating a specific relay model thus only asks for selecting a relay type
from the database. What follows then can best be compared by an automatic assembly
process:
as soon as a new relay type is selected, the slot definition list is updated
all slot elements for which a slot type has been defined will be created automatically. No
elements will be created for those slots for which no slot type has been defined.
Normally, these are only the voltage and current transformer slots. However, if already
existing and valid objects are found in the relay model or the cubicle in which it resides,
they will be assigned to the slots automatically.
the created slot elements are inserted in the slot definition list
The result is a new and complete relay model with all slots filled (except maybe for the
transformer slots). Of course, all relay settings are still set to their default values.
All slot elements created by the relay model are stored in the relay model itself. the figure
shows the database tree with the example relay model.
Figure 1.109: Example relay model with slot elements
The current transformer in the example is not stored in the relay model but in the cubicle.
When, again, a new relay type is selected, the slot elements created for the previous relay type
will in most cases not be suited for the new type. However, the 'automatic assembly process'
will try to reuse as much data as possible from the old settings:
Slot elements that are also suited for the new rely type will be reused as they are
Slot elements which are correct except for their type will be assigned the correct slot type
Slot elements which cannot be reused will be deleted
Missing slot elements will be created automatically
Pressing the Cancel button after the Relay Type has been changed will not restore the
old slot elements.
Normally, the relay type will not define any current and/or voltage transformer types. The
corresponding transformer element will thus not be created automatically. However, if these
measurement transformers were created prior to creating the relay element, they will be
assigned to the correct slot automatically. This is the recommended practice. If the
measurement transformers were not created yet, they may be created by pressing the Create
VT or Create CT buttons. That will create a new transformer in the cubicle were the relay
element is stored.
Editing the Relay Elements
After a relay element has been defined and all slot elements have been created, we may start
editing the relay settings by editing the slot elements.
In the example we have to enter settings for
The CT "Current Transformer 0''

The Measurement object "Measurement''
The time overcurrent relay "Toc''
The instantaneous overcurrent relay "Ioc''
The logic object "Logic''
For the current transformer, the tap settings and the connection type have to be selected. The
possible tap range is limited by the type. See the figure .
Figure 1.110: A current transformer dialog
The measurement object only needs the Nominal Current and Nominal Voltage. Their range is
limited by the measurement type. The nominal values are only needed if the relay uses p.u.
values. In the example, the measurement object needs no data at all. See the figure .
Figure 1.111: A measurement object
The time overcurrent relay allows for setting
The time overcurrent characteristic

The pickup current
The time dial
All three settings are limited by the relay type: only those characteristics available for this type
of relay can be selected and not every possible values for the pickup current or time dial may
be entered. See the figure .
Figure 1.112: A Time overcurrent relay
The instantaneous overcurrent relay allows for setting the pickup current. See the figure .
Figure 1.113: An instantaneous overcurrent relay
The logic unit dialog shows a list of all switches that will be opened as soon as the logic unit
trips. The logic unit combines the tripping signals of the sub relays (the Toc and Ioc relays in
this example), in an AND/OR expression (Toc OR Ioc in this example). All switches in the list
will be opened. If the relay to which the logic unit belongs is stored in a cubicle, the three-
phase breaker in that cubicle will be opened by default if no switches are been specified. See
the figure .
Figure 1.114: A logic relay object
Basic Protection Devices
As has been explained in the introduction of this chapter, the whole hierarchy of objects that is
used to build protection devices can be divided into
objects which are needed to define new types of protection devices
objects which are needed to define specific relay models.
The first group of objects are treated in detail in the technical reference manual. The second
group of objects are treated in this section.
The Current Transformer
A new current transformer (CT) can be created by right clicking a cubicle in the single line
diagram and selecting "New Protection Device - Current Transformer'' . The dialog as depicted
in the figure will then pop up.
Figure 1.115: The Current Transformer Dialog
A thus created CT will be stored in the cubicle that was right clicked. The "Location'' fields
"Busbar'' and "Branch'' will be set automatically in that case.
A current transformer always needs a current transformer type.
The top "Location'' field is used either
to select a cubicle when the CT is created from outside the cubicle

to select the preceding CT in the case of an auxiliary CT
In the case of auxiliary CT, the complete transformer ration over all CT's in series is shown in
the edit dialog. In the example of the figure , the shown CT itself has a ration of 5.00 to 1, but
the complete ration (up to this CT) is 500.00 to 1.
The primary connection type is only available in the case of an auxiliary CT.
The number of phases can be set to 3, 2 or 1. For a 3- or 2-phase CT, the secondary
connection type can be set to D or Y. For a 1-phase CT, the phase can be set to
a,b or c phase current

N = 3*I_0
I_0 = I_0
The primary and secondary tap settings are limited to the values defined in the current
transformer type.
The Current Transformer Type
The current transformer type dialog, as depicted in the figure , defines the single phases of a
CT. The information about the connection of these phases (Y or D) is defined in the CT
element that uses the CT type.
Figure 1.116: The Current Transformer Type Dialog
The current transformer type defines the primary and secondary taps of the transformer. The
"Additional Data page'' is used only when saturation is considered, to set the accuracy
parameters:
The accuracy class

The accuracy limit factor
either
The apparent power (acc. to IEC)
The burden impedance (ANSI-C)
The voltage at the acc. limit (ANSI-C)
The Voltage Transformer
A new voltage transformer (VT) can be created by right clicking a cubicle in the single line
diagram and selecting "New Protection Device - Voltage Transformer'' . The dialog as depicted
in the figure will then pop up.
Figure 1.117: The voltage transformer dialog
A thus created current transformer will be stored in the cubicle that was right clicked.
A voltage transformer always needs a voltage transformer type.
The "Location'' field is used either
to select a cubicle when the VT is created from outside the cubicle

to select the preceding VT in the case of an auxiliary VT
In the case of auxiliary VT, the complete transformer ration over all VT's in series is shown in
the edit dialog. In the example of the figure , the shown VT itself has a ration of 50.00 to 1, but
the complete ration (up to this VT) is 5000.00 to 1.
The primary winding is defined by selecting a tap and a connection type. The available tap
range is defined in the voltage transformer type.
The secondary winding is defined by the secondary winding type, the tap setting and the
connection type. The available tap range is defined in the secondary winding type. A voltage
transformer requires at least one secondary winding. More windings can be defined by
pressing the button Additional Secondary Windings . This will bring a list of all previously
defined secondary windings. New windings can be created by pressing the button.
The connection type "O'' for the secondary windings is the "Open Delta'' connection, as
depicted in the figure .
Figure 1.118: The Open Delta (O) winding connection
The connection type "V'' for the primary and secondary windings is depicted in the figure .
Selecting a "V'' connection for the primary winding automatically sets the secondary winding to
a "V'' too.
Figure 1.119: The "V'' winding connection
The VT Secondary Winding
A secondary winding element is needed when a voltage transformer with two or more
secondary windings has to be modeled. The edit dialog for the voltage transformer provides
parameters to define the first secondary winding.
Figure 1.120: The VT secondary winding dialog
The secondary winding element requires a type and a reference to the voltage transformer.
The tap settings range is defined by the windings type.
See The Voltage Transformer for more information.
The VT Secondary Winding Type
The secondary winding type, as depicted in the figure , defines the burden and tap range for
one phase of a voltage transformer. The phase connection type (Y, D, etc.) is defined in the
secondary winding element.
Figure 1.121: The VT secondary winding type dialog
The secondary tap settings defined in the secondary winding type determine the available tabs
for the secondary winding element.
The Voltage Transformer Type
The voltage transformer type, as depicted in the figure defines the primary winding of the
voltage transformer.
Figure 1.122: The voltage transformer type dialog
The secondary windings are defined in the voltage transformer element.
The Relay Model
The relay model (ElmRelay ) is a general 'frame-object' which consists of a relay frame with
slots and one or more elements which occupy those slots. All protection relays, except for the
fuse models, are modeled as relay models.
Figure 1.123: The Relay Model Dialog
The relay element is defined by selecting a relay type. The relay type defines the relay frame
and the slot types which may be used with that frame. After a relay type has been selected, the
"Slot Definition'' list will be filled automatically with the correct slot elements. The current and
voltage transformers, however, are not created automatically, although available CT's and VT's
are selected automatically. See Creating a Relay Model for more information.
Editing the settings of the relay model is done by editing the settings of the listed slot elements.
Double clicking a slot element in the "Slot Definition'' list will open the dialog of that element.
For more information about slot elements, see
Directional Relay
The Frequency Measurement Unit
The Frequency Relay
The Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
The Fuse Model
The Logic Unit
The Measurement Unit
The Time Overcurrent Relay
Under-/Overvoltage relay
Directional Relay
The directional relay cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay model. For more
information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The directional relay calculates the angle between a 'polarisation' voltage or current and an
'operating' current. The polarisation current or voltage is rotated to the amount of the expected
angle first. The relay trips if the remaining angle is smaller than 90^CIRC and if both the
polarisation and the operating voltage/currents are large enough. This principle is shown in the
figure .
Figure 1.124: Directional relay principle diagram
The polarisation quantity A_pol is rotated over the angle M_T, which is the "Max. Torque
Angle'' set in the relay edit dialog. The rotated polarisation quantity A'_pol defines a half plane
which forms the first tripping condition. Further conditions are the projection of the operating
quantity on A'_pol, which must be larger than the operating current setting, and the polarisation
quantity, which must be larger than the polarisation setting. More details about the polarization
methods and the tripping conditions can be found in the basic technical reference manual.
The choice for the type of operating and polarisation quantity is made in the Directional Relay
Type object. The relay object itself allows for the setting of the tripping direction, the
polarisation method when both methods (voltage and current) are available, and the
polarisation criteria. See the figure .
Figure 1.125: Directional Relay
Selecting a 'Reverse Tripping Direction' will invert the used operating current. The voltage or
current polarisation allow for setting the "Operating Current'', the "Polarisation Voltage/Current''
and the "Max.Torque Angle''.
The Frequency Measurement Unit
The frequency measurement unit cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay model.
For more information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The frequency measurement unit is used to calculate the momentary electrical frequency for
the given "Measured Voltage''.
Figure 1.126: Frequency Measurement
The Nominal Voltage is needed for per unit calculations. The Frequency Measurement Time
defines the time used for calculating the frequency gradient.
The Frequency Relay
The frequency relay cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay model. For more
information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The frequency relay either trips on a absolute under-frequency (in Hz), or on a frequency
gradient (in Hz/s). Which condition is used depends on the selected relay type. The relay type
also defines the reset time, during which the frequency condition must be met again for the
relay to reset.
The time delay set in the relay element defines the time during which the frequency condition
must be violated for the relay to trip. See the figure .
Figure 1.127: Frequency
The Fuse Model
The fuse model is implemented as a special instantaneous overcurrent relay which does not
need a current transformer. A fuse is always located in a cubicle and will trip the phase which
current exceeds the melt curve. Optionally, all three phases will be tripped if one of the phase
currents exceeds the melt curve.
Figure 1.128: The Fuse Model Dialog
The calculation of the trip time is eiter based on the minimum melt curve or on the total clear
curve. An example of these curves are shown in the figure .
Figure 1.129: Fuse Melt Characteristics
The Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
The instantaneous overcurrent relay cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay
model. For more information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The instantaneous overcurrent relay allows for the setting of the pickup current and the time
dial. Both entries are limited by the relay type. See the figure .
Figure 1.130: Instantaneous Overcurrent
The instantaneous overcurrent relay is a combination of a direct overcurrent relay and an

optional time delay. The pickup time Ts is the minimum time needed for the relay to react.
Additionally, a time dial Tset may be specified. The relay will not trip unless the current
exceeds the pickup current Tsetr for at least Ts+Tset. See the figure .
Figure 1.131: Instantaneous overcurrent tripping area
The relay will nor reset until the current drops under the reset level, which is specified by the
relay type in percent of the pickup current: Ireset=IpsetKr/100%. See the figure for a typical
timing diagram.
Figure 1.132: Instantaneous overcurrent timing diagram
The Logic Unit
The logic unit is the front end part of a relay configuration. It combines all internal trigger
signals by successive AND and OR operations and produces one single output. The logic unit
type specifies the logical operation, the logic unit itself specifies the switches which will be
opened when the relay trips. See the figure .
Figure 1.133: Relay Logic
If the relay is located in a cubicle and no switch has been specified, the breaker in the cubicle
will be opened by default.
The Measurement Unit
The measurement unit uses the 'raw' signals produces by the current or voltage transformers
to calculate 'measured signals'. Which signals are being calculated depends on the
measurement unit type.
The measurement unit allows for setting the nominal current and voltage. Both are limited by
the measurement unit type. If a relay does not need a nominal voltage (i.e. in the case of a
overcurrent relay), the nominal voltage field will normally be disabled.
Figure 1.134: Measurement
The Time Overcurrent Relay
The time-overcurrent relay cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay model. For
more information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The time-overcurrent relay allows for the selection of one of the I-t curves ('characteristic')
which are available for the selected relay type. The I-t curve is further specified by the pickup
current and the time dial. Both values must be in the range specified by the I-t curve definition.
See the figure for an example.
Figure 1.135: The time overcurrent relay dialog
The time dial settings will scale the I-t curve in the Time vs. I/Ip plot, according to the curve
definition. See the figure for example.
Figure 1.136: I-t curves for different Time Dials
The pickup current defines the nominal value Ip which is used to calculate the tripping time.
The I-t curve definition states a minimum and a maximum per unit current. Lower currents will
not trip the relay (infinite tripping time), higher currents will not decrease the tripping time any
further. These limits are shown in the figure .
Figure 1.137: I-t curve limits
The pickup current may be defined by the relay type to be a per unit value, or a relay current.
The nominal current defined by the measurement unit is used to calculate Ip in the case of a
per unit value. The relay current value already equals Ip.
Altering the pickup current will thus not change the I-t curve, but will scale the measured
current to different per unit values. The following example may illustrate this:
Suppose the minimum current defined by the I-t curve is imin=1.1 I/Ip.
Suppose the measurement unit defines Inom=5.0 rel.A.
Suppose pickup current Ipset=1.5 p.u.
--> relay will not trip for I<1.1*1.5*5.0 rel.A = 8.25 rel.A
Suppose pickup current Ipset=10.0 rel.A
--> relay will not trip for I<1.1*10.0 rel.A = 11.0 rel.A
Under-/Overvoltage relay
The under- or overvoltage relay cannot be used 'as-is', but is always a part of a relay model.
For more information about relay models, see The Relay Model ).
The under-/overvoltage relay type may define the relay to trip on either
Either one of the three phase line to line voltages

One particular line to line voltage
The ground voltage U_O.
The positive sequence voltage U_1
The negative sequence voltage U_2
The relay element allows only for setting the pickup voltage and the time delay. See the figure .
Figure 1.138: Under-/Overvoltage
Short-Circuit Sweep
The "Short-Circuit Sweep'' command is used to calculate a short-circuit sweep along a defined
path. Short-circuits are calculated along a given path and the results at each short-circuit
location are written to a Results object. The position in km relative to the beginning of the path
is always written to the results. The sweep command is used e.g. by the Time Distance
Diagram to record the trigger times of distance relays.
Options
Path
Short-Circuits are calculated along this path. Path is set automatically and grayed out if the
command is called by the "Time Distance Plot''.
Additional Relays
If the option "Iterate Tripping Times'' on the advanced page is set, the positions where a relay
trips is interpolated and written to the results. The relays whose tripping times are checked are
the relays found in the path and, in addition, the relays given by the selection referenced in
"Additional Relays''. Additional relays is grayed out and set if the command is called by the
"Time Distance Diagram''.
Results Frame
The variables written to the results object can either be defined by the user or by the "Time
Distance Diagram''. If the results are defined by the "Time Distance Diagram'' all "Monitor
Variable Sets'' in the results object are ignored. Otherwise the variables found in the "Monitor
Variable Sets'' stored in the results object are written. The result frame is grayed out if the
command is accessed through the time-distance diagram.
Results
Reference to result object, see also Result Frame, grayed out if the sweep dialog is accessed
through the time-distance diagram.
Locations
A short-circuit is calculated on each busbar/terminal found in the path. If "Buses and Branches''
is selected short-circuits on the branches between the busbars are calculated.
Short-Circuit Frame
"Command'' is a reference to the short-circuit command. Except the short-circuit location the
short-circuit settings are not changed by the sweep. The type of failure, the method of
calculation and other settings can be modified there. "Calculation'' is just displaying the "Fault
Type'' set in the short-circuit command.
Advanced Options
Step Size
The relay tripping positions in the path can either be iterated or calculated with a continuous
step size. In the constant mode a short-circuit is calculated at the beginning of the branch. The
distance between the following short-circuits on the branch is "Continuous Step Size''. There is
always a short-circuit calculated at the end of the branch. In the "Iterate Tripping Times''
method the relay tripping positions are iterated. If the tripping time of a relay changes
continuously (like overcurrent relays) the sweep changes to continuous mode automatically.
Iteration mode is used again when the tripping time remains unchanged at the next short-
circuit position. The step size frame is grayed out if the command is accessed by the time-
distance diagram.
Precision and Step Size
The "Precision (Steps)'' defines the maximum iteration error at the relay tripping position. The
"Continuous Step Size'' defines the step size for the sweep with constant steps. "Precision and
Step Size'' is unused (hidden) if location is set to buses.
The Time-Distance Diagram
The time-distance plot shows the tripping times of the relays in dependence of the short-circuit
location. It is normally calculated by the short-circuit sweep command. See The short-circuit
sweep command for more information.
The most easy way of creating a time-distance plot is to define such a plot in the single line
graphic.
A previous defined path can be right clicked. The context sensitive menu will show the option
Path.. - Create time-distance Plot . This option can also be found in the Output.. submenu of
the context sensitive menu. The option will not be shown if there is no distance relay available
in the selected path.
Figure 1.139: A time-distance plot
The time-distance plot in the figure is separated in two different diagrams. The forward
diagram shows all relays at the beginning of the line in path direction. The reverse diagram
shows the relays at the beginning of the line in reverse path direction. The upper diagram is in
forward direction, the lower one in backward direction. There are three different styles for the
time-distance plot.These are:
Forward/Reverse:
Both diagrams are shown.
Forward:
Only forward direction diagram
Reverse:
Only reverse direction diagram
The Path Axis
Figure 1.140: A path axis
The path axis in the figure shows the complete path with busbar and relay locations.
Busbars/Terminals are marked with a tick and the name. The boxes above and below the line
show the relay locations in forward and in backward direction. The reference relays in both
directions are marked with an arrow.
Methods for calculation of tripping times
There are several methods to calculate the tripping times shown in the plot. To change the
method, select the Method option in the context sensitive menu or edit the Relays page of the
time-distance plot dialog. The methods differ in exactness and speed. The set of possible units
for the x-Axis depends on the method used. The methods are:
Short-Circuit Sweep Method

The short-circuit sweep method is the most accurate method for calculating the short-
circuit locations. A short-circuit sweep is calculated over the branches between the first
and the last busbar in the path. At each short-circuit location the relay tripping times are
established. The disadvantage of this method is it's low speed. Whenever the rebuild
button of the graphics window is pressed the sweep is recalculated. The possible units
for the short-circuit location are position in km or reactance in primary or relay ohm.
Linear Impedances
This method is faster than the sweep method but more inaccurate. Short-circuits are
calculated on each busbar on the path. After each short-circuit the impedances
measured by the relays are recorded. The impedances of the branches between the
busbars are established using the recorded impedances. Tripping time and position are
determined by intersection of these impedances and the relay characteristic. If there is
more than one intersection at the same impedance the relay step with the smallest
tripping time is used. The possible units for the short-circuit location are position in km or
reactance, resistance and impedance, each in primary or relay ohm.
Kilometrical Method
This method is the fastest but most inaccurate one. Tripping time and location are
determined with the intersection of the impedances and the relay characteristic. The
impedances used for calculation are the impedances of the device. If there is more than
one intersection at the same impedance the smallest tripping time is used. The possible
units for the short-circuit location are position in km or reactance, resistance and
impedance, each in primary or relay ohm.
The kilometrical method is applicable only for the following paths
There are no parallel branches in the path.

The path is fed from only one side or there is no junction on the path.
Short-Circuit Calculation Settings
The Short-Circuit Sweep command object is used for calculating the "Short-Circuit Sweep''
and the "Linear Impedance'' methods. There is either the option Calculate... in the context
menu of the plot or the Calculate... button in the "Time Distance Plot'' dialog for access to the
sweep command. Some of the settings in the command are predefined by the time-distance
plot. These settings are grayed out when the sweep command is accessed through the plot.
The short-circuit command for the calculation is set in the sweep command. To change the
short-circuit method, e.g. "IEC'' or "Complete'', open the sweep command and edit the short-
circuit dialog.
See Short-Circuit Sweep for more information.
The x-Unit
There is a set of possible x-units depending on the method used. See the methods description
for details. The short-circuit sweep method needs a relay to measure the impedance, named
the reference relay. If there is no reference relay selected the first relay in the diagram's
direction is used as reference relay.
The Impedance setting
The reactance on the x-Axis using the sweep method is measured by the reference relay.
There are different impedances measured, depending on the relay and the type of fault.
"Impedance'' specifies which impedance is used for the x-Axis. "According to Short-Circuit'' will
display the impedance depending on the short-circuit fault.
A-B
for a 3-phase short-circuit
B-C
for a 2 phase short-circuit
A
for a single phase to ground short-circuit
B
for a 2 phase to ground short-circuit
The Reference Relay
The x-Axis positions or impedances are calculated relative to the beginning of the path. If a
reference relay was set the positions/impedances are relative to the reference relay. The
sweep method needs always a reference relay. If no reference relay was set the first relay in
the diagram's direction is taken for reference relay.
The busbar connected to the reference relay is marked with an arrow pointing in the diagrams
direction.
The reference relay is set either using the graphic or by editing the "Time Distance Diagram''
dialog. Changing the reference relay graphically is done by clicking with the right mouse button
on the relay symbol and selecting "Set reference relay'' in the context menu. If there is more
than one relay connected to the selected busbar PowerFactory prompts for the relay to use. In
the dialog of the "Time Distance Relay" the "Reference Relay'' frame is located on the bottom.
Change the "Relay'' reference to set or reset the reference relay.
Double Click Positions
The following positions can be double clicked for a default action.
Axis
Edit scale
Curve
Edit step of relay
Relay box
Edit relay(s)
Path axis
Edit Line
Any other
Open the "Time Distance'' dialog
The Context Sensitive Menu
The functions available in addition to the basic VI-methods for the time-distance plot are:
Grid
Shows dialog to modify the grid-lines
Edit Path
Shows dialog of displayed path
x-Scale
Modify x-Scale; Autoscale and edit
y-Scale
Modify y-Scale; Autoscale and edit
Method
Set the used method
x-Unit
Set the unit for the x-Axis, km impedances,...
Diagrams
Select diagrams shown forward, reverse or both
Calculate
Show "Short-Circuit Sweep'' command dialog
Set Relays Buttons
The "Set Relays'' buttons in the dialog of the time-distance plot fills the table with the relays in
forward or reverse direction of the path.
Path Definitions
A path in a single line diagram is defined by selecting a chain of two or more busbars or
terminals and inter-connecting objects. The pop-up menu which opens when the selection is
right clicked will show a Path... option. This menu option has the following sub-options:
Edit
this option is enabled when an existing path is right clicked. It opens a dialog to alter the
color and direction of the path
New
this option will create a new path definition
Add To
this option will add the selected objects to a path definition. The end or start of the
selected path must include the end or start of an existing path.
Remove Partly
This will remove the selected objects from a path definition, as long as the remaining
path is not broken in pieces
Remove
This will remove the firstly found path definition of which at least one of the selected
objects is a member
Editing, adding objects to or removing objects from path definition is only possible when the
option coloring "Path Definitions'' was chosen in the Color Representation of Graphic dialog
(SetColgr ). This dialog is opened by pressing the button on the graphics toolbar.
A path may be used as a selection for a calculation by selecting one or more objects from the
path definition. This will select the whole path.
Protection Analysis Results
Reports
The button "Output Calculation Analysis'' ( ) in the main menu, will open the "Output'' dialog
(ComSh ). The results of the loadflow or short-circuit analysis, for a range of relays, can be
generated in the output by selecting the options
Results
Relays
To generate a report for one or more relays, or for one or more previously defined paths, the
data manager may be used to select one or more relays or paths and right clicking the
selection. The menu will show the option Output-Results if at least one relays was found
amongst the selected objects or in one of the selected paths. If a busbar was selected, then all
relays in connection with that busbar are selected too.
Results in Single Line Graph
The names of the relays or the tripping times may be made visible in the single line graphic by
selecting the following options in the main menu.
1. Output - Results for Edge Elements - Relays

2. Output - Results for Edge Elements - Relay Tripping Times
The first option ("Relays'' ), which is always available, will show the names of the relays in all
cubicles. The second option will show the tripping times of the relays after a load flow or short-
circuit calculation has been made. If a relays does not trip, then a tripping time of 9999.99 s is
shown.
Plots
The time-overcurrent plots offer many features for displaying the settings of relays and the
results of short-circuit or load flow calculations.
The time-overcurrent plots may also be used for changing the settings of relays and fuses, by
simply moving the tripping characteristics. Especially the possibility of changing the curves in
combination with a short-circuit or load flow result, and with the help of transformer or line
damage curves, ensures a clear and comprehensible setting of the relay parameters.
The following section explains the special features of the time-overcurrent plots.
Time-Overcurrent Plots
The most easy way of creating a time overcurrent plot is to define such a plot in the single line
graphic. Three different ways are possible:
A previous defined path can be right clicked. The context sensitive menu will show the
option Path.. - Create Overcurrent Plot .
One or more switches are selected and right clicked. The context sensitive menu will
show the option Create Overcurrent Plot
One or more Transformers are selected and right clicked. The context sensitive menu will
show the option Output Data.. - Create Overcurrent Plot
In all these cases, it is also possible to select the option Add to Overcurrent plot . This will pop
up a list of previously defined over current plots from which one has to be selected.
The overcurrent plot shows
the time-overcurrent characteristics of relays

the damage curves of transformers or lines
motor starting curves
the currents calculated by a short-circuit or load flow analysis and the resulting tripping
times of the relays
See the figure for an example.
Figure 1.141: A time-overcurrent plot with short-circuit results
The time-overcurrent plot shows the results of the short-circuit or load flow analysis as a
vertikal 'x-value' line across the graph. Because the currents differ for each particular relay, a
current line is drawn for each relay. The intersection of the calculated current with the time-
overcurrent characteristic is labeled with the tripping time. A 'grading margin' line, which shows
the difference between the tripping times, may be added by right clicking the plot and selecting
"Show Grading Margins''.
It is also possible to create a user defined 'x-value' by right clicking the graph and selecting the
Set x-value option. The vertikal line will show the values at the intersections of all displayed
characteristics. To move the line left, drag it with the mouse when the Graphic Cursor is
activated (use the button).
Changing Tripping Characteristics
The time overcurrent plots may also be used to change the relay characteristics graphically.
Because a relay characteristic is normally the minimum of two or more sub-characteristics, it
has to be split first in order to change the sub-characteristics.
A characteristic is split by
right clicking the characteristic

enable the split option
The sub-characteristics are now visible. Each of them can be left clicked and dragged along
the time-overcurrent plot area. However, they cannot be dragged outside the allowed range
which has been defined for the relay type. After the relay sub-characteristics have been
changed, they can be combined again into one single characteristic by disabling the split
option again.
The plot option dialog, which is opened by right clicking the plot area and selecting Options ,
has an option for showing the grading margins when the time overcurrent characteristics are
dragged. The grading margin may be set to a fixed time. The grading margins are shown as
two lines, plus and minus the grading margin above and below the dragged tripping
characteristic. See the figure for an example: the original characteristic is labeled "1'', the new
position as "2'', and the grading margins are labeled "a''.
Figure 1.142: Moving a Characteristic with Grading Margins
Conductor/Cable Damage Curve
The conductor and cable damage curves are used to evaluate a protection coordination
scheme and as guides for positioning the time-overcurrent characteristics.
Figure 1.143: Conductor/Cable Damage Curve
To add a damage curve to a time-overcurrent plot, right-click the plot area and select Add
Damage Curve .
Typical values for the conductur, insulation factor, K, are given in the following tables. These
tables show the temperature range for the cables:
T1 = maximum operating temperature in º C

T2 = maximum short-circuit temperature in º C
and the K factor for a cross section in mm^2, CM, MCM and inch^2.
Transformer Damage Curve
The transformer damage curves are used to evaluate a protection coordination scheme and as
guides for positioning the time-overcurrent characteristics.
Figure 1.144: Transformer Damage Curve
To add a ANSI/IEEE C57.109 damage curve to a time-overcurrent plot, right-click the plot area
and select Add Damage Curve . An example of a time-overcurrent plot with two relay
characteristics and a transformer damage curve is shown in the figure .
Figure 1.145: Transformer damage curve
To add the damage curves of specific transformers in the power system, right click the
transformer object in the single line graphic or the database manager ans select the option
Output.. - Add to Overcurrent Plot . This will pop up the list of defined overcurrent plots from
which one has to be selected. A damage curve will then be calculated from the electrical
transformer data, according to the ANSI/IEEE C57.109 standard, and added to the selected
time over-current plot.
It is also possible to add a two-winding or three-winding transformer object to the graph

manually. This is done by editing the graph and adding the transformer object to the list of
displayed relays.
Motor Start Curve
The motor start curves are used to evaluate a protection coordination scheme and as guides
for positioning the time-overcurrent characteristics.
Figure 1.146: Motor start curve edit dialog
The characteristic currents and durations given in the edit dialog result in a step wise motor
start current plot, as depicted in the figure .
Figure 1.147: The motor start curve
Overcurrent Plot Settings
The time-overcurrent plot settings shows the following options
Current Unit
, The current unit may be set to either primary or relay ampere.
Show Relays
, This option sis used to display only certain types of relay characteristics.
Display automatically
This option is used to select how the calculated load flow or short-circuit currents will be
displayed. Either the current lines, the grading margins, both or none may be selected.
Voltage Reference Axis.
More than one current axis may be shown, based on a different voltage level. All voltage
levels found in the path when a time overcurrent plot is constructed are shown by default.
A user defined voltage level may be added. Optionally, only the user defined voltage
level is shown.
Figure 1.148: Overcurrent Plot Settings
The advanced options are:
Drag & Drop Step Sizes

These are used to set the step change in the relay settings when a time-overcurrent plot
is dragged with a continuous time dial or pickup current.
Brush Style for Fuses
This defines the fill style for fuse curves
'Color for Out of Service' Units
The characteristics for units that are out of service are drawn invisible by default.
However, a visible color may be selected.
Nr. of points per curve
The number of points can be changed to either refine the plotted curves for more detail,
or to speed up the drawing of the diagram.
The Curve-Input Command
The curve input command is used for measuring printed curves. The original curves must be
available in windows metafile (*.wmf) or in bitmap (*.bmp) format. The graphics file is displayed
as background in a curve input plot. This plot then allows for defining plot points by successive
mouse clicks.
The curve input plot allows for measuring and editing single curves of group of curves at once.
The measured curve points are stored in a Matrix object (??). The positions of the axis in the
curve input plot can be set by the user. Special functions for groups of curves allow for x-value
synchronisation and many other facilities to make their input easier and faster.
Creating a Curve-Input Plot
The special 'Curve Input' virtual instrument plot is needed for measuring curves. Such a plot,
like al other virtual instruments, is displayed on a Virtual Instrument Panel . A new virtual
instrument panel is created with the new command in the file menu or the new icon of the
graphics window.
A new Curve Input plot is created by right clicking the empty panel, or by pressing the on
the panel button bar and subsequently selecting the Curve Input . The curve input option
dialog is opened by double clicking the curve input plot.
The Input Options
The input options are used to select the graphics file which is to be measured. Only windows
metafile (*.wmf) or bitmap (*.bmp) formats are allowed. The x-Scale and y-Scale settings are
used to set the range and type of the axes of the curves as they are in the graphics file.
Two different types of curves can be input:
Single
; each matrix input defines a single curve. The first column in the matrix holds the x-
values, the second one the y values. Other columns are ignored.
Set of Curves
; only the first matrix is used for input. The first column in the matrix holds the x-values,
the other columns hold the y-values of each curve in the group of curves.
The measured curve is drawn between the measured points by interpolation. This is important
when the measured curve is later used with a specific interpolation. Setting the correct
interpolation mode when measuring the curve causes a better fit while avoiding excess curve
point definitions. Available modes of interpolation:
Linear
Cub. Spline
Polygon
Hermite
The Context Sensitive Menu
The case sensitive menu is opened by right clicking the curve input plot. The menu is used to
select the curve for which points are to be measured or edited, to select the measurement
mode, to synchronize x-values by interpolation, etc.
Grid
Opens the grid layout dialog
Curves
Used to switch from 'single' to 'set of curves' mode.
Interpolation
Selects the interpolation mode

Interpolate All
interpolates undefined y values for all curves for all defined x-values
Interpolate N
interpolates undefined y values of curve N for all defined x-values
Delete Curve N
removes curve N from the matrix
Add Curve
appends a new curve
Input
specifies the input mode:
Off: switches off the measurement mode
x/y-Pairs: each left mouse click adds a point to the curve.
Drag & Drop: turns on the 'edit' mode: all points can be dragged and dropped to
change their y-position or left clicked and deleted with the 'Del' key.
y at defined x: turns on the x-synchronized mode in which new points can only be
defined for already defined x-positions. This option is not available for 'single' curve
mode.
Active Curve
sets the curve to modify
How to Scan curve(s) using the curve-input plot:
Create a virtual instrument panel with a curve input plot

Open the curve-input dialog with a double-click and set the following options
Select the background file
Select "Single'' or "Set of Curves'' in the "Curves Listbox''
Select the interpolation mode
Select on or more Matrix objects in the table named "Curves''. At least two columns
must be already present in the matrix object.
Close the dialog.
Define the axis position to adapt the curve input to the background plot:
Select the graphic cursor
Right click the plot and select Set Axis - Origin . Left click the origin of the plot
Right click the plot and select Select Set Axis - x-Axis . Left click the end of the x-
axis of the background plot.
Right click the plot and select Select Set Axis - y-Axis . Left click the end of the y-
axis of the background plot.
Open the curve-input dialog and adapt the scale of the curve input plot to the scale of
background plot
Right click the plot and select the Active Curve option and activate the first curve. The
option is not available when
There is no Matrix object selected in the 'Curves' table of the dialog
One of the matrix object(s) has less than two columns
Right click the plot and select the Input option. Select the input mode. With the first curve,
select the with x/y-Pairs option.
Left click the curve to set x/y values.
Right click the plot and select the Input - Off option to finish the definition of the curve

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Protection Página 1 de 45

The protection modeling should be as realistic as possible

These specifications led to the following principles.

A fuse is modeled as a time-overcurrent relay acting on a switch

Creating a Protection Device

Creating a Protection Device

Editing or creating protection devices in a cubicle can be done in several ways:

Figure 1.104: Editing line protection devices

Relay Model (ElmRelay )

Example: a Time-Overcurrent Relay

Figure 1.105: Global Relay Object Hierarchy

and chips have been inserted in the sockets.

The Relay Frame

Figure 1.106: Composite frame of a time-overcurrent relay

In the relay frame, the following slots can be distinguished:

The Relay Type

Figure 1.107: The Relay Type Dialog

Creating a Relay Model

Figure 1.108: Relay Model dialog

Figure 1.109: Example relay model with slot elements

Editing the Relay Elements

editing the relay settings by editing the slot elements.

In the example we have to enter settings for

The CT "Current Transformer 0''

Figure 1.110: A current transformer dialog

Figure 1.111: A measurement object

The time overcurrent relay allows for setting

The time overcurrent characteristic

Figure 1.112: A Time overcurrent relay

Figure 1.113: An instantaneous overcurrent relay

Figure 1.114: A logic relay object

Basic Protection Devices

objects which are needed to define new types of protection devices

objects which are needed to define specific relay models.

The Current Transformer

Figure 1.115: The Current Transformer Dialog

A current transformer always needs a current transformer type.

The top "Location'' field is used either

to select a cubicle when the CT is created from outside the cubicle

a,b or c phase current

The Current Transformer Type

Figure 1.116: The Current Transformer Type Dialog

The accuracy class

The Voltage Transformer

Figure 1.117: The voltage transformer dialog

A voltage transformer always needs a voltage transformer type.

The "Location'' field is used either

to select a cubicle when the VT is created from outside the cubicle

the complete ration (up to this VT) is 5000.00 to 1.

Figure 1.118: The Open Delta (O) winding connection

Figure 1.119: The "V'' winding connection

The VT Secondary Winding

Figure 1.120: The VT secondary winding dialog

See The Voltage Transformer for more information.

The VT Secondary Winding Type

Figure 1.121: The VT secondary winding type dialog

The Voltage Transformer Type

Figure 1.122: The voltage transformer type dialog

The secondary windings are defined in the voltage transformer element.

The Relay Model

Figure 1.123: The Relay Model Dialog

For more information about slot elements, see

Figure 1.124: Directional relay principle diagram

Figure 1.125: Directional Relay