Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PREPARED BY :
Soni Divyangkumar R
(16MEEEPV009)
INTRODUCTION
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
• Now if we disconnect the line AB from
the infinite transmission grid there will be
an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power
sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ).
The power generated in this region is fed
to the island only.
• We see that there no longer is any control
over the island voltage at the bus X . Also
there is no mechanism here for control of
frequency.
• This state is referred to as islanding.
PAPERS
Outline :
• Abstract
• Introduction
• 12-Pulse Line commutated converter (LCC)
• Proposed Scheme
• Photovoltaic Characteristics
• Simulation results
• Conclusion
ABSTRACT
PV generation have been come into prominence all over the world.
Solar energy is the most developed energy sources and is receiving wide attention
now a days because the everlasting solar energy is the best alternative to
conventional energy sources.
Grid connected PV systems is well recognized all over the world despite the fact
that there have been some drawbacks about connecting them to the electrical grid.
One of the major drawback of connecting PV systems to the grid is unintentional
islanding condition.
Islanding can be dangerous for utility workers and damage utility equipment so anti
islanding is a important subject for grid connected PV systems.
Islanding detection methods
1. Active methods
2. Passive methods
Passive methods Active methods
Based on measurement of the natural The active methods use intentional
effects of islanding transients or harmonic effects
passive methods fail due to the small The active methods can reduce the NDZ
natural effects of islanding. size. However, these methods reduce the
The passive methods have a non grid power quality
detection zone (NDZ).
Many islanding detection algorithm based on VSI inverter based PV- grid interfacing .
For high power conversion line commutated converter (LCC) is widely used.
In HVDC at receiving end LCC operate in an inversion mode.
Commutation of thyristor takes place due to ac grid voltage LCC based grid connected PV
system does not require extra synchronizing controller like VSI when connected to ac grid.
LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER
(LCC)
In this paper, twelve pulse LCC operates in an inversion mode for a firing angle greater than
90°.
Twelve pulse LCC is capable of suppressing all harmonics below 11 th order which improves
power quality of the grid.
Twelve pulse LCC has come into anti-islanding feature since islanded operation will not
occur as the converter needs commutating voltage of grid to operate.
The configuration of proposed scheme is shown in fig. 1
Fig. 1. Grid connected PV system using twelve pulse line commutated inverter for islanding prevention
LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER
(LCC)
Figure 1 shows, the schematic of proposed scheme for grid connected PV system
using twelve pulse line commutated inverter.
PV system is connected to grid through twelve pulse line commutated inverter
with transformer and breaker.
PV generates dc and using inverter it convert in to ac and fed to the grid. The dc
source must be connected such that positive polarity is connected to the common
anode of the bridge and negative polarity is connected to the common cathode so
that power is transfer from the DC to AC side and converter operates in an inverter
mode by making firing angle greater than 90°.
If islanding condition is occur then photovoltaic system continues to energies the
load after the system has been disconnected from the grid. In islanding condition
twelve pulse LCC in PV system will not operate and stop supplying power to the
load.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERISTICS
Fig. 4. Waveform of twelve pulse LCC for Fig. 5. Grid side current at 33 kV
150 degree
The nature of current wave is almost square wave contains harmonics from 11 th order
and above which can be eliminated using filters.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig. 7. Voltage of transformer across 440 V side Fig. 8. Dc link voltage of twelve pulse LCC during
islanding
CONCLUSION
I. John K. Pedersen and Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer, "A Review of SinglePhase Grid-
Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules" iEEE Transactions On industry
Applications, vol. 41 ,no. 5, SEP/OCT 2005,
II. T. R. Sims, R. A. Jones and A. F. Imece, 'Investigation of potential islanding
problems of a line-commutated static power converter in photovoltaic systems',
iEEE Tr
III. S. Samerchur, S. Premrudeepreechacharn Y. Kumsuwun, and K. Higuchi , "Power
Control of Single-PhaseVoltage Source Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic
Systems", iEEE , pp. 01,2011
IV. C.Boonmee and Y. Kumsuwan, "Modified Maximum Power Point Tracking
Based-on Ripple Correlation Control Application for SinglePhase VSI Grid-
Connected PV Systems", IEEE. Department of Electrical Engineering, pp. 01,
2013. [ansactions on Energy Conversion" , pp. 429-435.1990
PAPER.2
MICRO-GRID ISLANDING DETECTION BASED ON
PQ ACTIVE METHOD.
Outline :
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Islanding Detection Method
• Inverter modeling
• Relationship of Frequency with Islanding Operation
• Simulation results
• Conclusion
ABSTRACT
Micro-grids are being developed as a building block for future smart grid system.
Islanding detection is a great challenge in connecting distributed generation (DG)
in electrical power systems.
Islanding detection methods are categorized into two groups, i.e., communication
based methods, active, and passive methods.
Communication based methods are established upon communication between
utilities and DGs and have the inconvenience of being expensive and are limited in
use.
Active methods perturb the system with a disturbance and the system response to
the disturbance is analyzed.
This detection circuit model of the micro-grid islanding is simulated by the
software of MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation results show that the islanding
detection method does achieve the effect of the micro-grid islanding detection.
INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy and the development of green power has become a hot topic in
the field of electrical .
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and the application of large
area, the concentration of power production in the form of more decentralized
development.
Therefore, the micro network as a part of the main network, provides a lot of
auxiliary services to network.
It is a difficult task to guarantee the stability and reliability of micro grid, especially
in the isolated island mode.
The micro-grid is aimed to provide electricity for small communities (buildings,
schools, industry), which is a small scale grid.
The fossil fuels (diesel, gas turbine) and renewable energy (photovoltaic, wind
turbine) is its main source of electricity.
The micro grid architecture is shown in Fig.1.The power is supplied by DG.
Distributed storage systems store energy when they produce more than they
consume, and provide energy when consumption is greater than production.
In the micro-grid, the consumer of power is the load.
Electrical connection between the micro grid and the main power grid through the
point of common coupling (PCC).
Islanding is a major issue in penetration of DGs in the power system . Equivalent
islands Circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
Inverters are the main interference sources of the micro-grid . In this paper, two
control strategies are used to control the inverters installed in the micro-grid.
(1). PQ inverter control.
(2). Voltage source inverter (VSI) control.
(1). PQ inverter control
Fig.5 Pref in Fig. 2 represents the active power
which is produced by the micro-source, which is
connected to the Micro-grid by that inverter.
Qref represents the amount of reactive power
injected into or absorbed from the Micro-grid at the
inverter’s bus.
In this model, all PQ inverters operate at unity
power factor ,which means there is no reactive power
conversion between the PQ inverter and the Micro-
grid system.
In PQ inverters were worked at unity power factor
to reduce the ratings of those inverters and the cost. Fig .5 Basic structure of the PQ inverter control scheme
(2). Voltage source inverter (VSI) control
This kind of inverter is used to feed the Micro-
grid with predefined values of voltage and
frequency subsequent to islanding occurrence.
VSI in this paper is used to interface the
storage device (flywheel) to the Micro-grid
and represents the reference bus (slack bus) for
each Micro-grid during islanding mode.
The VSI emulates the behavior of a
synchronous machine in conventional power Fig. 6 Voltage source inverter control model.
systems. P and Q are the inverter active and reactive output powers
The VSI is controlled through droops with the respectively.
magnitude and frequency of the output voltage, PK and Q K are the F and V droop slopes respectively.
as described by the following functional f0 and V0 are the idle values of the frequency and voltages
relation: A 3-ph model of a VSI implementing the droop concepts
described by Equation no. (1)
In this model, the amount of P and Q powers injected into
or absorbed from the Micro-grid will control the V and
frequency of the Micro-grid.
RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY
WITH ISLANDING OPERATION
Fig.4 shows the power flow chart of From Eqs.(2) and (3), we can get
inverter ,which is based on DG (IBDG)
and connected load in the presence of the
utility.
Under the islanding operation, the power
flow can be described as:
In this part, simulation results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed islanding
detection algorithm.
The difference between inverter output capacity and rated load capacity is described as:
In this case, the islanding frequency will go beyond the allowable range (49.5 Hz—50.5 Hz)
immediately, and the islanding can be confirmed
The simulation parameters of the system are shown in Tab.I.
PARAMETERS VALUE
Voltage ; Frequency 220V,50Hz
Pload0 5kW,9.68Ω
QL 10KVar, 15.4mH
QC 5KVar, 328.8µH
fmax=wmax/ 2pi ; fmin =wmin/ 2pi 50.3Hz;49.7Hz
Fig.7. ∆P= -1%Pload0 and the Fig.9 ∆P= 1%Pload0 , the
Fig.8 Simulation result of islanding frequency should
utility is disconnected at t=0.1s Case also shift continuously
(the islanding frequency when the proposed
exceeds the lower frequency algorithm is applied.
limit for 3 times within 0.1
s. )
CONCLUSION
In this paper a hybrid islanding detection method using VU and HF impedance is presented.
The voltage unbalance is measured at PCC and if it overreaches the threshold settings, the
situation is suspicious of islanding.
Therefore, a HF voltage is injected in the DG control loop and the PCC voltages and current
are measured to estimate impedance at the injected frequency.
This hybrid method merges the advantages of active and passive methods.
Furthermore, the method does not lead to system instability since the active method does not
change any parameters of the system.
The test system is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC to investigate the credibility of the method.
The detection method can detect islanding in 32ms (3 cycles) which is supported by standard.
In conclusion , compared to other existing algorithms, the non-detection region of this
algorithm is very small.
at the same time, it also provides an excellent detection speed of the island. The effectiveness
of the algorithm is proved by the simulation results.
REFERENCES