Living in IT Era

Midterm Coverage

I. The Internet
The Internet is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers
via dedicated routers and servers.
It is a network of networks that consist of private, public, academic, business and
government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical network technologies.
The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the
interlinked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web, electronic
mail, telephony, and file sharing.

History of Internet
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in
the 1950’s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer
science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France.
Before it became known as the Internet, ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network) served universities, defense contractors, and a few government
agencies.
ARPANET initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic
and military networks in the 1980’s.

Vint Cerf (Vinton gray)

Is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of the “Fathers of the
Internet,” sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn.

Who Uses the Internet?

 Teachers and Students at Universities, Community Colleges.
 Professors and Researches at Universities and in Research Division of
Corporation
 Professionals in Businesses Large and Small.
 State and Local Government Officials
 Reporters
 Celebrities

What Things Can Do On The Internet?

 Conduct Collaborative Research
 Conduct Free Telephone Calls
 Visit many major Museums and Galleries Worldwide
 Provide a Forum for Exchanging Opinions and Information

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 Send and Receive Messages and Documents around the world at low or no
cost

Jobs the Internet Can Do

There is only one simple job that the internet does, and it is to move, transfer, or
assign computerized information from one place to another. This information can
be in the form of Text, Documents, Images, Audio, Video and Software
Programs, among others. All this information is data.
The internet can handle different kinds of information and assist people to perform
various jobs-from the simple task of handling e-mail, searching on websites, and
sending chat messages.

How Internet Works

The Internet works through a packet routing in accordance with the Internet
Protocol (IP), the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and other protocols.
The Internet is made up of massive network of specialized computers called
routers. Each routers job is to know how to move packets along from their source
of destination. A packet will have moved through multiple routers during its journey.
When a packets moves from one another to the next, it’s called hop.

Different Types of Internet Connections

Dial-Up
Dial-Up access is cheap but slow. A modem (internal or external) connects to the
internet after the computer dials a phone number.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
It is an Internet connection that is always “on”. DSL uses a router to transport data
and the range of connection speed, depending on the service offered.
Cable
Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and operates over
cable TV lines.
Wireless
Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not use telephone lines or cables to
connect to the internet. Instead, it uses radio frequency. Wireless is also an
always on connection and it can be accessed from just about anywhere.
Satellite
Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The enormous distance
that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back again, provides a delayed
connection compared to cable and DSL.

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Cellular
Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones.
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the
internet. Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet
access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service,
and colocation.

Types of Area Networks

The Network allows computers to connect and communicate with different
computers via any medium. LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of the
network designed to operate over the area they cover.

 LAN (covers the smallest area)

LAN or Local Area Network connects network devices in such a way that
personal computer and workstations can share data, tools and programs. The
group of computers and devices are connected together by a switch, or stack of
switches, using a private addressing scheme as defined by the TCP/IP protocol.

 MAN (covers an larger area than LAN)

MAN or Metropolitan Area Network covers a larger area than a LAN and smaller
area as compared to WAN. It connects two or more computers that are apart but
resides in the same or different cities. It covers a large geographical area and
may serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider). MAN is designed for customers
who need a high-speed connectivity. Speed of MAN ranges in terms of Mbps. It’s
hard to design and maintain a Metropolitan Area Network.

 WAN
WAN or Wide Area Network is a computer network that extends over a large
geographical area, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or
country. A WAN could be a connection of LAN connecting to other LAN’s via
telephone lines and radio waves and may be limited to an enterprise (a
corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high
speed and relatively expensive.

SERVER
A computer on a network that manages network resources.

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Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. It defines the
way different nodes are placed and interconnected with each other. Alternately,
network topology may describe how data is transferred between these nodes.

 BUS TOPOLOGY
All the devices/nodes are connected sequentially to a single
cable. The cable to which the nodes connect is called a
backbone. If a backbone is broken, the entire segment fails.

 STAR TOPOLOGY
All the nodes in the network are connected to a central
connection point, like a hub or switch.

 RING TOPOLOGY
A ring network is a network topology in which each nodes
connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single
continuous pathway for signals through each node – a ring.

 TREE TOPOLOGY
A tree topology is a special type of structure in which many
connected elements are arranges like the branches of tree.

 MESH TOPOLOGY
Is a type of networking where all nodes cooperate to
distribute data amongst each other. Everything on the
network is connected to everything else and there are
multiple paths to every host. This is how internet works.

Internet Terms and Definition

 Host
A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.

 Web Hosting
To store and make web pages available and ready for inquiries, or a computer
that has a consistent connection to the Internet.

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 Domain Name
A domain name is a description or representation of a computer’s location on
the internet. It is usually separated by a dot.
For Example:
www.comentum.com
sales.comentum.com
joespizza.comentum.com

 DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is a large database of domain names and their
correspondent Internet (IP Addresses). For example: www.widget.com
corresponds to its unique number 207.168.6.12

 IP Address
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number used to identify a
computer on the Internet. If you are connected to the Internet, you must have a
unique network number, which is an IP address. An example of an IP address
is:
207.168.6.12
There are four numbers separated by a dot, and are between 0 and 255.

 FTP
File Transfer Protocol is a method of transferring files between two computers
on the Internet. To access, upload or download information on a server
computer, FTP software makes the information access or transfer possible.

 HOME PAGE
A home Page is the main or index page of a web site.

 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Is a web address used to connect to a remote resource on the World Wide Web.

 SERVER
A server is a computer with a software program set up for serving web pages to
a user on the same computer or another computer. The server computer
coupled with server software listens for inquiries from a client computer.

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 UPLOAD
To upload is to transfer data from your computer to another computer.

 DOWLOAD
To download is to transfer data from another computer to your computer.

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II. The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is the system that enables you to access hypertext
documents and other file over the internet.
Is referred to as the collection of public websites that are connected to the internet
world wide. The program was designed to make information readily available to
users, and to allow a user to explore relationships between different pages (ie,
clicking to get to a different section of a website).

 WEB 1.0
Documents are numbered with addresses that should be inputted to retrieve
the file. This is called the web 1.0 or the read-only web, wherein the
information or hypertext file is accessed by the user. There were no facilities
to interact with it other than to read or view the content.

 WEB 2.0
The Web 2.0 the read-and-write Web started with the need to interact
disadvantages. Users wanted to e-mail Web sites and interact on social
networking sites. The Web 2.0 enabled users or viewers to edit the content of
the files they were accessing.

 WEB 3.0
Today, the Web 3.0 or the semantic executing web is being developed. The
web 3.0 is envisioned to be a smarter access of hypertext files and a version
that would enable a wider range of search in a fast manner.

Web Technologies
The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the internet and computer
networks. This based on three fundamental technologies that are said to be part of
the WWW development.

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 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Is a standard markup language used for creating web page. HTML is classified
as the set of markup symbols or codes appended in a file intended for
presentation on a World Wide Web browser page.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Is a classified as the set of standards allowing users of the World Wide Web to
interchange information seen on web pages.

 Web Servers and Web Browser

Is a software application for recovering, presenting, and navigating information
resources on the World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that
are currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari and more.

Web Accessibility
Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and
developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people
can:

 perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web

 contribute to the Web

Web accessibility encompasses all disabilities that affect access to the Web, including:

 auditory
 cognitive
 neurological
 physical
 speech
 visual

Web accessibility also benefits people without disabilities, for example:

 people using mobile phones, smart watches, smart TVs, and other devices with
small screens, different input modes, etc.
 older people with changing abilities due to ageing
 people with “temporary disabilities” such as a broken arm or lost glasses

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 people with “situational limitations” such as in bright sunlight or in an environment

where they cannot listen to audio
 people using a slow Internet connection, or who have limited or expensive
bandwidth

Research and Information Seeking

 Web Search Engine

These are programs designed to search or mine the World Wide Web based on
keywords provided by the user. They return results such as Websites, files,
photos, or media files. Examples of these are Bing, Duckduckgo, Google, and
Yahoo.

 Research Indexing Sites

These are Websites dedicated to compile and index researches done by
academic researchers, engineers, social scientist and so on. Examples are
IEEE, Xplore, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate.

 Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) sites or tutorial sites

These are Websites dedicated to teach and inform focused on different areas.
The delivery of information is similar to a classroom lecture setup, wherein
lectures and assignments are delivered and submitted, respectively, online.
Examples are Coursera, edX, and Udemy.

 Employment Websites
These are Websites that enable companies to post job vacancies and also
accommodate job seekers by providing a resume-submission facility. Examples
are Jobstreet, JobsDB, and Bestjobs.

 Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)

This is a technology that uses electronic means to trade products and
currencies. It also includes any technology that introduces ease in business
management and customer convenience.

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III. Android Mobile Operating System

ANDROID
Is a Linux based operating system it is designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices
such as smart phones and tablet computers. The android is a powerful operating system
and it supports large number of applications in smartphones.

 Version 1.0
First version Android released. It included all the basic programs (search, mail,
contacts, calendar, etc.) along with synchronization. Version 1.1 added the
capability of saving attachment in messages.

 Cupcake
Support for widgets, such as a search box into the app on the home screen,
virtual keyboards, MPEG-4 video and Youtube/Picasa uploading.

 Donut
Search expanded to include bookmarks and history. More camera integration
and features.

 Éclair
Support for Microsoft Exchange mail. Search expanded to include SMS and
MMS messages, and HTML5 support in the browser. More camera features,
including flash, zoom and white balance.

 Froyo
Support for Bluetooth hands free, push notifications, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality
and greater screen resolution. Better Microsoft Exchange and Android Market
integration.

 Gingerbread
Support was added for VoIP, enhanced copy/paste, front-facing camera, AAC
audio and near field communication (NFC). Gingerbread allowed for screens
with WXGA and higher resolution.

 Honeycomb

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Honeycomb was a tablet-only version that took advantage of larger screens.

Touted as "3D Holographic," it added toolbars at top and bottom and
incorporated tabbed browsing and other desktop features.

 Ice Cream Sandwich

Features include facial recognition unlocking, resizable widgets, WI-Fi direct and
touchscreen keys.

 Jelly Bean
Jelly Bean provided the user with information automatically throughout the day.
Also included were improved camera features and notifications, speech-to-text
function (voice typing) worked without an Internet connection, although not quite
as accurately. Jelly Bean also included an improved voice search,

 Kitkat
A slicker, more polished interface and a host of changes, including improvements
for instant messaging, photo editing and a full-screen display mode that was
more immersive. Support for older phones with less than 1GB of RAM memory.
"OK Google" was added to activate a voice search.

 Lollipop
Lollipop defaulted to encrypting the user's data to prevent theft in the event the
device was compromised. The user's passcode was required to unlock the
device and data.

 Marshmallow
Major features were Android Pay mobile payment system and standardized
fingerprint support, automatic data backup to the Google cloud.

 Nougat
 Oreo
Version 8 improves battery life and performance by limiting what apps can do in
the background. Users have more control over notifications and autofill, as well
as support for high-quality Bluetooth codecs

 Pie
Version 9 provides numerous enhancements. It improves battery life by offering
adaptive features such as learning how you use apps and change brightness. Pie
also predicts what you might do next. Slices display relevant parts of apps, and
gestures can be used in addition to buttons. Multiple and external cameras are
supported, and apps for work can be visually separated. Up to five Bluetooth
devices can be connected, and incoming calls can be sent to all of them with
different volume levels.

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