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BUFFERS

Lab Report
Table of Contents
Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Educational objectives: ......................................................................................................................... 2
Experimental objectives:....................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Procedure:..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Observations and Calculations:..................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Objectives:
Educational objectives:
After performing this experiment, we are able to

 Explain how an acid/base buffer works


 Prepare a solution buffered to a specific pH value

Experimental objectives:
Experimental objectives of this experiment are:

 Prepare a buffer solution and investigate its ability to buffer pH change


 Prepare a buffer solution having a specific pH value
 Demonstrate the ability of a buffer solution to resist the pH change

Introduction:
A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is
able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, maintaining the pH relatively stable. Worth
mentioning that each buffer has each own capacity and pH range, which dictate how much acid / base
can be neutralized before pH changes, and the quantity by which may change. This type of solution is
preparing by a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and it conjugated acid. This variation
will depend on desired pH.

The buffer must contain a base to react with any added hydrogen ions and an acid to react with

any added hydroxide ions. A buffer can be prepared by adding a salt, NaA to a solution of a weak acid,

HA. Thus, a buffer contains different amounts of a weak acid and its conjugated base.

The buffer capacity it is measure of the efficiency of a buffer in resisting changes in pH, which is

expressed as the amount of strong acid or base, in grams, that must be added to 1 L of the solution to

change its Ph by one unit. In order to calculate this capacity, it is necessary to use the next equation:

β = ΔB/ΔpH

The buffer capacity will be optimal when the ratio is 1:1, meaning that pH = pKa

The strength of a weak acid can be analyzed. This means that the amount of hydrogen ion releases can
be

determined by using the next equation:


[𝐻+][𝐴−]
Ka =
[𝐻𝐴]

In this equation the K a it is defined as the acid dissociation constant, which tells us in what

proportion of Ha will be dissociated into H + and A in

a solution. The larger the value of K a (more H +), the

stronger the acid is and lower the pH of the resulting solution will be. Thus, the K a value vary over a
wide

range, they are usually expressed using a logarithmic scale:

pKa = − log × Ka

But in this lab, we worked with acetic acid buffer, HOAc, and its conjugate base, the acetic ion OAc. The
following reactions occurred:

HOAc ----------------------------> H+ + OAc-


NaOAc----------------------------> Na+ +OAc-
NaOAc is a salt that’s why it dissociates completely into its ions. When NaOAc and HOAc are mixed in
correct proportions the solution contains large amount of HAc and Ac and a relatively small amount of
H.

The equilibrium equations that governs this buffer is:


[𝐻+][𝑂𝐴𝑐−]
Ka = =1.8×10-5
[𝐻𝑂𝐴𝑐]

Procedure:
1. Calibrate the pH meter and electrode.
2. Prepare 100ml of a solution that is 1 M in acetic acid and 1 M in sodium acetate. Determine its
pH.
3. Determine how much HCl is required to change to change the pH by 0.1 pH units.
4. Determine how much NaOH is required to change to change the pH by 0.1 pH units.
5. Determine how much acetic acid and sodium acetate to mix to produce a buffer solution having
a pH value of 5. Prepare 100 ml of such a buffer solution without using a pH meter. Once you
have prepared the solution, check your work using the pH meter.
6. Obtain a pH value from your instructor. Prepare 100 ml of a buffer solution having this pH value
without using the pH meter.
Observations and Calculations:
Experimental:

Volume
of HCL
used pH
0.5 4.71
1.5 4.71
2.5 4.72
3.5 4.72
4.5 4.72
5.5 4.72
6.5 4.72
7.5 4.73
8.5 4.73
9.5 4.73
10.5 4.73
11.5 4.73
13 4.72
14 4.73
15 4.73
16 4.73
17 4.73
18 4.73
19 4.73
20 4.73
21 4.73
22 4.73
23 4.73
24 4.74
25 4.74
26 4.74
27 4.74
28 4.74
29 4.74
30 4.74
31 4.77
32 4.76
33 4.76
34 4.75
35 4.75
36 4.76
37 4.76
38 4.76
39 4.76
40 4.76
41 4.76
42 4.76
43 4.76
44 4.77
45 4.77
46 4.77
47 4.77
48 4.77
49 4.77
50 4.77
51 4.77
52 4.78
53 4.78
54 4.78
55 4.78
56 4.78
57 4.78
58 4.78
59 4.79
60 4.79
61 4.79
62 4.79
63 4.79
64 4.79
65 4.8
66 4.8
67 4.8
68 4.8
69 4.8
70 4.81
It shows that 70ml of HCl is needed to increase the pH from 4.71 to 4.81 i.e. 0.1

Theoretical:

In order to prepare equimolar solutions of Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide we made the

next calculations.

50 ml of 1 M HCl (37.1% concentrated)


Molar mass (HCl) = 36.46094 g/mol
Density = 1.19 g/cm 3
Molarity (M) = n (number of moles) / L (liters of the solution)
n=M*L
L = 50 ml = 0.05 liters
n = 1 * 0.05
n = 0.05 mol
n (number of moles) = m (mass) / Mm (Molar mass)
m = n * Mm
m = 0.05 * 36.46094
m = 1.82305 g
1.82305 g ÷ 0.371 % = 4.91388 ÷ 1.19 g/cm 3 = 4.12931 cm 3 or ml
50 ml of 1 M NaOH
Molar mass = 39.997 g/mol
Since we wanted to prepare the same molarity and liters of solution, the number of moles for NaOH is
equal to the number of moles for HCl.
n = 0.05 mol
m = n * Mm
m = 0.05 * 39.997
m = 1.99985 g
After that, to prepare equimolar solutions of Acetic acid and Sodium acetate we made the following
calculations.
50 ml of 0.1 M HC 2 H 3 O 2 (99.7% concentrated)
Molar mass = 60.05 g/mol
Density = 1.049 g/cm 3
n=M*L
L = 50 ml = 0.05 liters
n = 0.1 * 0.05
n = 0.005 mol
m = n * Mm
m = 0.005 * 60.05
m = 0.30025 g
0.30025 g ÷ 0.997 % = 0.301153 ÷ 1.049 g/cm 3 = 0.2870 cm 3 or ml
50 ml of 0.1 M NaC2 H 3 O 2
Molar mass = 82.0343 g/mol
Since we wanted to prepare the same molarity and liters of solution, the number of moles for NaC2 H 3
O 2 is
equal to the number of moles for HC 2 H 3 O2.
n = 0.005 mol
m = n * Mm
m = 0.005 * 82.0343
m = 0.4102 g
initial pH = 4.74, this value is calculated by using Henderson’s equation

[H3O+] = 10-4.74 = 0.000018M


[𝐻+][𝑂𝐴𝑐−]
Ka = =1.8×10-5
[𝐻𝑂𝐴𝑐]

[𝑂𝐴𝑐−]
[𝐻𝑂𝐴𝑐]
=0.99

Concentration of OAc is 0.5M, thus

HOAc =0.5/0.99 = 0.55M

To make 200 mL of 0.55 M acetic acid solution,

200 mL* (0.55 M */14.7 M)

= 7.48 mL of concentrated acetic acid acid needed.

Changing the pH of a Buffer Solution

We will take 100 mL of the buffer solution, and add enough 1.0 M HCl to react

with half of the moles of acetic acid.

And , the conjugate base.

0.05 moles of acetic acid are present in100 ml.

25ml of 1M HCl will be added


[𝐻+][𝑂𝐴𝑐−]
Ka = [𝐻𝑂𝐴𝑐]
=1.8×10-5

[H3O+] = (1.8×10-5) * (0.046) / 0.025 = 3.3 ×10-5

So, after the addition of HCl, the new pH will be –log (3.3 ×10-5 ) = 4.48. The
expected change in pH will be 4.48-4.74 = –0.26 pH units

Conclusion:
After this experiment we concluded that after the addition of HCl pH of the solution increases towards
acidic behavior and after addition of NaOH pH of the solution increases towards basic behavior. In this
experinment we also concluded that how much amount of acid or a base is needed to increase or
reduce the pH by 0.01unit.

The importance of this experiment it is that, now we are able to prepare a buffer with a good buffering

capacity in order to have a solution stabilized in pH terms, and in second place it can be said that this
was very useful because it helped us to understand how the acid base works in a solution.

Some errors that can be modified for the next experiment are for example: to be more careful at the

moment of making each solution with its respective reactants in order to avoid the percentage of error

obtained.

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