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Lab Report
Table of Contents
Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Educational objectives: ......................................................................................................................... 2
Experimental objectives:....................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Procedure:..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Observations and Calculations:..................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Objectives:
Educational objectives:
After performing this experiment, we are able to
Experimental objectives:
Experimental objectives of this experiment are:
Introduction:
A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is
able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, maintaining the pH relatively stable. Worth
mentioning that each buffer has each own capacity and pH range, which dictate how much acid / base
can be neutralized before pH changes, and the quantity by which may change. This type of solution is
preparing by a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and it conjugated acid. This variation
will depend on desired pH.
The buffer must contain a base to react with any added hydrogen ions and an acid to react with
any added hydroxide ions. A buffer can be prepared by adding a salt, NaA to a solution of a weak acid,
HA. Thus, a buffer contains different amounts of a weak acid and its conjugated base.
The buffer capacity it is measure of the efficiency of a buffer in resisting changes in pH, which is
expressed as the amount of strong acid or base, in grams, that must be added to 1 L of the solution to
change its Ph by one unit. In order to calculate this capacity, it is necessary to use the next equation:
β = ΔB/ΔpH
The buffer capacity will be optimal when the ratio is 1:1, meaning that pH = pKa
The strength of a weak acid can be analyzed. This means that the amount of hydrogen ion releases can
be
In this equation the K a it is defined as the acid dissociation constant, which tells us in what
stronger the acid is and lower the pH of the resulting solution will be. Thus, the K a value vary over a
wide
pKa = − log × Ka
But in this lab, we worked with acetic acid buffer, HOAc, and its conjugate base, the acetic ion OAc. The
following reactions occurred:
Procedure:
1. Calibrate the pH meter and electrode.
2. Prepare 100ml of a solution that is 1 M in acetic acid and 1 M in sodium acetate. Determine its
pH.
3. Determine how much HCl is required to change to change the pH by 0.1 pH units.
4. Determine how much NaOH is required to change to change the pH by 0.1 pH units.
5. Determine how much acetic acid and sodium acetate to mix to produce a buffer solution having
a pH value of 5. Prepare 100 ml of such a buffer solution without using a pH meter. Once you
have prepared the solution, check your work using the pH meter.
6. Obtain a pH value from your instructor. Prepare 100 ml of a buffer solution having this pH value
without using the pH meter.
Observations and Calculations:
Experimental:
Volume
of HCL
used pH
0.5 4.71
1.5 4.71
2.5 4.72
3.5 4.72
4.5 4.72
5.5 4.72
6.5 4.72
7.5 4.73
8.5 4.73
9.5 4.73
10.5 4.73
11.5 4.73
13 4.72
14 4.73
15 4.73
16 4.73
17 4.73
18 4.73
19 4.73
20 4.73
21 4.73
22 4.73
23 4.73
24 4.74
25 4.74
26 4.74
27 4.74
28 4.74
29 4.74
30 4.74
31 4.77
32 4.76
33 4.76
34 4.75
35 4.75
36 4.76
37 4.76
38 4.76
39 4.76
40 4.76
41 4.76
42 4.76
43 4.76
44 4.77
45 4.77
46 4.77
47 4.77
48 4.77
49 4.77
50 4.77
51 4.77
52 4.78
53 4.78
54 4.78
55 4.78
56 4.78
57 4.78
58 4.78
59 4.79
60 4.79
61 4.79
62 4.79
63 4.79
64 4.79
65 4.8
66 4.8
67 4.8
68 4.8
69 4.8
70 4.81
It shows that 70ml of HCl is needed to increase the pH from 4.71 to 4.81 i.e. 0.1
Theoretical:
In order to prepare equimolar solutions of Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide we made the
next calculations.
[𝑂𝐴𝑐−]
[𝐻𝑂𝐴𝑐]
=0.99
We will take 100 mL of the buffer solution, and add enough 1.0 M HCl to react
So, after the addition of HCl, the new pH will be –log (3.3 ×10-5 ) = 4.48. The
expected change in pH will be 4.48-4.74 = –0.26 pH units
Conclusion:
After this experiment we concluded that after the addition of HCl pH of the solution increases towards
acidic behavior and after addition of NaOH pH of the solution increases towards basic behavior. In this
experinment we also concluded that how much amount of acid or a base is needed to increase or
reduce the pH by 0.01unit.
The importance of this experiment it is that, now we are able to prepare a buffer with a good buffering
capacity in order to have a solution stabilized in pH terms, and in second place it can be said that this
was very useful because it helped us to understand how the acid base works in a solution.
Some errors that can be modified for the next experiment are for example: to be more careful at the
moment of making each solution with its respective reactants in order to avoid the percentage of error
obtained.