ArrowPoint Communications

Content Smart Switching

Value Proposition for Service Providers
Prepared by: Renaissance Worldwide, Inc.
Network business Practice

Introduction

Web traffic is surging. It is estimated that the number of Internet users will grow from 70 million to over
300 million in 1999. The number of non-PC devices such as television set-top boxes, IP-enabled
telephones, and personal digital assistants that will be connected to the Web is expected to exceed
89 million by the year 2001.

Concurrently, Internet traffic is changing rapidly. In the past, Internet traffic consisted of basic ASCII
text files and email traffic. Today, Web traffic, which tends to be graphics-intensive, accounts for 80%
of all Internet usage. Web-based technology is used to enhance customer service, streamline internal
management systems, and reach out to employees, customers, and business partners through
Intranet and Extranet applications. Corporations are Web-enabling their core business processes such
as sales, customer service, and marketing. These Web sites are strategic business initiatives targeted
at streamlining operational costs and turning a profit.

Online commerce was once considered a convenience. However, due to the global nature of the
Internet, customers expect to shop online 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, from anywhere in the world.
A customer’s experience with a Web site may be the only interaction they have with the company. If
they have to wait too long or their experience is negative, they will go someplace else.

Online commerce is also big business. Dell Computers, the leader in direct sales of personal
computers, generates more than $1 million per day using their Web site. Charles Schwab has over
1.52 million active online accounts valued at over $12 billion. They expect to process online up to 4
million transactions per hour by the year 2000. For many companies, like Amazon.com, their Web site
is the primary source of interaction between the customer and the company.

Because of this, there is never a good time for a Web site to be down. Downtime translates into lost
revenue. To keep a Web site running around the clock, companies need to build a carrier-class Web
site infrastructure that doesn’t keep people waiting. It needs to perform well and be able to scale to
handle any unexpected spikes in business.

In order to provide high availability and faster response times, corporations are building multi-server,
multi-location Web sites. Replicating content among multiple servers ensures that content is available
in the event of server failure. Additionally, moving content closer to the user improves performance
because the content does not have to travel across multiple router hops.

Many of today’s Web sites consist of an ad-hoc conglomeration of routers, firewalls, switches, and
server software. They do not scale, cannot respond well to changing traffic patterns, cannot deliver
Quality of Service (QoS), and are expensive to build, operate and maintain.
ArrowPoint Communications, Inc. has developed Content Smart SwitchingTM technology that enables
Web sites to evolve into carrier-class infrastructures. As content moves closer to the customer and
closer to the edge of the network, distributed Web sites require built-in intelligence to maintain high
availability and increase Web performance. Content Smart Switching provides the ability to understand
and anticipate traffic flows so that the network can quickly and efficiently react to changes in network
conditions.

The Transitional Role of the Service Provider

Over the past several years, network service providers have scrambled to provide basic Internet access
however Internet access has now become a commodity business. Renaissance’s research shows that
gross margins are declining from 45%-50% from a couple of years ago, to approximately 40% today.
This is an indicator of how competitive the business has become and because of this the game has
changed. Service providers must now offer services beyond basic Internet access if they are going to
survive.

Concurrently, corporations are also realizing that supporting e-commerce Web sites is expensive, labor
intensive, and is stretching already thin IT resources to the breaking point. For most companies,
developing e-commerce Web sites is not a core competency, yet they require the latest in technology
to remain competitive. It is expensive to purchase and train personnel on the latest in online
development tools, particularly when they are evolving so rapidly. It as also expensive to build and
maintain a redundant and continually available infrastructure. Corporations are increasingly looking to
outsource these initiatives to service providers that are committed to keeping response time low,
reliability high, and offer performance guarantees.

Hosting Web sites is a rapidly expanding business, and specialization is beginning to develop. Some
service providers are focusing on hosting e-commerce Web sites, which includes both front and back
office operations. Others are focusing on hosting corporate Web sites. To remain competitive, service
providers entering the Web hosting business will need to:

 Build a "bulletproof" Web hosting infrastructure

 Increase revenue potential through new service creation
 Reduce capital and operational costs

Service providers building highly available, carrier-class Web site infrastructures want to maximize their
investment through service creation that effectively utilizes their network’s capacity. Gaining control of
existing bandwidth allows service providers to free up bandwidth that is not being utilized. Tools that
provide granular control of the existing bandwidth and resources are needed.

Service provider network costs are broken down into three categories – capital, staff, and facilities.
Capital includes hubs, routers, switches, firewalls, redirectors, and other networking equipment.
Support staff is responsible for the day-to-day support and change management. Facilities include
operational costs in maintaining the network, such as cabling, leased lines, contracts, and
maintenance.

Using research conducted by Renaissance, it is estimated that capital costs are 16% of the overall
costs for a traditional service provider. Variable costs include staff and facilities represent 84% as
illustrated in Figure 1.
 Figure 1 - Traditional Service Provider Cost Distribution Model (Renaissance Worldwide, Inc.)

Network complexity has an impact on all three cost categories. Renaissance measures complexity
using an industry-unique methodology that quantifies the impact of network project implementation
complexity as a function of seven primary drivers:

 number of new product vendors,

 network equipment types,
 network protocols,
 systems and/or network management agents,
 systems and/or network management software,
 network application platforms (such as UNIX, Windows/NT or Java)
 network application (either shrink-wrapped or developed in-house).

For example, if a product consolidates three separate technical functions in a single platform, it
eliminates the need to purchase three separate products, thereby decreasing capital investment and
more significantly, the support of three separate products. Consolidation also decreases facilities costs
because a single platform generally will take up less real estate than multiple point products.

Results from Renaissance’s industry research shows that each complexity driver has a high impact on
overall support costs during the first year of implementation of a new technology or a new product type.
The research shows that there is also an ongoing support cost impact during the next several years
post-implementation. Table 1 illustrates the costs associated with each complexity driver in terms of
person months (PM)

Complexity Drivers Year 1 Cost Ongoing Cost

Management Applications 2.2 PM 1.2 PM
Management Agents 2.2 PM 0.7 PM
Protocols 4.2 PM 2.0 PM
Platforms 2.8 PM 1.2 PM
Equipment Types 2.3 PM 0.8 PM
Network Applications 2.1 PM 2.5 PM
No. of vendors 4.0 PM 0.9 PM

Table 1 – Complexity Impact in Terms of Person Months (Source: Renaissance Worldwide, Inc.)
Building a Continually Available Infrastructure

As discussed previously, service providers that are operating or considering entering the Web hosting
business must build a continually available infrastructure, particularly considering emerging
e-commerce and application hosting scenarios. Three dimensions need to be considered when doing
this: performance, reliability, and scalability. Each dimension plays an integral role in the overall
success of the site.

Server overload is one of the key performance issues in Web sites. Intelligent load balancing and
content replication are two areas that can minimize server overload. Load balancing is essential in
multi-server Web sites. It distributes Web traffic evenly across the servers so that no single device is
overwhelmed and is especially important for sites where it's difficult to predict the number of requests
that will be issued to a server. If one server starts to get swamped, requests are forwarded to another
server with more capacity. Load balancing functionality is available in dedicated load balancing
products, which are a combination of a dedicated PC hardware platform and load balancing software.
Recently, "Layer 4" switches that integrate load balancing have been introduced to the marketplace.
But these products are "content-blind" and are limited in their functionality.

Load balancers sit "in line" in the network, creating a bottle neck which all traffic in the Web site must
pass through, and load balancing switches have very limited port density - typically just 8 ports. They
also cannot be clustered into one logical unit in order to scale rapidly and cost effectively. This inhibits
their ability to develop into a carrier-class infrastructure. Dedicated load balancers and entry-level layer
4 switches list for approximately $10,000. This estimate is fairly conservative because these solutions
range from an actual low of $6395 to a high of $45,000 without distributed Web site capabilities.

Using ArrowPoint’s CS-100 or CS-800 Content Smart Switch eliminates the need for dedicated load
balancers and Layer 4 switches. The CS-800 combines a scalable, high performance hardware
platform with high density switching ports and intelligent load balancing. Each CS-800 can process
40,000 HTTP requests per second, as compared to the 160 Pentium-based dedicated load balancers
needed to process this many flows (which are only processed at the TCP layer, not based on looking
at the information in the HTTP header). Content Smart Switches can be clustered to scale the
performance and availability of the Web site exponentially. By logically clustering the switches, any
physical boundaries are removed, which allows you the flexibility to expand your Web site easily and
cost-effectively. Servers can now be geographically located closer to the users, thus decreasing the
number of router hops requests must travel, increasing overall performance. This is of particular
importance to e-commerce Web sites that are growing rapidly.

To increase the number of HTTP requests processed from 40,000 per second to 80,000 per second,
two CS-800 switches can be clustered together. Capital costs for this solution are approximately
$152,000 and first year support and operational costs are $107,000.

In comparison, a dedicated load balancing solution requires 320 load balancers at a price of
$3,200,000 (320 * $10K) in order to process 80,000 TCP requests. Additionally, first year support costs
of a dedicated load balancer and a switch would equal approximately $214,000 (see Table 2 for detail).
It is highly unlikely that this type of solution would actually be implemented because it isn’t practical.

Complexity Drivers Year 1 PC Load Year 1 Content Smart

Balancer Switch
 Vendors 2 * 4 PM 1 * 4 PM
Equipment Types 2 * 2.3 PM 1 * 2.3 PM
Management Applications 2 * 2.2 PM 1 * 2.2 PM
Management Agents 2 * 2.2 PM 1 * 2.2 PM
Total Support Time 21.4 person months 10.7 person months
Total Cost (Time * $10K/month) $214,000 $107,000

Table 2 – Start-Up Support Costs for a Standalone Load Balancing Solution

vs Content Smart Switching

Web sites must be able to scale exponentially as traffic on the Web changes over the next couple of
years to include more video and real-time traffic. The following chart compares the cost per HTTP
request between dedicated load balancing versus ArrowPoint’s integrated Content Smart Switching
solution.

Figure 2 – Cost/Scalability Comparison of Scaling Web Site Volume Using

ArrowPoint’s CS-800 versus a Dedicated Load Balancing Solution

At any price, dedicated load balancers and Layer 4 switches don’t recognize conditions including
availability and location of the content being requested, server load, or network conditions at the actual
time of the request. Since these attributes are dynamic in nature, the best server to handle a request
may be different at any given point in time, and may not even be located in the local data center.
Content Smart Switches combine a high speed switching platform with content-based intelligence to
anticipate Web traffic flows and efficiently redirect them depending on the conditions at the time of the
request.

Traditional load balancing techniques – including Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin, and Least
Connections – are based on static network address information and fail to account for the content
being requested, the probability of a cache-hit in the target server, or transient server performance
problems.

Weighted Round Robin allows manual configuration of weights, or raw server performance differences,
but fails to account for actual server response time. Least connections assumes a correlation between
server response time and the number of connections active on the server, which is not a valid
assumption¹, and it doesn’t take into account raw server performance differences. Lastly, simple Round
Robin is totally unaware of either raw server performance differences or server response time.

The ArrowPoint Content Smart Switches optimize Web response time by transparently routing the user
to the best Web site, and the best Web server for the content being requested. In addition, the switch
can prioritize requests based on the user’s class of service, and provide managed bandwidth based on
the content being requested.

The unique ArrowPoint Content Aware (ACA) algorithm provides optimum server selection in the local
Web cluster. It optimizes server response to client requests (Web response time), eliminating complex
"hand-tuning" by operators and instead, automatically tunes the algorithm based on dynamic server
load and performance. ACA establishes a "baseline load" for a particular server so that it can redirect
traffic when the load exceeds the baseline for that server. As a result, ACA maximizes server efficiency
by effectively distributing load among all eligible servers and driving servers to peak load without
overloading, while providing the optimum Web response time for the user.

Web response time is further optimized based on the ability of ACA to understand the content being
requested and direct requests to target servers based on cache hit probability for frequently requested
content. Furthermore, if the content requested is better served in a different location, or a different
server cluster in the local data center, the switch will send an HTTP redirect to the client to
transparently route them to the best server.

Content Smart Switching and ACA also includes the unique capability of processing the "cookie" in the
HTTP request. This feature is key to enabling powerful e-commerce solutions by providing "sticky"
client-server connections based on the information in the cookie, or to detect the user’s requested
class of service based on information in the cookie and provide prioritized service for that request.

In a distributed Web site network, optimum initial site selection is ensured using ArrowPoint’s
Distributed Web Site Services (DWSS). DWSS provides a mechanism for all switches in a distributed
network to communicate their "view of the world" to each other, including content, application or service
availability, server load, network load, and client-server (topological) proximity. Each switch that is
configured to be an authoritative DNS server for the entire site, will return the address of the switch at
the location that is best suited to service the request based on the content being requested, service
and application availability, and proximity.

In multi-server Web sites, content is traditionally mirrored across multiple servers in the event of server
failure. Mirroring refers to 100% replication of all content from one server to another. Since 10% of the
content at a Web site is responsible for 90% of the traffic, the traditional mirrored approach is
unnecessarily expensive, driving storage costs higher by 900%. Because they understand the content
being requested, Content Smart Switches offer the unique capability of replicating only the "hot" 10%
of content, thereby reducing server storage costs and server overhead.

There are many issues that impact Web site performance, including overloaded servers, network
congestion, or long network routes. Content Smart Switches address these issues using built-in
intelligence. Content Smart Switches understand and anticipate Web traffic flows and can quickly and
efficiently react to them within the corporate and extended corporate network.

1.There is a significant difference in server loading between processing 100 HTTP requests for the home page, versus
processing 100 HTTP requests for a cgi query against a back-end database
Increasing Revenue Using Content Smart Switches

Content Smart Switches have the unique capability of dynamically allocating bandwidth based on a
variety of characteristics that can be predefined by the service provider. This granularity gives service
providers the capability to utilize the existing bandwidth to its fullest potential, creating opportunities to
offer new services, such as streaming media services, or to maximize the use of existing resources to
increase revenue.

For example, a New York-based Web hosting firm is using the Content Smart Switch’s virtual hosting
capabilities to offer a premium, high availability service. The firm is charging customers approximately
$700 per month for basic Web hosting services, and for an additional $150 per month, they will
guarantee 100% availability.

The firm delivers on this promise by dedicating a primary server to each individual customer and using
a single server for multiple customers as a backup. Content Smart Switches allow a service provider to
partition a single server into multiple Web sites. In this case, the firm is hosting multiple backup Web
sites on a single server, eliminating the need to dedicate one server per customer for backup purposes.
The firm is using this feature to offer value-added, high availability service to customers that could not
otherwise afford multiple, dedicated servers for redundancy.

A mid-sized ISP and Web-hosting company currently provides RealAudio services to a local radio
station. When more than 20 simultaneous streams of RealAudio are running, network performance
begins to decline, affecting other customers not using these real time applications. This could also
limit the revenue growth of this provider because they will not be able to solicit new subscribers
needing RealAudio services unless they continue to expand, and massively over provision, their
network infrastructure.

Until now, this service provider did not have a method to provision bandwidth for each RealAudio stream
or to provision a hosted Web site with specific levels of performance or guaranteed bandwidth. As a
result, when the radio station ran a promotion or a special program using RealAudio, the service
provider had no method of predicting, limiting, or charging for traffic volume or performance. Content
Smart Switches give the service provider the ability to provision each RealAudio stream with specific
guaranteed minimum bandwidth. This allows service providers to offer premium services based on
verifiable Service Level Agreements (SLA). Using Content Smart Switching, the service provider
expects to increase the number of simultaneous streams that they can offer from 20 to 200 using the
existing infrastructure.

Currently, the service provider offers 20 RealAudio streams for $800 per month or approximately
$10,000 annually per subscriber. This gives the service provider revenue potential of $1,000,000 for 100
potential subscribers. Content Smart Switching now gives the service provider to increase their
subscriber base by a factor of 10 because they can increase the number of simultaneous streams by a
factor of 10 using the same infrastructure. By increasing the number of potential subscribers to 1000,
the service provider has increased their revenue potential from $1,000,000 to $10,000,000 for a $78,000
investment.

Another example of using ArrowPoint’s Content Smart Switches to increase revenue is shown by a
large Web hosting organization located in New England that specializes in high-end Web hosting and
application management, including ad-serving, e-commerce, and content management. The company
is using the Content Smart Switch for its local and wide area re-direction capabilities in addition to its
advanced diagnostic capabilities.

This company’s customers would like to offer subscription services to businesses and consumers that
are based on local content. The servers hosting the content will be physically located in the geographic
area that is applicable to the local content. Using a browser "cookie" file that stores information about
a user’s preferences, ArrowPoint’s Content Smart Switches automatically, and transparently to the end
user, redirect the user to the appropriate content that they signed up for with the subscription service
each time they access the service. The company expects to offer this as an optional, value-added
service to their core businesses, thus generating additional revenue by using the Content Smart
Switch.

With ArrowPoint, service providers can deploy servers in multiple data centers, offering co-location,
dedicated servers, or Virtual Web hosting. In addition to the services offered on a per site basis,
additional service offerings can be developed with a minimum of effort. Multi-site Web hosting allows
content to be replicated in multiple data centers with the ability to route content requests to the
optimum server by proximity. Overflow services allows additional server resources to be allocated from
any data center to absorb "flash crowds", or escalating requests for hot content. Disaster recovery
services could be offered by replicating content to multiple data centers for backup and deployment if
the primary site goes down.

Only ArrowPoint’s Content Smart Switches give service providers the ability to quickly and easily scale
the Web sites that they host while allocating bandwidth based on customer, content requested, and
required QoS levels. And, even better, ArrowPoint’s Content Smart Switches are the only solution that
allows service providers to charge for these services

Streamlining Capital and Operational Costs

Due to the rapid adoption of Internet technology, it isn’t surprising that a number of point products are
often used to connect a group of Web servers to the Internet, as shown in Figure 3. These Web sites
have anywhere from 6 to 8 different products. The key to reducing overall operations costs is to reduce
overall complexity within the Web site infrastructure.
 Figure 3 – Current State of Web Sites

The impact of complexity is significant in networks that have been evolved on an ad-hoc basis.
Complexity impacts performance, introduces multiple points of failure, and has significant impact on
capital and operational costs.

A multi-device implementation has notable performance consequences. There is usually a 10 Mbps

Ethernet hop between devices that places a bottleneck on incoming and outgoing traffic. In addition,
multiple devices introduce multiple single points of failure that cannot be addressed due to the cost of
backing up this many devices.

Capital and operational costs are also impacted by complexity. If we use the example shown in Figure
3, today’s Web sites use up to six different equipment types (Firewall, Multi-protocol Router,
Distributed Re-Director, TCP Traffic Shaper, Load Balancer, and a LAN Switch) to connect users to the
server farm. It is likely that each of these products could come from six different vendors, support
different management agents (MIBs) and be configured by different management applications. This
approach results in startup support costs totaling 64.2 person months with an incremental support
impact of 21.6 person months for the next two years after the first year as shown in Table 3.
Complexity Drivers PC Load PC Load Content Smart Content Smart
Balancer Balancer Switch Switch
Year 1 Ongoing Year 1 Ongoing

Vendors 6 * 4 PM 6 * .9 PM 1 * 4 PM 1 * .9 PM
Equipment Types 6 * 2.3 PM 6 * .8 PM 1 * 2.3 PM 1 * .8 PM
Management 6 * 2.2 PM 6 * 1.2 PM 1 * 2.2 PM 1 * 1.2 PM
Applications
Management Agents 6 * 2.2 PM 6 * .7 PM 1 * 2.2 PM 1 * .7 PM
Total 64.2 person 21.6 person 10.7 person 3.6 person
months months months months

Table 3 – Support Impact of an Ad-hoc Web Site vs. a Content Smart Switch Solution

A single vendor approach that delivers one vendor relationship, one product type, one management
application, and one management agent reduce both year one support costs and ongoing support
costs by over 84 % as shown in Table 3.

The consolidation of multi-functions into a single platform has an initial impact on capital costs.
ArrowPoint’s CS-800 with 48 10/100 Ethernet ports lists for about $70,000. This solution would be used
for a large Web site using up to 48 servers. A comparable solution would include load balancer
($10,000), a 48 port 10/100 LAN switch (about $53,000), a traffic shaper (about $11,000) and a firewall
(about $30,000) for a total of $104,000. That is $34,000 more than the cost of the ArrowPoint solution,
with reduced functionality, scalability, and performance.

Driving down long term complexity is the key to reducing overall support costs. Assuming that the fully
loaded cost of a Web site support person is $120,000 annually, the first year support costs of an
"ad-hoc" Web site is approximately $622,000 with ongoing support costs of approximately $216,000
each year after year one. In contrast, first year support costs of ArrowPoint’s Content-Smart Switch is
$107,000 with ongoing support costs of approximately $36,000.

Figure 4 – Cost Comparison of an Ad-Hoc Web Site and a Content-Smart Web Site Solution
 Source: Renaissance Worldwide, Inc.

Conclusion

Today, Web traffic accounts for 80% of all Internet usage. Corporations are Web-enabling their core
business processes such as sales, customer service, and marketing. These Web sites are strategic
business initiatives targeted at streamlining operational costs and turning a profit. Because of this,
there is never a good time for a Web site to be down because downtime translates into lost revenue.

Hosting Web sites is a rapidly expanding business and specialization is beginning to develop. To
remain competitive, service providers that are considering the Web hosting business need to:

 Build a "bulletproof" Web site infrastructure

 Increase revenue potential through new service creation
 Reduce capital and operational costs.

ArrowPoint Communications, Inc. has developed a Content Smart Switching technology that enables
Web sites to evolve into highly available, carrier-class infrastructures. As content moves closer to the
customer and closer to the edge of the network, distributed Web sites require built-in intelligence to
maintain high availability and increase Web performance. Content Smart Switching provides the ability
to understand and anticipate traffic flows so that the network can quickly and efficiently react to
changes in network conditions.

Server overload is one of the key issues for poor Web site performance. Traditional load balancing
solutions are limited in functionality and cannot scale. Using Content Smart Switches, service
providers can significantly improve performance and scale their Web sites at less than one-tenth the
cost of traditional load balancing solutions.

Service providers can also use the Content Smart Switch’s unique capabilities to generate new
revenue. By utilizing the Content Smart Switch’s provisioning capabilities, service providers can find the
magic over-subscription ratio that allows them to generate maximum revenue for minimum investment.

Additionally, Content Smart Switches can be used to develop value-added services using the virtual
hosting feature and WAN re-direction features while increasing overall Web site performance.

The impact of complexity is significant in networks that have evolved in an ad-hoc basic. Today’s Web
sites use up to six different equipment types and vendors to connect to a server farm. By consolidating
these functions into a single platform, like the Content Smart Switch, service providers can streamline
their capital and operational costs by approximately 85%.

Content Smart Switches can significantly impact service provider’s bottom line by improving Web site
performance, maximizing revenue potential and streamlining overall capital and operational costs.

APPENDIX A - Measuring Total Cost of Ownership Methodology

Managing Network Cost of Ownership is comparable to the management of a personal financial

portfolio. In managing a personal financial portfolio, the goal is to provide and appropriate balance of
investments to meet the financial objectives of the client.

Regularly, the financial manager evaluates the projected annual return of the investment mix so that it
equals or exceeds a pre-defined rate of return. As a result of this analysis, the non-performing
investments will be reduced or eliminated and replaced by current or new investments. Inherent to the
investment management process is effective risk management that is intended to ensure that the
probability of achieving long term financial success with the investment portfolio is as great as possible
while keeping the risk as small as possible.

In defining a network investment/return model, we generally analyze complete network investment in a

manner similar to the personal investment example. Targeted network functionality, aggregate capacity
and associated service levels typically model the client’s pre-defined financial objectives. Each
individual cost category (capital, staff, and facilities) of network investment represents the mix of
investments in a personal financial portfolio (stocks, bonds, real estate, etc.). These cost categories
are quantified within network lifecycle phases (initial implementation, operations and change phases).
The results are comparable to the rate of return found in the personal investment portfolio. It is
important to provide a time context for assessing both contribution of an individual investment as well
as its associated rate of change within a representative network lifecycle period (typically three years).

Complexity Analysis (i.e. quantifying the given level of staff effort required to deliver the required
functionality and ensure the realization of pre-requisite service levels) effectively defines the level of risk
associated with completing a project within the required time frame with the support resources
currently at hand).

Collectively, these three components of our Cost of Network Ownership methodology constitute a
unique and powerful decision support tool for senior management for to utilize in assessing information
technology implementation options. The incorporation of investment allocation analysis, return
definition and risk assessment provide a far more effective approach to cost of ownership assessment
than other approaches which only address investment allocation.

PERSONAL FINANCIAL PORTFOLIO COST OF NETWORK OWNERSHIP MODEL

Personal Financial Objectives Targeted Functionality
Aggregate Capacity Levels
Associated Service Levels

Investment Mix Capital, Staff, and Facilities Cost Categories

Rate of return Lifecycle Phases

Risk management Network Complexity