PORTFOLIO

IN
SCIENCE
SUBMITTED TO: MRS. REMELYN P. GUILARAN
SUBMITTED BY: SHIAIRA MAE M. EDUARTE
: ANDREA KATE M. ABAGA
 TABLE OF THE CONTENTS

UNIT 2: COUNTLESS AND ACTIVE PARTICLES

OF MATTER

MODULE 1
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MODULE 2
CHEMICAL BONDING

MODULE 3
THE CARBON COMPOUNDS

MODULE 4
WHAT’S IN A MOLE?
The search for the atom began as a philosophical question. It was the
natural philosophers of ancient Greece that began the search for the
atom by asking such questions as: What is stuff composed of? What is
the structure of material objects? Greek philosophers proposed that
matter is made of indivisible building blocks known as atomos.
(Atomos in Greek means indivisible.) To these early Greeks, matter
could not be continuously broken down and divided indefinitely.
Rather, there was a basic unit or building block that was indivisible
and foundational to its structure. This indivisible building block of
which all matter was composed became known as the atom.

ATOM
The smallest component of an
element, characterized by a sharing of the
chemical properties of the element and a
nucleus with neutrons, protons and
electrons.

MOLECULES
A group of atoms bonded together,
representing the smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical compound that can take
part in a chemical reaction.
 IONS
An atom or group of atoms that carries a
positive or negative electric charge as a
result of having lost or gained one or more
electrons.

- (JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON)

A stable subatomic particle with a charge
of negative electricity, found in all atoms
and acting as the primary carrier of
electricity in solids.

- (EUGEN GOLDSTEIN)
A stable subatomic particle occurring in all
atomic nuclei, with a positive electric
charge equal in magnitude to that of an
electron, but of opposite sign.

- (JAMES CHADWICK)
A subatomic particle of about the same
mass as a proton but without an electric
charge, present in all atomic nuclei except
those of ordinary hydrogen.
 ATOMOS (ATOM) DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY MODEL

(DEMOCRITUS) (JOHN DALTON)

PLUM PUDDING MODEL NUCLEAR MODEL

(JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON) (ERNEST RUTHERFORD)

PLANETARY MODEL QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

(NIEL BOHR) (ERWIN SCHRODINGER)

 ATOMIC ORBITAL
Atomic orbitals are regions of space around the
nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to
be found. Atomic orbitals allow atoms to make
covalent bonds.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Electronic configuration, also called
electronic structure, the arrangement of
electrons in energy levels around an atomic
nucleus.

A sublevel is an energy level defined by quantum theory. In

chemistry, sublevels refer to energies associated with electrons. In
physics, sublevels may also refer to energies associated with the
nucleus.
 A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical
substances being held together by attraction of atoms to each
other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or
electrostatic forces.

IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of
valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type
of chemical bond that generates two oppositely
charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses
electrons to become a positively charged cation,
whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons
to become a negatively charged anion.

COVALENT BOND

A covalent bond in chemistry is a chemical link

between two atoms or ions in which
the electron pairs are shared between them. A
covalent bond may also be termed a molecular
bond. Covalent bonds form between two
nonmetal atoms with identical or relatively close
electronegativity values.

METALLIC BOND
A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed
between positively charged atoms in which the free
electrons are shared among a lattice of cations. In
contrast, covalent and ionic bonds form between two
discrete atoms. Metallic bonding is the main type of
chemical bond that forms between metal atoms.
 POLAR COVALENT BOND
A polar bond is a covalent bond between two
atoms where the electrons forming the bond
are unequally distributed.

NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond
that occurs when two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other. These shared
electrons glue two or more atoms together to
form a molecule. Like children who share toys,
atoms involved in a nonpolar covalent bond
equally share electrons.

VALENCE ELECTRONS
An electron of an atom, located in the
outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom
that can be transferred to or shared with
another atom.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity is the property of an atom which
increases with its tendency to attract the electrons of
a bond. If two bonded atoms have the same
electronegativity values as each other, they share
electrons equally in a covalent bond.
 IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization energy is the energy required to
remove an electron from a gaseous atom or
ion. The first or initial ionization energy of an
atom or molecule is the energy required to
remove one mole of electrons from one mole
of isolated gaseous atoms or ions.

LEWIS SYMBOL
A Lewis Symbol is constructed by placing dots
representing electrons in the outer energy
around the symbol for the element. For many
common elements, the number of dots
corresponds to the element's group number.
Below are Lewis Symbols for various
elements.

OCTET RULE
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms
to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence
shell. When atoms have fewer than eight
electrons, they tend to react and form more
stable compounds.
 An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid
chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Organic molecules are used
by human in number of ways; it is used in industries like foods, pharmaceuticals,
fuels etc. Alkanes consist of chemicals like propane, octane, and methane. These
are used extensively as fuels for things like automobile gasoline and home
heating/cooling fuel. Alcohols include chemicals like ethanol and isopropanol.
These are used as antiseptics and ethanol is a staple of the beverage industry
(beer/wine). Finally, carboxylic acids include a wide variety of chemicals including
pharmaceuticals. Aspirin, one of the oldest commercial drugs, contains a carboxylic
acid.

 ODOR – is the smell of the compound. Every compound has its own
specific odor.
 VISCOSITY – is a measure of a liquids resistance to flow.
 VOLATILITY – is the measure of the tendency of a compound
to evaporate or turn into gaseous state.
 FLAMMABILITY -is the measure of how easily the material
burns.

Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic

chemical compounds composed only of the
elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The
carbon atoms join together to form the
framework of the compound, and the
hydrogen atoms attach to them in many
different configurations. Hydrocarbons are
the principal constituents of petroleum and
natural gas. They serve as fuels and
lubricants as well as raw materials for the
production of plastics, fibres, rubbers,
solvents, explosives, and industrial
chemicals.
Alkanes are chemical compounds that
consist of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
atoms, so they are also called hydrocarbons.
The chemical structure of alkanes only
consists of single bonds. This illustration
shows examples of the chemical structures
of two alkanes: ethane and pentane.

Alkenes, also known as olefins, are organic

compounds that consist of carbon and
hydrogen atoms with one or more carbon-
carbon double bonds in their chemical
structure. Alkenes are unsaturated
hydrocarbons. They are hydrocarbons
because they are made of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms, and they are unsaturated
because they have one or more double
bonds in their chemical structure.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons, which are organic

chemical compounds containing carbon (C)
and hydrogen (H) atoms, and the feature that
makes them recognized as alkynes is the
presence of triple bonds.
Chemical compounds that have triple and
double bonds in their chemical structures are
referred to as unsaturated. Because alkynes
have triple bonds in their chemical structure
and consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms,
they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.