TISSUES §

§
Cilia  –  propel  materials  
Goblet   Cells   –   specialized   mucus-­‐‑producing  
§ A   group   of   cells   with   similar   structure   and   cells  
function   that   have   similar   extracellular    
substances  located  between  them.   Cell  Connections  
  § Tight   Junctions   -­‐‑   bind   adjacent   cells   together  
Histology   and   form   permeability   barriers;   prevent   the  
The  microscopic  study  of  tissue  structure   passage  of  materials  between  epithelial  cells  
  § Desmosomes   –   mechanical   links   that   bind   cells  
Epithelial  Tissue   together  
§ Covers  external  and  internal  surfaces;   Ø Hemidesmosomes  -­‐‑    anchor  cells  to  the  
§ Has  a  basement  membrane,   basement  membrane  
§ Little  EM  (extracellular  matrix),   § Gap  Junctions  –  allow  small  molecules  and  ions  
§ No  blood  vessels.   to  pass  
   
Functions  of  Epithelial  Tissues  (PAPSA)   Glands  
1. Protecting  underlying  structures.   Glands  –  secrete  substances  onto  a  surface  
2. Acting  as  a  barrier.   a. Exocrine  –  secrete  through  ducts  
3. Permitting  the  passage  of  substances.   Ø Unicellular  
4. Secreting  substances.   Ø Multicellular  
5. Absorbing  substances.   v Simple  –  non  branched  
  v Compound  -­‐‑  branched  
Classification  of  Epithelium   • Tubular  
Accdg.  To  Layers   o Straight  
1. Simple  E.  –  single  layered   o Coiled  
2. Stratified  E.  –  multi-­‐‑layered   • Acinus   (grapelike)   or  
3. Pseudostratified   Columnar   E   –   single   layered   Alveolus  (small  cavity)  
but  appears  to  be  stratified    
4. Transitional   E   –   stratified   x   can   be   greatly   Mode  of  Secretion  
stretched   Ø Merocrine   –   products   are   released   but  
  no   actual   cellular   material   is   lost;  
Accdg.  To  Shape   pancreas  
1. Squamous  –  flat   Ø Apocrine   –   secretory   products   are  
a. Non-­‐‑keratinized   -­‐‑   in   the   deepest   and   released  as  fragments;  mammary  glands  
outermost  layers,  moist   Ø Holocrine   -­‐‑     shedding   of   entire   cells;  
b. Keratinized   -­‐‑   composed   of   dead   cells   sebaceous  glands  
containing   the   protein   keratin;   durable,    
moisture-­‐‑resistant,  dry  character.   b. Endocrine  -­‐‑   release  hormones  that  are  absorbed  
2. Cuboidal  –  cube-­‐‑like   directly  into  the  blood  
3. Columnar  –  tall  and  thin    
  Connective  Tissue  
Functional  Characteristics   § Large  amounts  of  EM  
Cell  Layers  and  Cell  Shapes    
§ Simple   E.   -­‐‑   diffusion,   filtration,   secretion,   or   Functions  of  Connective  Tissue  (EC2S2PT)  
absorption;  found  in  organs:  to  move  materials   1. Enclosing  and  separating  other  tissues.  
§ Stratified  E.  -­‐‑  protection   2. Connecting  tissues  to  one  another.  
§ Squamous  Cells  -­‐‑  diffusion  and  filtration   3. Supporting  and  moving  parts  of  the  body.  
§ Cuboidal   and   Columnar   Cells   –   secretion   and   4. Storing  compounds.  
absorption   5. Cushioning  and  insulating.  
  6. Transporting.  
Free  Surfaces   7. Protecting.  
§ Smooth  free  surface  –  reduces  friction    
§ Microvilli  –  increase  the  free  surface  are    

M o r a n o , M . A .
Cells  of  Connective  Tissue   II. Supporting  Connective  Tissue  
§ Blast  (germ)  –  froms  the  matrix   1. Cartilage  
§ Cyte  (cells)  –  maintains   § Composed   of   chondrocytes,   in   spaces   called  
§ Clast  (break)  –  breaks  down   lacunae  
  § Flexibility  and  strength  
§ Adipocytes  –  contain  large  amount  of  lipids   § Provides  support  
§ Macrophages   –   WBCs   that   move   about   and   a. Hyaline   –   most   abundant,   covers   the  
ingest  foreign  substances   ends   of   bones,   can   withstand   repeated  
§ Mast   Cells   –   play   an   important   role   in   compressions  
inflammation   b. Fibro   –   more   collagen,   able   to   resists  
§ Mesenchymal   Cells   –   have   the   potential   to   pulling   or   tearing,   found   in   disks  
differentiate  to  form  adult  cell  types   between   vertebrae   and   some   joints  
  (knee  and  jaw)  
Extracellular  Matrix   c. Elastic   –   contains   elastic   fibers,   able   to  
§ Protein  Fibers   recoil   to   its   original,   external   ear,  
Ø Collagen   Fibers   –   microscopic   ropes;   epiglottis,  auditory  tube  
flexible  but  resist  stretching    
Ø Reticular   Fibers   –   fine,   short   that   2. Bone  
branch;  support  network   § Hard  connective  tissue  
Ø Elastic  Fibers  –  coiled;  can  recoil  back  to   § Consists  of  living  cells,  mineralized  matrix  
shape   § Osteocytes   (bone   cells),   are   located   within  
§ Ground   Substance   –   shapeless   background   lacunae  
where   cells   and   collagen   fibers   can   be   seen;   § Support  and  protect  other  organs  
highly  structured  molecules   a. Spongy  
Ø Proteoglycans   –   pine   trees:   branches   =   b. Compact  
proteins,   pine   needles   =    
polysaccharides;  trap  large  quantities  of   III. Fluid  Connective  Tissue  
water   a. Blood   –   liquid   matrix:   enables   blood   to  
§ Fluid   flow   rapidly;   carry   nutrients,   oxygen,  
  waste  products  
Classification  of  Connective  Tissue   Ø RBCs  
Adult  Connective  Tissue   Ø WBCs  
I. Connective  Tissue  Proper   Ø Platelets  
1. Loose  Connective  Tissue   b. Hemopoietic  -­‐‑    forms  bloods  cells  
§ Few  protein  fibers,  numerous  spaces    
a. Areolar   –   EM:   collagen   fibers   and   few   Muscle  Tissue  
elastic  fibers   § Has  the  ability  to  contract.  
b. Adipose   –   consists   of   adipocytes   (fat   § Muscle  fibers  –  resemble  tiny  threads  
cells):  contain  large  amounts  of  lipid  (for    
energy   storage);   EM:   loose   arranged   Types  of  Muscular  Tissue  
collagen   and   reticular   fibers,   scattered   I. Skeletal  (striated  voluntary)  
elastic  fibers   § Large,  long,  cylindrical  cells  
c. Reticular   § Multinucleated  
  § Attached  to  bones  
2. Dense  Connective  Tissue   § Responsible  for  body  movement  
§ Large  amount  of  protein  fibers    
a. Collagenous  –  EM:  collagen  fibers   II. Cardiac  (striated  involuntary)  
b. Elastic  –  abundant   elastic   fibers   (stretch   § Cylindrical  cells  
and  recoil)  in  its  collagen  fibers   § Branched   and   connected   to   one   another   by  
  intercalated  disks  
  § Single  nucleated  
  § Found  in  the  heart  
  § Pumps  the  blood  

M o r a n o , M . A .
 III. Smooth  (nonstriated  involuntary)   Tissue  Damage  and  Inflammation  
§ End  tapered  cells   Inflammation  –  occurs  when  tissues  are  damaged  
§ Single  nucleated    
§ Found   in   hollow   organs:   stomach,   intestine;   Histamine   &   Prostaglandins   –   chemical   mediators   of  
skin,  eyes   inflammation  
§ Regulates   size   of   organs,   forces   fluid   through    
tubes,   controls   the   amount   of   light   entering   the   Edema  -­‐‑  swelling  
eye,  produces  ‘goose  bumps’    
  Neutrophil  –  phagocytic  WBC  that  fights  infection  
Nervous  Tissue    
§ Found  in  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  and  nerves   Pus  –  mixture  of  dead  neutrophils,  other  cells,  fluid  
§ Responsible  for  coordinating  and  controlling    
  Chronic  Inflammation  
Action   potentials   –   ability   of   nervous   tissue   cells   to   § Results   when   the   agent   causing   injury   is   not  
communicate   with   one   another   by   means   of   electric   removed   or   something   else   interferes   with   the  
signals   healing  process  
   
Neurons  –  responsible  for  conducting  action  potentials   Tissue  Repair  
Ø Cell  Body  –  contains  the  nucleus;  site  of  general   § Substitution  of  viable  cells  for  dead  cells  
cell  functions   § Can  occur  by  regeneration  or  by  fibrosis  
Ø Dendrites  –  receive  electric  impulses    
Ø Axon  –  conduct  electric  impulses   Regeneration  –  new  cells  are  the  same  type  as  those  that  
  were  destroyed  
Membranes    
§ A  thin  layer  of  tissue  that  covers  a  structure   Fibrosis/Replacement   –   a   new   type   of   tissue   develops  
§ Mostly   consists   of   epithelium   and   connective   that  eventually  causes  scar  production  
tissue    
  Stem   Cells   –   self-­‐‑renewing,   undifferentiated   cells   that  
I. Mucous  Membrances   continue  to  divide  throughout  life  
§ Consists   of   epithelium   and   loose   connective    
tissue   Clot   –   contains   protein   fibrin   (binds   the   edges   of   a  
§ Line   the   digestive,   respiratory,   reproductive   wound  together  and  stops  the  bleeding)  
tracts    
§ Protection,  absorption,  secretion   Scab  –  dried  surface  of  a  clot;  seals  the  wound  and  helps  
  prevent  infection  
II. Serous  Membranes    
§ Simple   squamous   epithelium   and   loose   Granulation   Tissue   –   delicate,   granular   appearing  
connective  tissue   connective   tissue   that   consists   of   fibroblasts,   collagen,  
§ Line   the   trunk   cavities   and   cover   the   organs   capillaries  
within  it    
§ Serous  fluid  prevents  damage  from  abrasion   Effects  of  Aging  on  Tissues  
  § Cells  divide  more  slowly.  
a. Pleural  –  lungs   § Injuries  heal  more  slowly.  
b. Pericardial  –  heart   § EM   containing   collagen   &   elastic   fibers  
c. Peritoneal  –  abdominopelvic  cavity   becomes  less  flexible  and  less  elastic.  
  § Skin  wrinkles.  
III. Synovial  Membranes   § Elasticity  in  blood  arteries  is  reduced.  
§ Formed  by  connective  tissue   § Bones  break  more  easily.  
§ Line  the  inside  of  joint  cavities  
§ Synovial  fluid  –  reduce  friction  to  allow  smooth  
movement  within  the  joints  
 
 

M o r a n o , M . A .