Creative Thinking and

Creative Problem Solving

in the 21st Century

Gerard J. Puccio, Ph.D.

Marie Mance, M.S., M.Ed.
Laura Barbero Switalski, M.S.
Paul D. Reali, M.S., M.B.A.
Creative Thinking and
Creative Problem Solving
in the 21st Century

Gerard J. Puccio, Ph.D.

Marie Mance, M.S., M.Ed.

Laura Barbero Switalski, M.S.

Paul D. Reali, M.S., M.B.A.

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Table of Contents Ç
 7iÊÃiiÊ̅ˆÃÊLœœŽÊ>ÃÊ>˜Êˆ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊ
A Message to the Reader «>ÀÌʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊۈȜ˜°Ê/œÊ“>݈“ˆâiÊ
ˆÌÃÊÕÃi]ÊÜiʅ>Ûiʓ>`iʈÌÊ>Û>ˆ>LiÊ
ˆ˜ÊÃiÛiÀ>ÊvœÀ“Ã]ÊLœÌ…Ê«Àˆ˜Ìi`Ê>˜`Ê
iiVÌÀœ˜ˆV°Ê/œÊÀi“œÛiÊVœÃÌÊ>ÃÊ>Ê
L>ÀÀˆiÀÊ ÌœÊ ÕÃi]Ê ÜiÊ …>ÛiÊ ÃiÌÊ Ì…iÊ
«ÀˆViʜvÊ̅iÊi‡Ài>`iÀÊvœÀ“>ÌÃÊ>ÌÊ
܅>ÌÊÜiʅœ«iʈÃÊ>˜Ê>vvœÀ`>LiÊ
We strongly believe that success, happiness and well-being in the 21st century iÛi]Ê >Ê iÃÇ̅>˜‡>‡Õ˜V…Ê iÛi°Ê
is greatly enhanced by creative thinking and problem solving. Change is 7…ˆiÊ Ì…iÊ …>À`Vœ«ÞÊ ÛiÀȜ˜ÃÊ
unavoidable. You don’t need to seek it; you are surrounded by it. You can’t «ÀœÛˆ`iÊvՏÊ}À>«…ˆVÃÊ>˜`ÊLœœŽÊ
>iÃ̅ïVÃÊ­>ʏœœŽÊ>˜`ÊviiÊ̅>ÌÊ
hide from it or ignore it. Therefore, one must learn to live creatively—to be
Üiʅœ«iÊÀi>`iÀÃÊ܈ÊÃiiÊ>Ãʅˆ}…ÞÊ
flexible, adaptable and apply imagination to realize new opportunities and VÀi>̈Ûi®]Ê̅iÊi‡Ài>`iÀÊÛiÀȜ˜ÃÊ>ÀiÊ
to resolve complex problems. Living without creativity in times of rampant `iÈ}˜i`Ê̜Ê}iÌÊ̅iÊL>ÈVÊVœ˜Ìi˜ÌÊ
change leads to frustration, anxiousness, and unfulfilled potential. Living ˆ˜ÌœÊ>Ãʓ>˜Þʅ>˜`ÃÊ>ÃÊ«œÃÈLi°
with creativity leads to growth. Ê

ÃÊ>ÊÓ>Ê`i«>À̓i˜Ì]ÊÜiÊÀiVœ}‡
˜ˆâiÊ̅>ÌÊÜiÊV>˜˜œÌÊ>V…ˆiÛiʜÕÀÊ
Although the International Center for Studies in Creativity may be a small
ۈȜ˜Ê>œ˜i]Ê>˜`ÊÜiÊ>ÎÊޜÕ]ʜÕÀÊ
academic department, our vision is ambitious: Ài>`iÀ]Ê̜Ê>V̈ÛiÞÊi˜}>}iʈ˜Ê̅iÊ
Vœ˜Vi«ÌÃÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜Ìi˜ÌʜvÊCreativ-
“To ignite creativity around the world: Facilitating the recognition that ity Rising.Ê
creative thinking is an essential life skill.”
1. Use it.
˜Ê œ`Ê vÀˆi˜`Ê œvÊ œÕÀÃÊ
ˆŽi`Ê̜ÊÃ>Þ]ʺi>À˜ˆ˜}Ê܈̅œÕÌÊ
>««ˆV>̈œ˜Ê>V…ˆiÛiÃÊ̅iÊÃ>“iÊi˜`Ê
>Ãʈ}˜œÀ>˜Vi°»Ê
Ài>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê

n
ˆÃʏˆŽiÊ>˜ÞÊ>LˆˆÌÞÆÊ̜ÊLiVœ“iÊ«Àœ‡ 4. Support it.Êv]ʏˆŽiÊÕÃ]ÊޜÕÊLiˆiÛiÊ Firestien Family Award: ˆÛi˜Êˆ˜Ê
fiÊVˆi˜Ìʜ˜iʓÕÃÌÊ«À>V̈Vi]Ê>}>ˆ˜Ê ˆ˜Ê̅iʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ViʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊi`‡ ÀiVœ}˜ˆÌˆœ˜ÊœvÊÃÌÕ`i˜ÌÃÊ܅œÊ…>ÛiÊ
>˜`Ê>}>ˆ˜°Ê7iÊi˜VœÕÀ>}iÊޜÕÊÌœÊ ÕV>̈œ˜]ÊÜiʈ˜ÛˆÌiÊޜÕÊ̜ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊ `iˆLiÀ>ÌiÞÊ>««ˆi`ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>˜`Ê
LiÊ>˜Ê>V̈Ûiʏi>À˜iÀÊ>˜`Ê̜Ê>««ÞÊ “>Žˆ˜}Ê >Ê `œ˜>̈œ˜Ê ÌœÊ ÃÕ««œÀÌÊ
Ài>̈ÛiÊ*ÀœLi“Ê-œÛˆ˜}ʈ˜Ê̅iˆÀÊ
̅iÊLœœŽ½ÃÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÃ]ʈ`i>ÃÊ>˜`Ê ÃV…œ>Àň«Ê«Àœ}À>“ÃÊ`iÈ}˜i`ÊÌœÊ ˆÛiÃÊ>˜`ʈ˜ÊܜÀŽˆ˜}Ê܈̅ʜ̅iÀðÊ
̜œÃ]Ê̜ÊÌ>ŽiÊÀi뜘ÈLˆˆÌÞÊvœÀÊ ÃÕ««œÀÌÊÃÌÕ`i˜ÌÃʈ˜Ê˜ii`°Ê
ÌʜÕÀÊ
ޜÕÀʜܘÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ° ˜ÌiÀ˜>̈œ˜>Ê
i˜ÌiÀÊvœÀÊ-ÌÕ`ˆiÃʈ˜Ê /œÊ`œ˜>ÌiÊ̜Ê>˜ÞʜvÊ̅iÃiÊÃV…œ‡

Ài>̈ۈÌÞÊ>ÌÊ Õvv>œÊ-Ì>ÌiÊ
œi}i]Ê >Àň«Ê «Àœ}À>“Ã]Ê «i>ÃiÊ ÛˆÃˆÌÊ
2. Share it.Êi«ÊÕÃÊ̜ʅi«ÊœÌ…iÀÃÊ Üiʅ>ÛiÊ̅ÀiiÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊ«Àœ}À>“Ã\ LÕvv>œÃÌ>Ìi°i`ÕÉ}ˆÛˆ˜}°
`iÛiœ«Ê̅iˆÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«œÌi˜Ìˆ>°Ê
/>ŽÊ̜ʜ̅iÀÃÊ>LœÕÌÊޜÕÀʏi>À˜‡ Parnes & Noller Scholarship: 7iÊ`i`ˆV>ÌiÊ̅ˆÃÊLœœŽÊ̜ʜÕÀÊv>V‡
ˆ˜}°Ê/…ˆÃÊ܈ÊÃiÀÛiÊ̜ÊÀiˆ˜vœÀViÊ
Ü>À`i`Ê̜ÊÃÌÕ`i˜ÌÃʈ˜Êfiʘ>˜Vˆ>Ê ՏÌÞÊVœi>}ÕiÃ]Ê«>ÃÌÊ>˜`ÊVÕÀÀi˜ÌÆÊ
ޜÕÀʏi>À˜ˆ˜}Ê>˜`Ê܈Ê«iÀ…>«ÃÊ ˜ii`]Ê̅ˆÃÊÃV…œ>Àň«ÊˆÃʘ>“i`Ê>v‡ ̜ʜÕÀÊ>Õ“˜ˆÊœvʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Ê{ääÊ
i˜VœÕÀ>}iÊ œÌ…iÀÃÊ ÌœÊ «>ÞÊ >ÌÌi˜‡ ÌiÀÊ̅iÊvœÕ˜`ˆ˜}Êv>VՏÌÞʓi“LiÀÃÊ VÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ«ÀœviÃȜ˜>Ã]ʓ>˜ÞʜvÊ
̈œ˜Ê̜Ê̅iˆÀʜܘÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°ÊvÊޜÕÊ
>ÀiÊ>ÊÌi>V…iÀ]ÊÌÀ>ˆ˜iÀ]ÊVœ˜ÃՏÌ>˜Ì]Ê
œÀÊVœ>V…Ê>˜`ÊLiˆiÛiÊ̅ˆÃÊLœœŽÊ
ܜՏ`Ê ÃÕ««œÀÌÊ ÞœÕÊ >˜`Ê ÞœÕÀÊ
}œ>Ã]ÊÜiÊi˜VœÕÀ>}iÊޜÕÊ̜Ê>`œ«ÌÊ
Creativity Risingʈ˜ÌœÊޜÕÀÊܜÀŽ°Ê
œvʜÕÀÊ`i«>À̓i˜Ì]ÊÀðÊ-ˆ`˜iÞÊ
*>À˜iÃÊ >˜`Ê ,ÕÌ…Ê œiÀ°Ê œÀiÊ
̅>˜Ê{äÊÞi>ÀÃÊ>}œÊ̅iˆÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
i>`iÀň«Ê…i«i`Ê̜ÊiÃÌ>LˆÃ…Ê̅iÊ
fiÊi`ʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÃÌÕ`ˆið
Mary Murdock Creative Spirit
܅œ“Ê>ÀiÊi˜}>}i`ʈ˜Ê>V̈ۈ̈iÃÊ
̅>ÌÊ «Àœ“œÌiÊ VÀi>̈ÛiÊ Ì…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê
>˜`Ê«ÀœLi“Ê܏ۈ˜}ʈ˜Ê̅iˆÀÊVœ“‡
“Õ˜ˆÌˆiÃÊ>˜`ʜÀ}>˜ˆâ>̈œ˜ÃÆÊ>˜`Ê
̜ʜÕÀÊÃÌÕ`i˜ÌÃ]Ê܅œÊ>ÀiÊÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê
̅i“ÃiÛiÃÊ̜ÊLiÊvÕÌÕÀiÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
i>`iÀÃ°Ê 7iÊ >««ÀiVˆ>ÌiÊ >Ê ̅>ÌÊ
3. Extend it. œˆ˜Ê̅iÊVœ˜ÛiÀÃ>̈œ˜°Ê Scholarship: i`ˆV>Ìi`Ê ÌœÊ Ì…iÊ ÞœÕÊ`œÊ̜ʅi«Ê>`Û>˜ViʜÕÀÊۈ‡
7iʅ>ÛiÊiÃÌ>LˆÃ…i`Ê>ÊÜiLÊÈÌiÊ “i“œÀÞʜvÊÀ°Ê>ÀÞÊÕÀ`œVŽ]Ê Ãˆœ˜Êœvʈ}˜ˆÌˆ˜}ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>ÀœÕ˜`Ê
܅iÀiÊ̅œÃiÊ܅œÊ>Àiʈ˜ÌiÀiÃÌi`Ê Ü…œÊÜ>ÃÊ>ʓœ`iÊœvÊ̅iÊi˜`ÕÀ‡ ̅iÊܜÀ`°
ˆ˜ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>˜`Ê
Ài>̈ÛiÊ*ÀœLi“Ê ˆ˜}ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊëˆÀˆÌ]Ê̅ˆÃÊ>Ü>À`Ê}œiÃÊ
-œÛˆ˜}ÊV>˜ÊÅ>ÀiÊ܅>ÌÊ̅iÞʅ>ÛiÊ ÌœÊÃÌÕ`i˜ÌÃÊ܅œÊ`i“œ˜ÃÌÀ>ÌiÊ̅ˆÃÊ ˆ˜>Þ]Ê ÌœÊ Ì…iÊ Ài>`iÀ]Ê ÜiÊ …œ«iÊ
i>À˜i`Ê >˜`Ê i>À˜Ê vÀœ“Ê œÌ…iÀÃ°Ê Ã>“iÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊëˆÀˆÌÊ>˜`Ê«œÌi˜Ìˆ>Ê ̅>ÌÊ̅ˆÃÊLœœŽÊ܈Ê…i«Ê̜ʈ}˜ˆÌiÊ
ˆ˜`ʈÌʅiÀi\ÊÜÜÜ°ˆVÃV«ÀiÃðVœ“° ̜ʫÀœ“œÌiÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈ˜ÊœÌ…iÀð ޜÕÀʜܘÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°Ê

A Message to the Reader ™

£ä
1 Introduction to the
Study of Creativity
“To cease to think creatively
is but little different from
ceasing to live.”
Benjamin Franklin
£Ó
CHAPTER 1

Welcome to the World of Change:

Life in the 21st Century

“iÀˆV>˜Ê>Õ̅œÀÊ>˜`ÊÃ>̈ÀˆÃÌÊ>ÀŽÊ/Ü>ˆ˜ÊÜ>ÃÊVÀi`ˆÌi`Ê܈̅ÊÃ>ވ˜}]ʺ ÛiÀޜ˜iÊ}ÀՓLiÃÊ>LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ
Üi>̅iÀpLÕÌʘœÌ…ˆ˜}ʈÃÊdoneÊ>LœÕÌʈ̰»
/…ˆÃÊÃÌÀˆŽiÃÊÕÃÊ>ÃÊ>˜>œ}œÕÃÊ̜Ê̅iÊÜ>Þʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…Ê“>˜ÞÊ«iœ«iÊ>««Àœ>V…ÊV…>˜}i°Ê ÛiÀޜ˜iÊ}ÀՓLiÃÊ
>LœÕÌÊV…>˜}ipºV…>˜}iʈÃʈ˜iۈÌ>Li]»ÊºV…>˜}iʈÃÊ>VViiÀ>̈˜}»pLÕÌʘœÊœ˜iÊ`œiÃÊ>˜Þ̅ˆ˜}Ê>LœÕÌʈ̰Ê
"À]ʓœÀiÊ̜Ê̅iÊ«œˆ˜Ì]ÊviÜÊÃii“Ê̜ʎ˜œÜÊ܅>Ì]ʈvÊ>˜Þ̅ˆ˜}]Ê̅iÞÊV>˜Ê`œÊ>LœÕÌÊV…>˜}i°ÊÕÃÌÊ`i>Ê܈̅ʈÌ]ÊÜiÊ>ÀiÊ
̜`°Ê*ÕÌÊÕ«Ê>˜ÊՓLÀi>°Ê7i>ÀÊ>ʅi>ÛÞÊVœ>Ì°
Ê 7…>ÌiÛiÀÊޜÕÀÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`iʈÃÊ>LœÕÌÊV…>˜}i]Ê̅iÀiʈÃʘœÊ`i˜Þˆ˜}Ê̅iÊvœÀViʈÌʅ>Ãʜ˜ÊœÕÀʏˆÛiðÊ
œ˜Ãˆ`iÀ\
• If you are older than 20\Ê܅i˜ÊޜÕÊÜiÀiÊ}ÀœÜˆ˜}ÊÕ«]ʈvÊޜÕÊÜiÀiÊ}œˆ˜}Ê̜ÊLiʏ>ÌiÊVœ“ˆ˜}ʅœ“i]ÊޜÕÊ
…>`Ê̜Ê}œÊ>˜`Êfiʘ`Ê>ÊÌii«…œ˜i]Ê>˜`ʓ>ÞLiʅ>ÛiÊV…>˜}iʈ˜ÊޜÕÀÊ«œVŽiÌÊ̜ʓ>ŽiÊ>ÊV>°Ê/œ`>Þ]ÊޜÕÊÀi>V…Ê
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ޜÕÀÊÌii«…œ˜i]Ê̅iʜ˜iÊ̅>̽Ãʈ˜ÊޜÕÀÊ«œVŽiÌ°

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity £Î

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Change, Accelerating

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From industrial age, to knowledge age, to innovation age

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More frequent job changes

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Shorter and shorter product life-cycles

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Greater technological power, smaller size

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Entertainment production and consumption are more democratic

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VÀi>Ìi`]ʅœÜʈÌÊÜ>ÃÊ`ˆÃÌÀˆLÕÌi`]Ê>˜`Ê܅iÀiÊ>˜`ʅœÜʈÌÊVœÕ`ÊLiÊVœ˜ÃՓi`°ÊœÀʈ˜ÃÌ>˜Vi]ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀ
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“œÛi“i˜ÌʜvÊ̅iÊfi“]ÊvÀœ“ÊfiÀÃÌÊÀ՘ʈ˜Ê>Ê̅i>ÌiÀ]Ê̅i˜Êœ˜Ü>À`Ê̜Ê̅iÊÀi˜Ì>Ê“>ÀŽiÌ]ʅœ“iÊÃ>iÃ]Ê>˜`ÊÌiiۈȜ˜°Ê
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Problems and Approaches to Problems

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• algorithmic:Ê«ÀœLi“ÃÊ܈̅Ê>ʎ˜œÜ˜Ê܏Ṏœ˜]ʜÀÊ>˜ÊiÃÌ>LˆÃ…i`Ê«ÀœViÃÃÊ̅>Ìʏi>`ÃÊ̜Ê>ÊȘ}iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊ>˜ÃÜiÀ
• heuristic:Ê«ÀœLi“ÃÊ܈̅œÕÌÊ>ʎ˜œÜ˜Ê܏Ṏœ˜
Ê 7iÊV>˜Ê>««Àœ>V…Ê̅iÃiÊ«ÀœLi“Ãʈ˜ÊÌܜÊÜ>ÞÃ\Ê
• proactive:ÊLivœÀiÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“Ê>ÀˆÃiÃÊ
• reactive:Ê>vÌiÀÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“ÊœVVÕÀÃÊ
Figure 1:
Types of Problems

Source: © 2005
Puccio, Murdock &
Mance. Reprinted with
permission.

Ê ÞÊVÀœÃȘ}Ê̅iʘ>ÌÕÀiʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê­>}œÀˆÌ…“ˆVʜÀʅiÕÀˆÃ̈V®Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊ>««Àœ>V…Ê̜Ê̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê­«Àœ>V̈ÛiÊ
œÀÊÀi>V̈Ûi®]ÊÜiÊi˜`ÊÕ«Ê܈̅ÊvœÕÀÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ã\ÊvœÀ“Տ>ˆVÊ«ÀœLi“Ã]ʓ>ˆ˜Ìi˜>˜ViʈÃÃÕiÃ]Ê«Ài`ˆV>“i˜ÌÃ]Ê
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“ˆ}…ÌÊLiÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀi`ÊÃÌÀ>ˆ}…ÌvœÀÜ>À`]Ê܅ˆiÊÌܜÊ>ÀiʓœÀiÊVœ“«iÝ]Ê>˜`Ê̅iÀivœÀiÊV>ˆ˜}ÊvœÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°

Formulaic problems (Algorithmic, Reactive)

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vœÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°ÊvÊޜÕÊ}iÌÊ>ÊflÊ>ÌÊ̈Ài]ÊޜÕÊÀi«>ViʈÌÊ܈̅ÊޜÕÀÊë>ÀiʜÀÊV>ÊޜÕÀÊ>Õ̜“œLˆiÊVÕL°Ê
vÊޜÕÊ>Àiʜ˜Ê̅iÊ}œvÊVœÕÀÃiÊ>˜`ʈÌÊLi}ˆ˜ÃÊ̜ÊÀ>ˆ˜]ÊޜÕʫՏÊœÕÌÊ̅iÊՓLÀi>Ê>˜`ÊÜ>ÌiÀ«ÀœœvʫՏœÛiÀÊ
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L>``iÀ]Ê>˜`ʈvÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“Ê>ÀˆÃiÃ]Ê̅iÀiʈÃÊ>ʎ˜œÜ˜Ê“i̅œ`ÊvœÀÊÀi뜘`ˆ˜}Ê̜ʈ̰Ê

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity £Ç

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Maintenance issues (Algorithmic, Proactive)

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Predicaments (Heuristic, Reactive)

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Opportunities (Heuristic, Proactive)

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ˆ˜ÊÃi>ÀV…ÊœvÊ>Ê܏Ṏœ˜°Ê/…iʺ«ÀœLi“»Êˆ˜Ê̅ˆÃʈ˜ÃÌ>˜ViʈÃÊ̜ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>ÊvÕÌÕÀiʜ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌÞ]Ê>˜`Ê̜Êfiʘ`Ê>ÊÜ>ÞÊ̜Ê
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Skills for Living and Working

in the 21st Century

Alex Osborn
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Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity Ó£

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Figure 2: P21 Skills

21st Century Themes
Global Awareness
Financial, Economic, Business and
Entrepreneurial Literacy
Civic Literacy
Health Literacy
Environmental Literacy
Learning & Innovation Skills
Critical Thinking & Problem Solving
Communication and Collaboration
Creativity and Innovation
Information, Media, & Technology Skills
Information Literacy
Media Literacy
Information & Communication Technology
(ICT) Literacy
Life & Career Skills
Flexibility and Adaptability
Initiative and Self-Direction
Social and Cross-Cultural Interaction
Productivity and Accountability
Source: Leadership and Responsibility
www.p21.org
Learning and Innovation Skills
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Creativity and Innovation

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œÌ…iÀÃ]Ê>˜`ʈ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}ʈ˜˜œÛ>̈œ˜Ã°n

Flexibility and Adaptability

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Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity ÓÎ

 Formal Education: Pro- or Anti-Creative?

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Overly focused on critical thinking

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Rigid curriculum that results in teaching to the test

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We seek perfection; to be wrong is to fail

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Not open to diverse ways of learning and different forms of intelligence

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Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity Óx

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Moving Forward

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CHAPTER 3

Creativity: Separating
Fact from Fiction

Leonardo Da Vinci
vÌiÀÊ°Ê*°ÊՈvœÀ`ÊÃ̈ÀÀi`ÊÕ«Ê̅iÊii“i˜ÌÃʈ˜Ê£™xä]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê…>ÃÊLii˜Ê>ÃÊ
Self-Portrait
Àiˆ>LiÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊÜi>̅iÀ°Ê7…ˆV…ʈÃÊ̜ÊÃ>Þ]Ê̅>ÌʍÕÃÌÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊÜi>̅iÀʈÃÊ>Ü>ÞÃÊ܈̅ÊÕÃ]ÊÊ
ÜÊ̜œÊˆÃÊ̅iÊiÝ«œÀ>̈œ˜Êˆ˜ÌœÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°Ê
˜`ʍÕÃÌÊ>ÃÊ«Ài`ˆV̈˜}ÊÜi>̅iÀʈÃʘœÌÊ>˜Ê
iÝ>VÌÊÃVˆi˜Vi]Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊV>˜ÊLiʍÕÃÌÊ>ÃÊiÕÈÛi°Ê˜Ê̅iÊ̈“iÊȘViÊՈvœÀ`]Ê
VÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê…>ÃÊvœVÕÃi`ʜ˜Ê̅iÊV…>À>VÌiÀˆÃ̈VÃʜvÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«iœ«io>˜`ʜ˜Ê̅iÊ«Àœ«iÀ‡
̈iÃʜvÊVÀi>̈ÛiʜÕÌVœ“iÃo>˜`ʜ˜Ê«ÀœVi`ÕÀiÃÊ>ÃÜVˆ>Ìi`Ê܈̅ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœViÃÃiÃo>˜`ʜ˜Ê
̅iÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʜvÊ̅iÊi“ˆ˜i˜ÌÊ>˜`ʜvÊ̅iÊiÛiÀÞ`>Þo>˜`ʜ˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÃ̈˜V̈œ˜ÃÊLiÌÜii˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
ˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>Ãʈ˜Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊ`œ“>ˆ˜ÃoÊ>˜`Ê̅>̽ÃÊ̜ʘ>“iʍÕÃÌÊ>ÊviÜ°Ê
Ê /…iʈÃÃÕi]ʈÌʈÃÊLiVœ“ˆ˜}ʈ˜VÀi>Ș}ÞÊVi>À]ʈÃÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÀiʈÃʘœÊ}À>˜`Ê՘ˆvވ˜}Ê̅iœÀÞʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°ÊÌʅ>ÃÊ
Ì>Ži˜Ê>ʏœ˜}Ê̈“iÊ̜Ê}iÌÊ̅iÀi°ÊˆvÌއfiÊÛiÊÞi>ÀÃÊ>vÌiÀÊՈvœÀ`]Ê,œLiÀÌÊ-ÌiÀ˜LiÀ}ÊÜÀœÌiÊVœ˜Ûˆ˜Vˆ˜}ÞÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÀiÊ
“>ÞÊLiʺ˜œÊœ˜iÊ̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌʈÃÊÌÀՏÞÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ]ÊLÕÌÊÀ>̅iÀ]ʓՏ̈«iÊ̅ˆ˜}ÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>Ài°»£Ê
Ê /…ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iÃiÊÞi>ÀÃʜvÊ܈`i‡À>˜}ˆ˜}ÊÀiÃi>ÀV…]ÊÜiʅ>ÛiÊ}>ˆ˜i`ʓ>˜Þʈ˜Ãˆ}…ÌÃʈ˜ÌœÊ̅iʘ>ÌÕÀiÊ>˜`ʘÕÀÌÕÀiÊ
œvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°Ê
˜`ÊÞiÌ]Ê>ÃʈÌʈÃÊ܈̅Ê̅iÊÜi>̅iÀÊ­>˜`Ê«œˆÌˆVÃ]Ê>˜`ÊiVœ˜œ“ˆVÃ]Ê>˜`ÊÜÊvœÀ̅®]Ê՘ˆ˜vœÀ“i`ʜ«ˆ˜ˆœ˜ÃÊ
>LœÕÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>LœÕ˜`°ÊiëˆÌiʓœÀiÊ̅>˜ÊÈäÊÞi>ÀÃʜvÊÃVˆi˜ÌˆfiÊVÊÃÌÕ`Þ]ʓ>˜ÞʓˆÃVœ˜Vi«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊÀi“>ˆ˜Ê>LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ
ÌÀÕiʘ>ÌÕÀiʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°Ê
Ê i̽ÃÊiÝ«œÀiÊ܅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iʏi˜ÃʜvÊ܅>ÌʈÌʈÃʘœÌp̅iʓÞ̅ÃʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°

Myth: Creativity is the result Fact: Creativity is the

of innate talent (genius) result of hard work

Ê 7…ˆiÊ̅iÀiʅ>ÛiÊLii˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ}i˜ˆÕÃiÃÊ܅œÊÃii“Ê̜ʅ>Ûiʅ>`Ê>Ê}i˜ïVÊ>`Û>˜Ì>}ip̅ˆ˜ŽÊœvÊœâ>ÀÌ]Ê
*ˆV>ÃÜ]Ê>˜`Ê>Ê6ˆ˜Vˆp̅iÊ`ˆÃ̈˜}Ոň˜}Êvi>ÌÕÀiʜvÊi>V…Ê“>˜ÊÜ>Ãʅ>À`ÊܜÀŽ]Ê>˜`ÊÞi>ÀÃʜvÊ`i`ˆV>̈œ˜Ê̜ʅˆÃÊ

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity ÓÇ

 «>À̈VՏ>ÀÊVÀ>vÌ°ÊœÜ>À`Ê>À`˜iÀ]ʈ˜Ê…ˆÃÊiÝ«œÀ>̈œ˜ÊœvÊÃiÛi˜Êi“ˆ˜i˜ÌÊVÀi>̜ÀÃ]ʘœÌi`ʈ˜Êi>V…Ê>ÊȘ}Տ>ÀÊ`iۜ‡
̈œ˜Ê̜ʅˆÃʜÀʅiÀÊ`œ“>ˆ˜° ÓÊÊ>Vœ“ʏ>`ÜiÊ«œˆ˜Ìi`ʜÕÌÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÊ«Àˆ“>ÀÞÊ`ˆvviÀi˜Ìˆ>̜ÀÊLiÌÜii˜Ê̅œÃiÊ܅œÊ
>ÀiʓiÀiÞÊ}œœ`Ê>ÌÊܓi̅ˆ˜}Ê>˜`Ê̅œÃiÊ܅œÊ>ÀiÊiÝÌÀ>œÀ`ˆ˜>ÀÞʈÃÊ̅iÊ>“œÕ˜ÌʜvÊܜÀŽÊ«ÕÌʈ˜ÊLÞÊ̅iʏ>ÌÌiÀ\Ê>Ê
“ˆ˜ˆ“Õ“ÊœvÊ£ä]äääʅœÕÀÃ]Ê>˜`ʜvÌi˜Ê“ÕV…Ê“œÀi°ÎÊÊ/…iÊ«ÃÞV…œœ}ˆÃÌÊœ…˜Ê>ÞiÃʈ˜Ê£™n™ÊiÝ«ÀiÃÃi`Ê̅ˆÃÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊ
º£ä‡Þi>ÀÊÀՏi]»Ê܅ˆV…ÊÃÌ>ÌiÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>Ê«iÀܘʓÕÃÌʏi>À˜Ê>˜`Ê«À>V̈ViÊ>ÊVÀ>vÌʜÀÊ`ˆÃVˆ«ˆ˜iÊvœÀÊ>LœÕÌÊ£äÊÞi>ÀÃÊLivœÀiÊ
…iʜÀÊÅiÊV>˜Ê“>ŽiÊ>ÊLÀi>ŽÌ…ÀœÕ}…°{ÊÊ­/…iÀiÊ>Ài]ʜvÊVœÕÀÃi]ÊiÝVi«Ìˆœ˜Ãʈ˜ÊLœÌ…Ê`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Ã°Ê-ˆÀÊÃ>>VÊ iÜ̜˜Ê
…>`ÊÃÌÕ`ˆi`ÊvœÀʍÕÃÌÊfiÊÛiÊÞi>ÀÃÊLivœÀiʅˆÃÊLÀi>ŽÌ…ÀœÕ}…ʺ>˜˜ÕÃʓˆÀ>LˆˆÃ»Ê­ºÞi>ÀʜvÊܜ˜`iÀ»®°Ê
œ˜ÛiÀÃiÞ]ÊÜiÊ>Ê
Ž˜œÜÊܓiœ˜iÊ܅œÊ…>ÃÊLii˜Ê`œˆ˜}Êܓi̅ˆ˜}ÊvœÀÊÌi˜ÊÞi>ÀÃʜÀʓœÀi]ÊÃÕV…Ê>ÃÊ«>ވ˜}Ê}œvʜÀÊ̅iÊ>VVœÀ`ˆœ˜]ʜÀÊ
“>˜>}ˆ˜}ʜ̅iÀÃʈ˜Ê̅iÊܜÀŽ«>ViÊ>˜`ʈÃÊÃ̈Ê˜œÌÊÛiÀÞÊ}œœ`Ê>ÌÊˆÌ°Ê ÕÌʈ˜Ê̅iʓ>ˆ˜]Ê̅iÊÀՏiÊÌi˜`ÃÊ̜ʅœ`°®Ê

Myth: Creativity is mainly Fact: Creativity cuts

associated with the arts across all areas of life

Ê *Àœ`ÕVˆ˜}Ê>ÀÌʈÃÊ>ÊvœÀ“ÊœvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ]ÊViÀÌ>ˆ˜Þ°Ê9iÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊv>ÀʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Ê̅>Ì°ÊœÀiÊ>˜`ʓœÀi]ÊVÀi>̈ۇ
ˆÌÞʈÃÊÀiVœ}˜ˆâi`Ê>ÃÊ>ÊvœÀViÊ̅>ÌÊ`ÀˆÛiÃʜÕÀÊiVœ˜œ“ÞÊ>˜`ʈ“«>VÌÃÊ>Ê>ëiVÌÃʜvʜÕÀʏˆÛiðÊ
Ê ,ˆV…>À`ʏœÀˆ`>ʜLÃiÀÛi`]ʺ7iÊ>ÀiÊi“L>ÀŽˆ˜}ʜ˜Ê>˜Ê>}iʜvÊ«iÀÛ>ÈÛiÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ̅>ÌÊ«iÀ“i>ÌiÃÊ>ÊÃiV̜ÀÃÊ
œvÊ̅iÊiVœ˜œ“ÞÊ>˜`ÊÜVˆiÌÞp˜œÌʍÕÃÌÊÃiiˆ˜}ÊLÕÀÃÌÃʜvʈ˜˜œÛ>̈œ˜ÊvÀœ“Ê…ˆ}…‡ÌiV…ʈ˜`ÕÃÌÀˆið»xÊÊ>ÀŽÊ,՘Vœ]Ê
`ˆÀiV̜ÀʜvÊ̅iÊ/œÀÀ>˜ViÊ
i˜ÌiÀÊvœÀÊ
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Àœiʈ˜ÊÌiV…˜œœ}ˆV>Ê>`Û>˜Vi]ʈ˜Ê̅iÊÜVˆ>Ê>˜`ÊLi…>ۈœÀ>ÊÃVˆi˜ViÃ]Ê>˜`ʈ˜Ê̅iʅՓ>˜ˆÌˆiÃÊ>˜`Ê>ÀÌÃ°Ê iV>ÕÃiʜvÊ
ˆÌÃÊÀœiʈ˜Êˆ˜˜œÛ>̈œ˜Ê>˜`Êi˜ÌÀi«Ài˜iÕÀň«]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʅ>ÃÊLiVœ“iʜ˜iʜvÊ̅iʎiÞÊVœ˜ViÀ˜ÃʜvʜÀ}>˜ˆâ>̈œ˜ÃÊ>˜`Ê
LÕȘiÃÃið»ÈÊÊ7iÊVœÕ`Ê>``Ê̜Ê̅ˆÃʏˆÃÌ]Ê>ÃÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ>ÃœÊ>ʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊVœ“«œ˜i˜ÌʜvÊi˜}ˆ˜iiÀˆ˜}]Ê>ÀV…ˆÌiVÌÕÀi]Ê
`iÈ}˜]ÊÃVˆi˜ÌˆfiÊVÊ`ˆÃVœÛiÀÞ]ÊÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê>˜`Ê`iÛiœ«“i˜Ì]Êi`ÕV>̈œ˜]Ê>˜`ʏi>À˜ˆ˜}p̜ʘ>“iʍÕÃÌÊ>ÊviÜ°

Myth: Children are more Fact: True creative achievement

creative than adults requires years of life experience

Ê
…ˆ`Ài˜Ê}iivՏÞÊVœœÀÊ܈̅ÊVÀ>ޜ˜Ã]ʓ>ŽiÊÕ«ÊÃ̜ÀˆiÃ]Ê>˜`ʈ“>}ˆ˜iÊvÀˆi˜`ÃÊ܅œÊ>ÀiʘœÌÊ̅iÀi]Ê«ÀœÛˆ`ˆ˜}Ê
iۈ`i˜ViʜvʅՓ>˜ÊVÀi>̈Ûi tendency]ÊLÕÌÊV…ˆ`Ài˜Ê`œÊ˜œÌʅ>ÛiÊ̅iÊ̜œÃÊvœÀÊÌÀÕiÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ>VVœ“«ˆÃ…“i˜Ì°Ê
Ê ,ÕÌ…Ê œiÀ]Ê>œ˜}Ê܈̅ÊVœi>}ÕiÊ-ˆ`˜iÞÊ*>À˜iÃ]ÊvœÕ˜`i`Ê̅iÊfiÊÀÃÌÊ}À>`Õ>ÌiÊ«Àœ}À>“ʈ˜ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>˜`Ê
…i«i`Ê̜ʫˆœ˜iiÀÊ̅iÊ`iÛiœ«“i˜ÌʜvÊ
Ài>̈ÛiÊ*ÀœLi“Ê-œÛˆ˜}°Ê˜Ã«ˆÀi`ÊLÞʅiÀÊÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê>ÃÊ>ʓ>̅i“>̈Vˆ>˜]ÊÅiÊ
«Àœ«œÃi`Ê>ÊÃޓLœˆVÊvœÀ“Տ>ÊvœÀÊ՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ\ÊCreativity ­
®ÊˆÃÊ>Êv՘V̈œ˜ÊœvÊAttitudeÊ­>®Ê>««ˆi`Ê

Ón
̜ÊKnowledgeÊ­®]ÊImaginationÊ­®]Ê>˜`ÊEvaluationÊ­ ®\

C=ƒa(K,I,E)
Ê ˜Ê œiÀ½ÃÊVœ˜Vi«Ìˆœ˜]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊi“iÀ}iÃʜ˜ÞÊ܅i˜Ê̅iÃiʈ˜}Ài`ˆi˜ÌÃʈ˜ÌiÀ>VÌ°ÊKnowledgeʈÃÊ̅iÊ«iÀܘ½ÃÊ
>VVՓՏ>Ìi`ÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜Vi]ÊÕÃÕ>Þʈ˜Ê>ÊëiVˆfiÊVÊVœ˜ÌiÝÌʜÀÊ`œ“>ˆ˜°Ê/…ˆÃʎ˜œÜi`}iʈÃʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊ̜Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`Ê
>˜`Ê܏ÛiÊ«ÀœLi“ÃÊ܈̅ˆ˜Ê>˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>½ÃÊfiÊi`°ÊœÜiÛiÀ]ʎ˜œÜi`}iʈÃʏˆ“ˆÌi`Ê>˜`Ê«ÀiÃi˜ÌʏiÛiÃʜvʎ˜œÜi`}iÊ
>ÀiʘœÌÊÃÕvfiÊVˆi˜ÌÊ̜Ê܏ÛiʘiÜÊ>˜`Êi“iÀ}ˆ˜}ÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ã°Ê/…iÀivœÀi]ÊImagination]Ê̅iÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈œ˜ÊœvʘœÛiÊˆ`i>Ã]Ê
ˆÃʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊ̜Ê}iÌÊLiޜ˜`ÊVÕÀÀi˜Ìʎ˜œÜi`}iʈ˜ÊœÀ`iÀÊ̜ʫÀœ`ÕViʘiÜÊ>««Àœ>V…iðÊ7ˆÌ…œÕÌʈÌ]ʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÃÊ܈Ê
fiʘ`ʈÌÊ`ˆvfiÊVՏÌÊ̜ÊiÃV>«iÊ̅iÊÌÀ>«ÊœvÊVÕÀÀi˜Ìʎ˜œÜi`}iʏiÛiÃ°Ê
Ê “>}ˆ˜>̈œ˜Ê“ÕÃÌÊLiÊ}Ո`i`ÊLÞÊEvaluation°ÊÌʈÃʜ˜iÊ̅ˆ˜}Ê̜ʈ“>}ˆ˜iʏœÌÃʜvʘiÜÊ«œÃÈLˆˆÌˆiÃ]Ê>˜`ʵՈÌiÊ
>˜œÌ…iÀÊ̜ÊLiÊ>LiÊ̜Ê>ÃÃiÃÃÊ̅iʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ̅>Ìʅœ`Ê̅iÊ}Ài>ÌiÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆÃi°ÇÊÊ œÌ…Ê`œ“>ˆ˜ÊŽ˜œÜi`}iÊ>˜`Ê̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ
̜ÊiÛ>Õ>ÌiÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃÊ܈̅ˆ˜Ê̅iÊ`œ“>ˆ˜ÊÀiµÕˆÀiÊÞi>ÀÃʜvÊ`iÛiœ«“i˜Ìp܅>ÌÊ«ÃÞV…œœ}ˆÃÌÊiˆÌ…Ê->ÜÞiÀÊ
V>ÃÊ̅iʺœ˜}Ê>˜`Ê`ˆvfiÊVՏÌÊ«>̅o̜ÊLiVœ“iÊVÀi>̈Ûi°»n
Ê ˆ˜>Þ]ÊattitudeʈÃÊ܅>ÌÊ}ˆÛiÃÊ̅ˆÃÊvœÀ“Տ>ʈÌÃÊ`ÀˆÛiÊ>˜`ʓœ“i˜ÌՓ°Ê
Ài>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ>Ê`iˆLiÀ>Ìiʈ˜Ìi˜Ìˆœ˜°Ê
˜ÊœÕÀʜ«ˆ˜ˆœ˜]Ê>Ê«Àœ`ÕV̈ÛiÊ>˜`Ê«œÃˆÌˆÛiÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`i]ʜ˜iÊ̅>ÌÊvՏÞÊi˜}>}iÃÊ>˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>½ÃÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«œÌi˜Ìˆ>]ʈÃÊ>Ê
Vœ“Lˆ˜>̈œ˜ÊœvÊVisionÊ­6®]ÊDeliberate PracticeÊ­*®]Ê>˜`ÊIntrinsic MotivationÊ­®\

a=V,DP,IM
VisionÊ«ÀœÛˆ`iÃÊ>Ê`iÃ̈˜>̈œ˜ÊvœÀʜ˜i½ÃÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°ÊÌÊ«ÀœÛˆ`iÃÊ̅iÊ}œ>Ê̜Ê܅ˆV…ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊivvœÀÌʈÃÊ>««ˆi`]Ê
ÃÕV…Ê>ÃÊ>ÊëiVˆfiÊVÊV>ÀiiÀ]ʜÀÊ>ÊvœÀ“ÊœvÊ>V…ˆiÛi“i˜ÌÊ­i°}°]ʈ˜Ûi˜Ìˆ˜}ʘiÜÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃ]Ê`ˆÃVœÛiÀˆ˜}ÊVÕÀiÃ]Ê«ÀœÛœŽˆ˜}Ê
ÜVˆ>ÊV…>˜}i®°ÊDeliberate PracticeÊÀiviÀÃÊ̜Ê̅iÊÃÞÃÌi“>̈VÊÕÃiʜvÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆiðÊÌʈÃÊ̅ÀœÕ}…ÊÀi«ï̈œ˜ÊœvÊ
«ÀœÛi˜ÊVÀi>̈Ûiʓi̅œ`ÃÊ̅>Ìʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÃÊLi}ˆ˜Ê̜Êi˜…>˜ViÊ̅iˆÀÊVÀi>̈Ûi‡Ì…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê«œÜiÀðʈ˜>Þ] Intrinsic
MotivationʓÕÃÌÊLiÊ«ÀiÃi˜ÌÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê̅iÊÃÌÀœ˜}ʈ˜ÌiÀ˜>Ê`iÈÀiÊ̜Ê`œÊ܅>ÌʈÃʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊ̜ÊÀi>V…Ê̅iÊۈȜ˜°Ê

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity ә

 Myth: Creativity is the Fact: Creativity is the intersection
same thing as originality of novelty and usefulness

Ê ,iÃi>ÀV…Ê…>ÃÊ`i“œ˜ÃÌÀ>Ìi`Ê̅>ÌÊ܅i˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÃÊ>Àiʈ˜ÌÀˆ˜ÃˆV>ÞʓœÌˆÛ>Ìi`p̅>ÌʈÃ]ÊVœ“«ii`ÊLÞÊ̅iÊ
ÅiiÀʏœÛiʜvÊ̅iÊ>V̈ۈÌÞʈÌÃiv]ÊÀ>̅iÀÊ̅>˜Ê̅iÊ«ÕÀÃՈÌʜvÊiÝÌiÀ˜>ÊÀiÜ>À`ÃÊ>ÃÜVˆ>Ìi`Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊ>V̈ۈÌÞp̅iÊ
“œÀiʏˆŽiÞʈÌʈÃÊ̅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊLi…>ۈœÀÊ>˜`ÊVÀi>̈ÛiʜÕÌVœ“iÃÊ܈Êi“iÀ}i°™
Ê œ˜½ÌÊÌ>ŽiÊ̅ˆÃÊ̅iÊÜÀœ˜}ÊÜ>Þ]ÊLÕÌʈ`i>ÃÊ>ÀiÊV…i>«°Ê
Ê *iÀ…>«ÃÊ̅iʓœÃÌÊVœ““œ˜Ê`ifiʘˆÌˆœ˜ÊœvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ̅iÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈œ˜ÊœvʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>Êˆ`i>ÃÊ̅>ÌÊÃiÀÛiÊܓiÊ
«ÕÀ«œÃi°Ê/…ˆÃÊ`ifiʘˆÌˆœ˜ÊÀiVœ}˜ˆâiÃÊ̅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃʘœÌÊÃޘœ˜Þ“œÕÃÊ܈̅ʫÕÀiʘœÛiÌÞʜÀÊȓ«ÞÊLiˆ˜}Ê`ˆvviÀ‡
i˜Ì°Ê iˆ˜}ʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>Ê>˜`ÊLiˆ˜}ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ>ÀiʘœÌÊ̅iÊÃ>“i]Ê`iëˆÌiÊ̅iÊ܈`iëÀi>`ÊÕÃ>}iʜvʺVÀi>̈Ûi»Ê̜Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊ
ܓi̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌʈÃʓiÀiÞʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>]ʘi>ÀÞʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>]ʜÀʍÕÃÌÊLˆâ>ÀÀi°Ê7iʓÕÃÌÊ>ÃÃiÀÌ\Êno, that’s not it.Ê
Ài>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ
`œˆ˜}Êܓi̅ˆ˜}ʈ˜Ê>˜ÊœÀˆ}ˆ˜>ÊÜ>ÞÊ̅>ÌʈÃÊ>Ãœp̅>ÌÊmustÊ>ÃœÊLipÕÃivՏ]ÊÛ>Õ>Li]ʜÀÊ>««Àœ«Àˆ>Ìi°Ê
Ê 1Ș}Ê̅iÊÌܜʫÀˆ“>ÀÞÊvi>ÌÕÀiÃʜvÊ>ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ>VÌp˜œÛiÌÞÊ>˜`ÊÕÃivՏ˜iÃÃpÜiÊV>˜ÊLՈ`Ê>ÊÌܜ‡LއÌܜÊ
“>ÌÀˆÝÊ­Ãiiʈ}ÕÀiÊήÊ̅>ÌÊŜÜÃÊ܅>ÌÊ`ˆÃ̈˜}ՈÅiÃÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃÊvÀœ“ʜ̅iÀÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃʜÀʈ`i>ðÊiÀiÊ>ÀiÊ
ܓiÊiÝ>“«ið
• Repeating Past MistakesÊ­œÜʘœÛiÌÞ]ʏœÜÊÕÃivՏ˜iÃî\Êi˜iÀ>ÊœÌœÀýʣäʓˆiÇ«iÀ‡}>œ˜ÊՓ“iÀÊ
Î]ʈ˜ÌÀœ`ÕVi`Ê>ÌÊ>Ê̈“iÊ܅i˜Ê}>ÃÊ«ÀˆViÃÊÜiÀiʘi>ÀÊ>˜Ê>‡Ìˆ“iʅˆ}…°
• Utilitarian ProductsÊ­œÜʘœÛiÌÞ]ʅˆ}…ÊÕÃivՏ˜iÃî\Ê>ʘˆVi]Ê܏ˆ`]ÊviiÃ‡}œœ`‡ˆ˜‡ÞœÕÀ‡…>˜`ʛÓÊ«i˜Vˆ°
• FadsÊ­…ˆ}…ʘœÛiÌÞ]ʏœÜÊÕÃivՏ˜iÃî\Ê̅ˆ˜}ÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>ÀiʅœÌʜ˜iÊÞi>ÀÊ>˜`ʓœÃ̏ÞÊvœÀ}œÌÌi˜Ê̅iʘiÝÌ]ÊÃÕV…Ê
>ÃÊ̜ÞÃÊ­,ÕLˆŽ½ÃÊ
ÕLi®]Ê`ˆiÌÃÊ­…ˆ}…ÊV>ÀL]ʏœÜÊV>ÀL]ʘœÊV>ÀL]ÊϜÜÊV>ÀL®]Ê>˜`Êv>ňœ˜Ê­“ˆ˜ˆÃŽˆÀÌÃ]ÊLiÊ
LœÌ̜“Ã]Ê>˜`ʘi>ÀÞÊ>˜Þ̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌÊÜ>ŽÃÊ`œÜ˜Ê̅iÊÀ՘Ü>Þʈ˜Ê iÜÊ9œÀŽÊœÀʈ>˜Êˆ˜Ê>˜ÞÊ}ˆÛi˜ÊÞi>À®°
• Creative ProductsÊ­…ˆ}…ʘœÛiÌÞ]ʅˆ}…ÊÕÃivՏ˜iÃî\Ê
««iʈ*>`]ʈVÀœ«>˜iʏ>ÃiÀ‡iÌV…i`Ê}À>ÌiÀÃ]Ê̅iÊ
ˆ/՘iÃÊÃ̜ÀiÊ>˜`ʓÕÈV‡Ãiˆ˜}ʓœ`i°

Myth: Creativity cannot be taught Fact: Creativity can be enhanced

through teaching and training

Ê -œ“iʓÞ̅ÃÊÜiʅi>ÀÊ>LœÕÌÊ>˜iV`œÌ>ÞÆʅiÀiʈÃʜ˜iÊ܈̅Êiۈ`i˜Vi°Ê
ÊÓää™Ê
-Ê iÜÃÊ«œÊÀiÛi>i`Ê̅>ÌÊ
xίʜvÊ1°-°ÊÀi뜘`i˜ÌÃÊLiˆiÛiÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ʜ˜iʈÃÊLœÀ˜Ê܈̅]Ê܅ˆiʍÕÃÌÊÎx¯ÊÃ>ÞÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊV>˜ÊLiÊ
Ì>Õ}…Ì°£äÊÊvÊ̅ˆÃÊÜiÀiÊÌÀÕi]ÊÜiÊܜՏ`Ê̅i˜Ê…>ÛiÊ>Ê՘ˆµÕiÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœLi“\ʅœÜÊ̜ÊLÀii`ÊVÀi>̈ÛiðʭˆŽiÊÌÕÀŽiÞÃ]Ê
«iÀ…>«Ã¶®Ê

Îä
Figure 3:

What Makes a Product Creative?

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity Σ

Ê >ÞLiÊÜiÊŜՏ`ʍÕÃÌÊÃ̈VŽÊ܈̅ÊÌi>V…ˆ˜}ʈ̰Ê/…iÊÌÀÕ̅ʈÃ]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊV>˜ÊLiÊÌ>Õ}…Ì]Ê>˜`Ê̅iÀiʈÃÊ>“«iÊ
ÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê̜ÊÃÕ««œÀÌÊ̅ˆÃÊV>ˆ“°Ê
ÃÊi>ÀÞÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊ£™ÇäÃ]Ê̅iÊ
Ài>̈ÛiÊ-ÌÕ`ˆiÃÊ*ÀœiVÌ]ÊV>ÀÀˆi`ʜÕÌÊLÞÊ*>À˜iÃÊ>˜`ʅˆÃÊ
Vœi>}ÕiÃÊ>ÌÊ Õvv>œÊ-Ì>ÌiÊ
œi}i]Ê«ÀœÛˆ`i`ÊVi>ÀÊiۈ`i˜ViÊ̅>ÌÊ«ÀœLi“‡ÃœÛˆ˜}ÊΈÃÊV>˜ÊLiÊi˜…>˜Vi`Ê̅ÀœÕ}…Ê
ÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}°££ÊÊ-ˆ˜ViÊ̅i˜]Ê̅iÊÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê…>ÃÊ>VVՓՏ>Ìi`ÊÜÊ>ÃÊ̜ÊLiʈ˜Vœ˜ÌÀœÛiÀ̈Li°Ê˜Ê>ʵÕ>˜ÌˆÌ>̈ÛiʓiÌ>‡>˜>ÞÈÃÊ
œvʓœÀiÊ̅>˜ÊÇäÊÃÌÕ`ˆiÃʜ˜Ê̅iÊivviV̈Ûi˜iÃÃʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}]Ê-VœÌÌ]ÊiÀˆÌâÊ>˜`ÊՓvœÀ`Ê>ÀÀˆÛi`Ê>ÌÊ>˜Ê
ºÕ˜>“Lˆ}՜ÕÃÊVœ˜VÕȜ˜\Ê
Ài>̈ۈÌÞÊÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}ÊܜÀŽÃ°»£ÓÊÊ/…iÊLœœŽÊޜÕʅ>Ûiʈ˜ÊޜÕÀʅ>˜`ÃʈÃÊ>Ê`ˆÀiVÌÊÀiÃՏÌʜvÊ
̅>Ìʏi}>VÞʜvÊÀiÃi>ÀV…]Ê>˜`ÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÊ>Õ̅œÀýʜܘÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜ViÃpVœiV̈ÛiÞ]ʓœÀiÊ̅>˜ÊxäÊÞi>ÀÃpÌi>V…ˆ˜}Ê
VÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>˜`ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœViÃð

Moving Forward

Ê
ÃʈÃÊÌÀÕiÊ܈̅ʓœÃÌʓÞ̅Ã]Ê܈̅ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ̅iÀiʈÃÊܓiÊiۈ`i˜ViÊ̜ÊÃÕ««œÀÌÊ̅iʓˆÃÌ>Ži˜ÊLiˆivðÊ-œ“iÊ
VÀi>̈ÛiÊ«iœ«iÊ`œÊÃii“Ê̜ʅ>Ûiʈ˜˜>ÌiÊÌ>i˜ÌÃ]Ê܅ˆV…ÊœLÃVÕÀiÃÊLÕÌÊ`œiÃʘœÌʘi}>ÌiÊ̅œÃiÊ܅œÊܜÀŽi`ÊÛiÀÞʅ>À`Ê
vœÀÊ>ʏœ˜}Ê̈“iÊ̜ÊLiÊÀi>`ÞÊvœÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ>V…ˆiÛi“i˜Ì°Ê/…iÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈œ˜ÊœvÊ>ÀÌʈÃÊ>˜ÊœLۈœÕÏÞÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ>VÌ]Ê܅ˆV…Ê
Ìi˜`ÃÊ̜ÊLœVŽÊœÕÌÊ̅iÊVœ}˜ˆÌˆÛiʘ>ÌÕÀiʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊi݅ˆLˆÌi`ÊiÃi܅iÀi°ÊœÃÌÊV…ˆ`Ài˜Ê`œÊi݅ˆLˆÌÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
Ìi˜`i˜VˆiÃÊ܅ˆiʓ>˜ÞÊ>`ՏÌÃÊ­Ã>`Þ®Ê`œÊ˜œÌ]Ê܅ˆV…Ê`œiÃʓ>ŽiʈÌÊ>««i>ÀÊ̅>ÌÊ>`ՏÌÃʏ>VŽÊ̅ˆÃÊ>LˆˆÌÞ°Ê/…iÊܜÀ`Ê
ºVÀi>̈ۈÌ޻ʈÃÊÜʜvÌi˜Ê“ˆÃÕÃi`]Ê܅ˆV…Ê`œiÃʓ>ŽiʈÌÊ`ˆvfiVՏÌÊ̜ʎ˜œÜÊ܅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÀi>ÞʈðÊ
˜`]ʓ>˜ÞʜvÊÕÃÊ
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A Systems Approach to Creativity:

It’s Not Just About the Creative Person

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>˜`Ê«iœ«iÊ`œÊÌi˜`Ê̜Ê>ۜˆ`Ê܅>ÌʈÃʅ>À`°
Ê ˆŽiÊÜʓ>˜ÞÊ`iVˆÃˆœ˜Ã]Ê̅iÊV…œˆViÊ̜ÊLiÊVÀi>̈Ûip̜Ê`œÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ʅ>À`pˆÃÊi>ÃÞÊ̜ʫÕÌʜvv]Êi>ÃÞÊ̜Ê
Àii}>ÌiÊ̜ʺ܅i˜Êʅ>ÛiÊ̅iÊ̈“i]»ÊœÀʺ܅i˜ÊVˆÀVՓÃÌ>˜ViÃÊ«iÀ“ˆÌ°»Ê"vÊVœÕÀÃiʈÌʈðÊÌʈÃÊv>ÀÊi>ÈiÀÊ̜Ê`œÊ܅>ÌÊ
ޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ`œˆ˜}Ê̅>˜Ê̜ÊÌÀÞÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ʘiÜ°Ê
Ê i̽ÃÊ}œÊœÕÌʜ˜Ê>ʏˆ“L]Ê̅i˜]Ê>˜`ÊÃ>ÞÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ>Àiʈ˜Êv>VÌÊ܈ˆ˜}Ê̜ÊÌÀÞÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ʘiÜ]Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ܈Ê>ÌÌi“«ÌÊ
̜ʓ>ŽiÊV…>˜}iʅ>««i˜°Ê7…iÀiÊܜՏ`ÊޜÕÊLi}ˆ˜¶Ê

Creative Change Model

Ê /…iÊÀiۈiÜʜvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʓÞ̅ÃÊ>˜`ÊÌÀÕ̅ÃÊÌiÃÊÕÃÊ܅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊ>˜`ʈÃʘœÌ]ÊLÕÌʈÌÊ`œiÃÊ

CREATIVE
˜œÌÊÌiÊÕÃʅœÜÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʜ«iÀ>ÌiðÊ/œÊ`œÊ̅ˆÃÊÜiÊÌÕÀ˜Ê̜Ê>ÊÃÞÃÌi“Ãʓœ`iÊœvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ°Ê>˜ÞÊ
ÃV…œ>ÀÃÊ>}ÀiiÊ̅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃʓ>`iÊիʜvÊvœÕÀÊ`ˆÃ̈˜VÌÊv>ViÌÃ\Ê«iÀܘ­Ã®]Ê«ÀœViÃÃ]Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜‡
“i˜Ì]Ê>˜`Ê«Àœ`ÕVÌ°Ê
Ì…œÕ}…Ê̅iÃiÊv>ViÌÃÊi>V…Ê…>ÛiÊ`ˆÃVÀiÌiÊ>ÌÌÀˆLÕÌiÃ]Ê̅iÞʈ˜flÊÕi˜Viʜ˜iÊ
>˜œÌ…iÀÊ>˜`Ê̅iÀivœÀiÊVÀi>ÌiÊ>ÊÃÞÃÌi“ÊvœÀʅœÜÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊܜÀŽÃ°
Ê ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiÊ{]Ê̅iÊCreative Change Model]ÊÜiÊ`i«ˆVÌʅœÜÊ̅iÃiÊv>ViÌÃʈ˜ÌiÀ>VÌÊ̜Ê
ވi`ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃÊ>˜`ÊiÛi˜ÌÕ>ÞÊ«Àœ`ÕViÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊV…>˜}i°Ê­7iÊÃ>ÞʺVÀi>̈Ûi»ÊV…>˜}iÊ
CHANGE
LiV>ÕÃiÊÜiÊ>ÀiÊÌ>Žˆ˜}Ê>LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ`iˆLiÀ>Ìiʈ˜ÌÀœ`ÕV̈œ˜ÊœvÊܓi̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌʈÃÊLœÌ…ʘiÜÊ>˜`Ê
…>ÃÊÛ>Õi°Ê/…iÀiÊ>ÀiÊV…>˜}iÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>ÀiÊ`ˆÃ̈˜V̏ÞÊnotÊVÀi>̈Ûi°®Ê MODEL

Part 1: Introduction to the Study of Creativity ÎÎ

Figure 4:
Creative Change
Model

Source: © 2005
Puccio, Murdock &
Mance. Reprinted
with permission.

Person(s)

Ê
Ài>̈ۈÌÞÊLi}ˆ˜ÃÊ܈̅Ê>˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÊœÀÊ>ÊÌi>“Êœvʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>Ã°Ê/…iÊ«iÀܘ­Ã®Êv>ViÌʈ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÃÞÃÌi“ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÃÊ
̅iʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÊΈÃ]ʎ˜œÜi`}i]Ê«iÀܘ>ˆÌÞ]ÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜ViÃ]Ê>˜`ʓœÌˆÛ>̈œ˜Ê̅>Ìʈ˜flÕi˜ViÊ̅iÊ>“œÕ˜ÌÊ>˜`ʎˆ˜`ʜvÊ
VÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÊœÀÊÌi>“ʈÃʏˆŽiÞÊ̜ʫÀœ`ÕVi°

Process

Ê /…iÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊv>ViÌÊÀiviÀÃÊ̜Ê̅iÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊÃÌ>}iÃÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê܅ˆV…ʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÃÊ>˜`ÊÌi>“ÃÊ«Àœ}ÀiÃÃÊ>ÃÊ̅iÞÊ`iÛiœ«Ê
VÀi>̈Ûiʈ`i>Ãʈ˜ÊÀi뜘ÃiÊ̜ʫÀi`ˆV>“i˜ÌÃÊ>˜`ʜ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌˆiðÊ
Ãʈ˜Ê̅iÊV>ÃiʜvÊ̅iÊ«iÀܘ­Ã®Êv>ViÌ]Ê̅iʵÕ>ˆÌÞʜvÊ
̅iÊ«ÀœViÃÃʜvÌi˜Ê…>ÃÊ>Ê`ˆÀiVÌʈ“«>VÌʜ˜Ê̅iʵÕ>ˆÌÞʜvÊ̅iÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÊ«Àœ`ÕVi`°Ê/…iÃiÊÌܜÊv>ViÌÃÊ>ÀiʘœÌÊVœ“«iÌiÞÊ
ˆ˜`i«i˜`i˜ÌÆʈ˜Êv>VÌ]ÊÜiÊÃÕ}}iÃÌÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÞʈ˜ÌiÀ>VÌ°Ê

Environment

Ê
Ài>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê`œiÃʘœÌʅ>««i˜Êˆ˜Ê>ÊÛ>VÕՓ°IÊÌÊÌ>ŽiÃÊ«>ViÊ܈̅ˆ˜Ê>Ê«>À̈VՏ>ÀÊÃiÌ̈˜}Ê>˜`ÊVœ˜ÌiÝÌ°Ê/…ˆÃÊ
v>ViÌʈÃÊÀiviÀÀi`Ê̜Ê>ÃÊ̅iÊi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì]Ê̅iÊÜ>ÞÃʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…Ê̅iÊ«ÃÞV…œœ}ˆV>Ê>˜`Ê«…ÞÈV>ÊܜÀŽ«>ViÊVˆ“>ÌiÃ]Ê>˜`Ê

Î{
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i˜œÕ}…Ê̜ʫ>ViÊ>ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÞ‡ÃŽˆi`Ê>˜`ʈ˜Vˆ˜i`Ê«iÀܘʈ˜ÌœÊÕÃÌÊ>˜ÞÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ê>˜`ÊiÝ«iVÌÊ}Ài>ÌÊ̅ˆ˜}ðʈŽiÊÃii`ÃÊ
̅>ÌÊ̅ÀˆÛiʈ˜Ê}œœ`Ê܈]ʜÀÊ>ÊÌÀœ«ˆV>ÊÃ̜À“Ê̅>ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ̅iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊVœ˜`ˆÌˆœ˜ÃÊ̜ÊLiVœ“iÊ>ʅÕÀÀˆV>˜i]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ
flʜÕÀˆÃ…iÃʈ˜Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜ÌÃÊ̅>ÌʘÕÀÌÕÀiʈ̰Ê

Product

Ê /…iÊ«iÀܘ­Ã®]Ê«ÀœViÃÃ]Ê>˜`Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜ÌÊv>ViÌÃʈ˜ÌiÀ>VÌÊ̜Êވi`Ê«>À̈VՏ>ÀʜÕÌVœ“iÃ]Ê̅>ÌʈÃ]ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`‡
ÕVÌðÊ
Ài>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃÊV>˜ÊLiÊ̅œÕ}…ÌʜvÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊÌ>˜}ˆLiÊ>˜`ʈ˜Ì>˜}ˆLiʜÕÌVœ“iÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>ÀiÊLœÌ…ʘiÜÊ>˜`ÊÕÃivՏ°Ê
/…iʵÕ>ˆÌÞʜvÊ̅iÃiÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌÃʘiViÃÃ>ÀˆÞÊ`i«i˜`Ãʜ˜Ê…œÜÊivviV̈ÛiÞÊ«iœ«iÊi˜}>}iʈ˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅œÕ}…ÌÊ
«ÀœViÃÃiÃʈ˜Ê̅iˆÀÊ}ˆÛi˜Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì°Ê*iœ«iÊ܈̅Ê̅iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊΈÃ]ʎ˜œÜi`}i]Ê>˜`Ê«iÀܘ>ÊÌÀ>ˆÌÃÊ܅œÊܜÀŽÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê
>˜ÊivviV̈ÛiÊ«ÀœViÃÃʈ˜Ê>˜Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜ÌÊ̅>ÌʈÃÊVœ˜`ÕVˆÛiÊ̜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅œÕ}…ÌÊ>ÀiʓœÀiʏˆŽiÞÊ̜ʫÀœ`ÕViÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
«Àœ`ÕVÌð

Creative Change

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VÀi>̈ÛiÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌ°Ê7iÊ`ifiʘiÊ>Êcreative changeÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊadoption of a creative product that can come in many forms.£Ê
vÊ̅iÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌʈÃʈ˜Ìi˜`i`ÊvœÀÊÕÃiʜ˜ÞÊLÞÊ̅iʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÊVÀi>̜À]ÊÃÕV…Ê>ÃÊ>ʘiÜÊ«>˜ÊvœÀÊÀi`ÕVˆ˜}ÊÃÌÀiÃÃ]Ê̅i˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ
V…>˜}iʜVVÕÀÃÊ܅i˜Ê̅ˆÃÊ«iÀܘʅ>Ãʈ“«i“i˜Ìi`Ê̅iʈ`i>°Ê ÞÊVœ˜ÌÀ>ÃÌ]ʈ˜˜œÛ>̈œ˜ÊœVVÕÀÃÊ܅i˜Ê>˜ÊœÀ}>˜ˆâ>̈œ˜Ê…>ÃÊ
ÃÕVViÃÃvՏÞÊVœ““iÀVˆ>ˆâi`Ê>ʘiÜÊ«Àœ`ÕVÌʜÀʈ“«i“i˜Ìi`Ê>ʘiÜÊ«Àœ}À>“]ÊÃiÀۈVi]Ê«ÀœVi`ÕÀiʜÀÊLÕȘiÃÃʓœ`i°Ê
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>˜`Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì°Ê

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IÊÊ

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˜œÌʓiÀiÞÊ>ʜ˜i‡œvvÊiÛi˜Ì°

Moving Forward

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2 Creative
Thinking
“Creative thinking is not a talent, it is a skill
that can be learnt. It empowers people by
adding strength to their natural abilities
which improves teamwork, productivity and
where appropriate, profits.”
Edward de Bono
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CHAPTER 5

Introduction to Creative Thinking

˜Ê>Ê}Õ̇Ài>V̈œ˜ÊiÛi]Ê«iœ«iÊÌi˜`Ê̜Ê̅ˆ˜ŽÊœvÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊ>ÃÊ>˜Ê>V̈œ˜p̅iÊ>VÌʜvÊVÀi>̈˜}Êܓi̅ˆ˜}ʘiÜ°Ê
7…ˆiʈÌʈÃÊÌÀÕiÊ̅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊܓiÊvœÀ“ÊœvÊ>V̈œ˜Ê̜ÊLiÊvՏÞÊÀi>ˆâi`]ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʈÃÊvœÀi“œÃÌÊ
>ÊVœ}˜ˆÌˆÛiÊ«ÀœViÃÃp>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê«ÀœViÃÃ°Ê ivœÀiÊÜiÊ`iÛiʈ˜ÌœÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ʏi̽ÃÊiÝ«œÀiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê
ˆ˜Ê}i˜iÀ>°Ê
Ê
ʘՓLiÀʜvÊÜÀˆÌiÀÃʅ>ÛiÊÕÃi`Ê̅iʜ«iÀ>̈œ˜ÊœvÊ>ÊV>ÀÊ>ÃÊ>˜Ê>˜>œ}ÞÊ̜Ê`iÃVÀˆLiʅœÜʜÕÀʓˆ˜`ÃÊܜÀŽ°£ÊÊ7iÊ
܈Ê>`œ«ÌÊ̅iÊÃ>“iÊ«À>V̈Vi°Ê­
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Ê ˆŽiÊ̅iÊ«iÀvœÀ“>˜ViʜvÊ>ÊV>À]ʜÕÀÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê«iÀvœÀ“>˜ViÊ­ivviV̈Ûi˜iÃîʈÃʈ˜flÊÕi˜Vi`ÊLœÌ…ÊLÞÊ̅iÊ«œÜiÀÊ
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ˆ“«ÀœÛiÊޜÕÀÊ«iÀܘ>Ê«iÀvœÀ“>˜ViʈÃÊ̜ÊvœVÕÃʜ˜Êˆ“«ÀœÛˆ˜}ʅœÜÊÜiÊޜÕʓ>˜>}iÊޜÕÀʓˆ˜`p̅>ÌʈÃ]ʅœÜÊ
ÜiÊޜÕÊ̅ˆ˜Ž°Ê
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/…iÊ«iÀvœÀ“>˜ViʜvÊ>ÊV>ÀÊ`œiÃʘœÌÊ`i«i˜`ʜ˜Ê̅iʅœÀÃi«œÜiÀʜvÊ̅iÊV>ÀÊLÕÌÊÕ«œ˜Ê̅iÊΈÊ
܈̅Ê܅ˆV…Ê̅iÊV>ÀʈÃÊ`ÀˆÛi˜ÊLÞÊ̅iÊ`ÀˆÛiÀ°Ê-œÊˆvʈ˜Ìiˆ}i˜ViʈÃÊ̅iʅœÀÃi«œÜiÀʜvÊ̅iÊV>À]Ê

Part 2: Creative Thinking {£

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“ˆ˜`R°ÓÊ

What is Thinking?

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Figure 5:
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Source: A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing, by L. Anderson & D. Krathwohl, 2001.

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Divergent and Convergent Thinking:

The Heart of Creative Thinking

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˜>̈œ˜°Ê
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ˆÌʓ>ŽiÃʏˆÌ̏iÊÃi˜ÃiÊ­ˆ˜Êv>VÌ]ʈÃÊvœœˆÃ…®Ê̜Ê>««ÞÊLœÌ…Ê>VViiÀ>̜ÀÊ>˜`ÊLÀ>ŽiÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊÃ>“iÊ̈“i]ʜÀÊ̜Ê
“œÛiÊ̜œÊµÕˆVŽÞÊL>VŽÊ>˜`ÊvœÀ̅ÊLiÌÜii˜Ê̅i“Ê­Ì…ˆ˜Ž\ÊÃ̜«‡>˜`‡}œÊÌÀ>vfiÊV®°Ê
Ài>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ̅iÊ
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Part 2: Creative Thinking {x

 Ê /…iÊ«ÕÀ«œÃiʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊV…>«ÌiÀʈÃÊ̜ʅi«ÊޜÕÊ՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ʅœÜÊ̅iÃiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÃÊVœ“«i“i˜Ìʜ˜iÊ>˜œÌ…iÀ]Ê
>˜`Ê̜ʏi>À˜ÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆiÃÊvœÀÊLiVœ“ˆ˜}ʓœÀiÊivviV̈ÛiÊ>ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ°Ê­ÀˆÛˆ˜}Ê܈̅ÊޜÕÀÊ
Žˆ`ÃÊÜiÊV>˜½Ìʅi«ÊޜÕÊ܈̅°®

The Natural Balance of Generating and Evaluating

Ê /…iʅ>“>ÀŽÊœvÊ>˜ÞÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœViÃÃp̅iʜ˜iÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÊ̅>ÌÊ`ˆÃ̈˜}ՈÅiÃÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊvÀœ“ÊiÛiÀÞ`>ÞÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}pˆÃÊthe dynamic balance of divergent and convergent thinking. 6ˆ˜Vi˜ÌÊ,Õ}}ˆiÀœÊ˜œÌi`Ê̅>ÌʘiÕÀœ‡
«…ÞȜœ}ˆV>ÊÀiÃi>ÀV…Ê>««i>ÀÃÊ̜ÊVœ˜fiÀ“Ê܅>ÌÊVœ}˜ˆÌˆÛiÊ«ÃÞV…œœ}ˆÃÌÃʅ>ÛiÊLiˆiÛi`ÊvœÀÊ`iV>`iÃ]Ê

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Vœ“«i“i˜ÌÊi>V…ʜ̅iÀÊ`ÕÀˆ˜}Ê«ÀœLi“Ê܏ۈ˜}Ê>˜`Ê`iVˆÃˆœ˜Ê“>Žˆ˜}°Ê*ÀœfiVˆi˜VÞʈ˜Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê
ÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ̅iʓ>ÃÌiÀÞʜvÊ>Ê>««Àœ>V…iÃÊ>««Àœ«Àˆ>ÌiÊ̜Êi>V…Ê«…>ÃiÊ>˜`ÊΈÊˆ˜Ê“œÛˆ˜}ÊL>VŽÊ
>˜`ÊvœÀ̅ÊLiÌÜii˜Ê̅i“°£Ê

Ê 7iÊ`ifi˜iÊdivergent thinkingÊ>ÃÊa broad search for many diverse and novel alternatives°Ê/…ˆÃʈÃÊ܅>ÌÊ
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i˜ÌiÀÌ>ˆ˜Ê>Ê«œÃÈLiʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ܈̅œÕÌÊiÛ>Õ>̈˜}Ê̅i“]Ê܈ˆ˜}Ê̜ÊLiÊ>`Ûi˜ÌÕÀœÕÃÊ>˜`Ê̜Ê`ˆÃVœÛiÀʘiÜÊ«œÃÈLˆˆ‡
̈iÃÊLiޜ˜`Ê̅iÊv>“ˆˆ>ÀÊ>˜`Ê̅iʎ˜œÜ˜°Ê
Ê 7iÊ`ifi˜iÊconvergent thinkingÊ>ÃÊa focused and affirmative evaluation of novel alternatives.Ê/…ˆÃʈÃÊ܅>ÌÊ
,Õ}}ˆiÀœÊV>i`Ê̅iʍÕ`}“i˜ÌÊ«…>Ãi°ÊÌʈÃÊ>˜Ê>˜>Þ̈V>ÊÌÞ«iʜvÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]Ê`ÀˆÛi˜ÊLÞÊ̅iʘii`Ê̜ÊLÀˆ˜}ʜÀ`iÀÊ>˜`Ê
̜ʓ>ŽiÊÃi˜Ãi°Ê
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Ê ˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ÊÜiʈ˜Ìi˜Ìˆœ˜>ÞÊÃi«>À>ÌiÊ̅iÃiÊÌܜÊvœÀ“ÃʜvÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈ˜ÌœÊ>ʺ`ޘ>“ˆVÊL>>˜Vi»ÊœvÊ
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Ê ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>ÀiÊÌܜʘ>ÌÕÀ>Ê“i˜Ì>Ê«ÀœViÃÃiÃÊ̅>ÌÊ«iœ«iÊÕÃiʈ˜ÊiÛiÀÞ`>Þʏˆvi]Ê
«>À̈VՏ>ÀÞÊ܅i˜Ê>««Àœ>V…ˆ˜}Ê>ÊÌ>ÎÊ̅>Ìʅ>ÃÊÈ}˜ˆfiV>˜Vi]Ê>˜`ÊvœÀÊ܅ˆV…Ê̅iÀiʈÃÊ>ÊVi>ÀÊ`iÈÀiÊvœÀÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊ
«œÃÈLiʜÕÌVœ“i°ÊœÀÊiÝ>“«i]ʈvÊޜÕÊŜ«ÊvœÀÊ>˜Êˆ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊ«ÕÀV…>ÃipÃ>Þ]Ê>ʘiÜʅœÕÃiʜÀÊV>ÀpޜÕÊ
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ÃʜÕÀÊiÝ>“«iÃÊ`i“œ˜ÃÌÀ>Ìi]Ê«iœ«iʘ>ÌÕÀ>ÞÊÕÃiÊ̅iÃiÊÌܜʓi˜Ì>Êœ«iÀ>̈œ˜Ãʈ˜ÊiÛiÀÞ`>Þʏˆvi°Ê9iÌÊ܅i˜Ê
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Figure 6:
«ÀœViÃÃiÃÊLÞÊÃÞÃÌi“>̈V>ÞÊL>>˜Vˆ˜}Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`Ê Dynamic Balance
Vœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê of Divergence and
Convergence in
Divergence and convergence, illustrated Creative Thinking

Ê 7…>ÌÊ`œiÃÊ̅ˆÃÊÃi«>À>̈œ˜ÊœœŽÊˆŽiʈ˜Ê«À>V̈Vi¶Ê
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“i>˜ÊLÞÊ̅iÊdynamic balanceÊLiÌÜii˜Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`Ê
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Source: © 2005
fiÊÀÃÌÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i]ʓ>Žˆ˜}Ê>Ê܈`iÊÃi>ÀV…ÊvœÀʘœÛiÊˆ`i>ÃÊ>˜`Ê Puccio, Murdock &
œ«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ʘœÌʍÕ`}ˆ˜}Ê̅i“ʍÕÃÌÊÞiÌ°Ê
ÃÊÜiÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i]ÊÜiÊ Mance. Reprinted
“œÛiÊvÀœ“Ê܅>ÌʈÃÊv>“ˆˆ>ÀÊ­Ž˜œÜ˜Ê>˜ÃÜiÀÃ]ʎ˜œÜ˜Ê with permission.

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V…œœÃi°Ê˜Ê̅iÊi˜`]ÊÜiʓ>ŽiʜÕÀʘœÛiÊ>˜ÃÜiÀʈ˜ÌœÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ÊÀi>pÜiÊÌÕÀ˜Ê̅iÊÃÌÀ>˜}iʈ˜ÌœÊ̅iÊv>“ˆˆ>À°
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Moving Forward

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CHAPTER 7

Principles for Divergent and

Convergent Thinking: Becoming
a Better Creative Thinker
ÕÃÌÊ>ÃÊ̅iÊ«iÀvœÀ“>˜ViʜvÊ>˜Êi˜}ˆ˜iÊV>˜ÊLiʈ“«ÀœÛi`ÊLÞÊ>Ê}œœ`ÊÌ՘iÊÕ«]ÊÜÊV>˜ÊޜÕÀʓˆ˜`°Ê˜Ê̅ˆÃÊV…>«ÌiÀÊ
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Principles for Divergent Thinking

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Defer Judgment

Ê iviÀÀˆ˜}ʍÕ`}“i˜ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ̜ÊÃÕëi˜`ÊÎi«ÌˆVˆÃ“Ê>˜`Ê̜Êi˜ÌiÀÌ>ˆ˜Ê̅iÊ«œÌi˜Ìˆ>ÊÛ>ÕiʜvÊiÛiÀÞÊ /œÊDefer Judgmentʓi>˜ÃÊ

>ÌiÀ˜>̈ÛiÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi°Ê/…ˆÃÊV>˜ÊLiʓœÀiÊ`ˆvfiÊVՏÌÊ̅>˜ÊˆÌÊÜ՘`ÃÊ­˜œÌÊ̅>ÌÊÜi½ÀiÊÃ>ވ˜}ʈÌÊÜ՘`ÃÊi>ÃÞÊ ÌœÊ…œ`ÊiÛ>Õ>̈œ˜Ê՘̈Ê>Ê
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Part 2: Creative Thinking x£

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>˜`Ê՘ˆµÕiÊVœ“Lˆ˜>̈œ˜Ã°

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ˆÃÌi˜ÊV>ÀivՏÞÊ̜ʜ̅iÀýʈ`i>ÃÊ̜ÊÃiiʈvÊ̅iÞÊë>ÀŽÊ˜iÜʈ˜Ãˆ}…ÌÃ°Ê ÞÊ>œÜˆ˜}ÊvœÀʜ̅iÀÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊÃ̈“Տ>̈œ˜]Ê
ޜÕʎii«ÊޜÕÀʜܘÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊvÀiÅ°

Part 2: Creative Thinking xx

 Seek Novelty

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xÈ
Principles for Convergent Thinking

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Տ̈“>ÌiÊ«ÕÀ«œÃiʜvÊ̅iÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœViÃð£äÊ

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Ê œÕÀʎiÞÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÃÊ}Ո`iÊivviV̈ÛiÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}\ÊÊ
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̅iˆÀʘœÛiÌÞ°Ê

Apply Affirmative Judgment

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fiÊÀÃÌʈ˜Ã̈˜VÌʈÃÊ̜ÊVÀˆÌˆVˆâi]Ê̜ʏœœŽÊvœÀÊflÊ>ÜÃÊLivœÀiʏœœŽˆ˜}Ê>ÌʓiÀˆÌðÊ/…ˆÃʈÃʘœÌÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈Ûi°Ê
˜Þœ˜iÊ܅œÊ…>ÃÊ

Part 2: Creative Thinking xÇ

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Premature Criticisms

Part 2: Creative Thinking x™

 Keep Novelty Alive

Ê
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/œÊKeep Novelty AliveÊ
Vœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊ̅iÊÀi>ÊÛ>ÕiÊ>˜`ÊÀiiÛ>˜ViʜvÊ>˜Êœ«Ìˆœ˜°Ê˜Ê`œˆ˜}ÊÜ]Ê«iœ«iʜvÌi˜ÊLiVœ“iÊVœ˜ÃiÀÛ>̈Ûi]ÊÀiÌÀi>̈˜}Ê̜Ê
ˆÃÊ̜Ê`ivi˜`Ê̅iʵÕiÃÌÊvœÀÊ
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>ÊVÀi>̈ÛiʜÕÌVœ“iÊ܅ˆiÊ
܅>ÌÊ̅iÞÊÜiÀiʏœœŽˆ˜}ÊvœÀÊ܅i˜Ê̅iÞÊ`iVˆ`i`Ê̜Êi˜}>}iʈ˜ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}tÊ/…ˆÃÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÊÀi“ˆ˜`ÃÊÕÃʜvÊ̅iÊ
vœÀ}ˆ˜}Ê>Ê܏Ṏœ˜Ê>˜`Ê
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“>Žˆ˜}Ê`iVˆÃˆœ˜Ã°
Ê ÀœÕ«Ê`ޘ>“ˆVÃÊÌi˜`Ê̜ʈ˜VÀi>ÃiÊVœ˜vœÀ“ˆÌÞÆÊ«iœ«iÊ>ÀiÊ«Àœ˜iÊ̜ÊvœœÜÊ̅iʓ>œÀˆÌÞʍÕ`}“i˜Ì°Ê/…ˆÃÊ
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˜iÜʅ>ÃÊi“iÀ}i`°®
Ê 7…i̅iÀÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ>««Þˆ˜}ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>œ˜iʜÀʈ˜Ê>Ê}ÀœÕ«]ÊÀi“i“LiÀÊ̅>ÌÊVÀi>̈ÛiʜÕÌVœ“iÃÊ
ÀiµÕˆÀiÊÌ>Žˆ˜}ÊܓiÊÀˆÃŽ°ÊÌʈÃÊ`ˆvfiVՏÌÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiÛiʘœÛiÌÞÊ܅i˜ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ̜œÊLœÕ˜`Ê̜ÊÃ>viÌÞ°Ê"˜iÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÊˆÃÊ̜Ê
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“ˆ˜ˆ“ˆâiÊ̅iÊÀˆÃŽÃÊ«ÀiÃi˜Ìi`ʈ˜ÊˆÌ]ʜÀÊ>˜ÌˆVˆ«>ÌiÊ>˜`ʜÛiÀVœ“iÊ̅i“°Ê

Stay Focused

Ê
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/œÊStay FocusedʈÃÊ̜ʈ˜ÛiÃÌÊ
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̅iʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊ̅œÕ}…ÌÊ>˜`Ê
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i˜iÀ}ÞÊ̜ÊÃiiVÌÊ>˜`Ê`iÛiœ«Ê
̜Ê>˜>ÞâiÊ̅iÊÛ>ÀˆœÕÃÊ«œÃÈLˆˆÌˆiÃÊ܈̅Êv>ˆÀ˜iÃÃÊ>˜`ʜLiV̈ۈÌÞ]Ê>˜`Ê̅i˜Ê̜ʅ>ÛiÊ̅iÊ«iÀÈÃÌi˜ViÊ̜ÊÀifi˜i]ÊVÀ>vÌÊ
̅iÊLiÃÌÊ>ÌiÀ˜>̈Ûið
>˜`ÊÌiÃÌÊ̅iʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ̅>Ìʅ>ÛiÊLii˜ÊÃiiVÌi`°Ê
Ê
œ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ViÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ`iˆLiÀ>ÌiÊivvœÀÌÊ>˜`Ê`ˆÃVˆ«ˆ˜i°ÊÌʈÃÊ܅ÞʓœÃÌÊVÀi>̈ÛiʜÕÌVœ“iÃÊ>ÀiÊ̅iÊvÀՈÌʜvʅ>À`Ê
ܜÀŽ]Ê>˜`ÊÃi`œ“Ê̅iÊÀiÃՏÌʜvÊ>Êë>ÀŽÊœvÊ}i˜ˆÕÃ]Ê>ÃʈÌʈÃʜvÌi˜ÊÀœ“>˜ÌˆVˆâi`°Ê/…œ“>ÃÊ `ˆÃœ˜p…iʜvÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi‡
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v>“œÕÏÞÊÌiÃÌi`Ê̅œÕÃ>˜`ÃʜvÊ`ˆvviÀi˜Ìʓ>ÌiÀˆ>ÃÊ̜Êfi˜`Ê̅iÊLiÃÌʜ˜iÊvœÀÊ>ʏˆ}…ÌÊLՏLÊfi>“i˜Ì°£ÓÊÊœÀiÊÀiVi˜ÌÞ]Ê
>“iÃÊÞܘÊVÀi>Ìi`ʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Êx]äääÊ«ÀœÌœÌÞ«iÃʜÛiÀÊfiÛiÊÞi>ÀÃÊ̜Ê`iÛiœ«Ê…ˆÃʈ˜`ÕÃÌÀއV…>˜}ˆ˜}ÊÛ>VÕՓÊ
Vi>˜iÀ°£ÎÊÊ/…ˆÃÊ«À>V̈ViʈÃÊV…>À>VÌiÀˆÃ̈VʜvÊۈÀÌÕ>ÞÊ>Êi“ˆ˜i˜ÌÊVÀi>̜ÀðÊ"ÛiÀÊ̈“i]ʜvÌi˜ÊœÛiÀʓ>˜ÞÊÞi>ÀÃ]Ê

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fiʘ>Ê«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÊvœÀÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°

Check Your Objectives

Ê vÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ`ifiʘi`Ê>ÃÊ>Ê«ÕÀ«œÃivՏʓi˜Ì>Ê>V̈ۈÌÞ]Ê̅iÊ«ÕÀ«œÃiʜvÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ̜ÊLÀˆ˜}Ê>LœÕÌÊ
/œÊCheck Your ObjectivesÊ
ÀiÃՏÌÃÊ̅>ÌÊVœ“Lˆ˜iʘiܘiÃÃÊ>˜`ÊÛ>ÕiÊ>˜`Ê̅>ÌʓiiÌÊ̅iʜLiV̈ÛiÃÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊiÃÌ>LˆÃ…i`°Ê/…iÊ
…iVŽÊ9œÕÀÊ
ˆÃÊ̜ÊÃÌ>ÞÊ>Ü>Ài]Ê܅ˆiÊ
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«ÀœViÃÃÊL>VŽÊ̜ʈÌÃʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>ÊVœÕÀÃi°

Part 2: Creative Thinking ȣ

 The Wild Card Principle: Allow for Incubation

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`ÀˆÛi˜Ê>ʘ>ˆÊˆ˜ÊVÀœœŽi`Þ]ʜÀÊ«>À̈Vˆ«>Ìi`ʈ˜Ê>ʺ À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ÊÃiÃȜ˜»Êˆ˜Ê܅ˆV…Ê̅iʜ˜ÞʘiÜÊ̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌÊi“iÀ}i`Ê
Ü>ÃÊ>ʅi>`>V…i]Ê̅i˜ÊޜÕÊ՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`Ê̅>ÌÊ>Ê̜œÃʅ>ÛiÊ>ÊÀ>˜}iʜvÊivviV̈Ûi˜iÃÃÊL>Ãi`ʜ˜Ê…œÜÊÜiÊޜÕÊÕÃiÊ̅i“°
Ê *iÀ…>«ÃÊLiV>ÕÃiʈÌʈÃʘiˆÌ…iÀʅ>““iÀʘœÀÊV…>ˆ˜ÊÃ>Ü]ÊLÕÌÊܓi̅ˆ˜}Êv>ÀʓœÀiÊÃÕL̏iÊ­“œÀiʏˆŽiÊ>ʏ>̅i]Ê
«iÀ…>«Ã®]Ê À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ʈÃÊÃÕÀ«ÀˆÃˆ˜}ÞÊVœ˜ÌÀœÛiÀÈ>Êˆ˜Ê̅iÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞÊfiÊi`Ê>˜`ʈ˜Ê̅iÊ«œ«Õ>ÀÊ«ÀiÃðÊ/…iÀiÊ>ÀiÊ
ÃÌÕ`ˆiÃÊ̅>ÌÊÃÕ}}iÃÌÊ}ÀœÕ«Ê À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ʈÃʓœÀiÊivviV̈ÛiÊ̅>˜Êˆ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÃÊܜÀŽˆ˜}Ê>œ˜io>˜`Ê̅iÀiÊ>ÀiÊÃÌÕ`‡
ˆiÃÊ̅>Ìʈ˜`ˆV>ÌiÊ̅iʜ««œÃˆÌi°Ê"˜iÊÌ>Ži>Ü>ÞÊvÀœ“Ê̅ˆÃÊ`ˆÃVœÀ`ʈÃÊ̅>Ìʜ˜iÊV>˜Ê`iÈ}˜Ê>ÊÃÌÕ`ÞÊ̜ʫÀœÛiÊ>˜Þ̅ˆ˜}°Ê
­º À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ÊVÕÀiÃÊ̅iÊVœ““œ˜ÊVœ`t»Êº À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}Êcauses ̅iÊVœ““œ˜ÊVœ`t»®Ê
˜œÌ…iÀÊÌ>Ži>Ü>ÞʈÃÊ
̅>ÌʈÌʈÃʘœÌÊ>˜ÊiˆÌ…iÀɜÀÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜°Ê/…iÀiʈÃʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Êœ˜iÊÜ>ÞÊ̜Ê̅ˆ˜ŽÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ]Ê>˜`Ê܅i˜ÊÕÃi`ÊivviV̈ÛiÞ]Ê
À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ʈÃÊ>Ê«ÀœvœÕ˜`ÞÊivviV̈Ûiʓi̅œ`°
Ê œÌiÊ̅iÊ«…À>Ãiʈ˜Ê̅iÊÃi˜Ìi˜ViÊ>LœÛi\ʺ܅i˜ÊÕÃi`ÊivviV̈ÛiÞ°»Ê/…iʎiÞÃÊ̜ʓ>Žˆ˜}Ê À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ÊܜÀŽÊ
>Ài\ÊVœ˜Ûi˜ˆ˜}Ê̅iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊ}ÀœÕ«]ʅ>ۈ˜}Ê>ÊVi>ÀÞÊ`ifiʘi`ʵÕiÃ̈œ˜]Ê>˜`Ê`iˆLiÀ>ÌiÞÊvœœÜˆ˜}Ê̅iÊvœÕÀÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÃÊÅ>Ài`Êi>ÀˆiÀ°Ê/…iÃiʎiÞÃÊ>ÀiÊ`iÃVÀˆLi`ÊLiœÜ°

Part 2: Creative Thinking ÈÎ

 Gather a resource group
Ê 7iÊV>Ê̅iÊ«>À̈Vˆ«>˜ÌÃʈ˜Ê>Ê À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ÊÃiÃȜ˜Ê̅iÊresource group.Ê7…i˜ÊÃiiV̈˜}Ê̅iÊ}ÀœÕ«Ê“i“LiÀÃ]Ê
Vœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊ̅iÊV…>À>VÌiÀˆÃ̈VÃÊޜÕÊÜ>˜Ìʈ˜Ê̅iÊ}ÀœÕ«]Ê}ˆÛi˜Ê̅iÊÌ>ÎÊ>Ìʅ>˜`°ÊœÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌÊ«iœ«iÊv>“ˆˆ>ÀÊ܈̅Ê̅iÊ
ÈÌÕ>̈œ˜]ʜÀÊ«>À̈Vˆ«>˜ÌÃÊ܅œÊ…>ÛiÊ>ÊvÀiÅʫiÀëiV̈Ûi]ʜÀÊ>ʓˆÝʜvÊLœÌ…¶Ê7…œ“iÛiÀʈÃʈ˜ÛˆÌi`]ÊLiÊÃÕÀiÊ̅iÞÊ>ÀiÊ
“>`iÊ>Ü>ÀiʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÕÀ«œÃiʜvÊ̅iÊÃiÃȜ˜ÊÜÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÞÊVœ“iʓi˜Ì>ÞÊ«Ài«>Ài`ʭ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê̅iÞʎ˜œÜÊ̅iÊ«ÕÀ«œÃiÊ
œvÊ̅iʓiï˜}]Ê>ÀiÊ܈ˆ˜}Ê̜Êi˜}>}iʈ˜Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ÊiÌV°®°
Ê "ÕÀÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜Viʅ>ÃÊLii˜Ê̅>ÌÊ>Ê}ÀœÕ«Ê܈̅ÊfiÛiÊ̜Êiˆ}…Ìʓi“LiÀÃÊܜÀŽÃÊLiÃÌÊvœÀÊ À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}°Ê7ˆÌ…ÊviÜiÀÊ
̅iÀiʓ>ÞʘœÌÊLiÊi˜œÕ}…Êi˜iÀ}Þ]Ê܅ˆiʓœÀiʓ>Þʓ>ŽiʈÌÊ`ˆvfiVՏÌÊvœÀÊܓiʓi“LiÀÃÊ̜ʅ>ÛiÊ̅iˆÀÊۜˆViÃʅi>À`°

Identify and describe the task

Ê ivœÀiÊLi}ˆ˜˜ˆ˜}]Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊ̅iÊvœVÕÃÊ­}œ>®ÊœvÊ̅iÊÃiÃȜ˜Ê>˜`Ê>˜ÞʎiÞÊ`>Ì>Ê>˜`ÊL>VŽ}ÀœÕ˜`ʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜°Ê
iÃVÀˆLiÊ̅iÊÌ>ÎÊvœÀÊ܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌÊ̜Ê>««ÞÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]Ê>˜`ÊLiÊÃÕÀiÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÊ«>À̈Vˆ«>˜ÌÃÊ>ÀiÊ>Ü>ÀiÊ
œv]Ê>˜`Ê>}ÀiiÊ̜]Ê̅iÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÃÊvœÀÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê7…i˜iÛiÀÊ«œÃÈLi]ÊÃi˜`Ê̅ˆÃÊLÀˆifi˜}ʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜Ê̜Ê̅iÊ
}ÀœÕ«Ê«ÀˆœÀÊ̜Ê̅iÊÃiÃȜ˜°

Use the divergent thinking principles

Ê 7…i˜ÊÕÃi`ʈ˜Ê>Ê}ÀœÕ«]Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÃÊ­iviÀÊÕ`}“i˜Ì]ÊœÊvœÀÊ+Õ>˜ÌˆÌÞ]Ê>ŽiÊ
œ˜˜iV‡
̈œ˜Ã]Ê>˜`Ê-iiŽÊ œÛiÌÞ®Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊLi…>ۈœÀÃ]Êi˜VœÕÀ>}ˆ˜}Ê>ÊLÀœ>`ÊÃi>ÀV…ÊvœÀʓ>˜Þ]ÊÛ>Àˆi`Ê>˜`ʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>Êœ«Ìˆœ˜Ã°Ê
Ê
Ìʏi>ÃÌʜ˜iʓi“LiÀÊŜՏ`ÊLiÊV…>À}i`Ê܈̅Êi˜ÃÕÀˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌÊ̅iÊ}ÀœÕ«Ê>`…iÀiÃÊ̜Ê̅iÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iðÊvÊ̅iÊ}ÀœÕ«Ê
…>ÃÊ>Êv>VˆˆÌ>̜À]Ê̅iÊÌ>ÎÊv>ÃÊ̜Ê̅>ÌÊ«iÀܘ°Ê"̅iÀ܈Ãi]Ê>˜Þœ˜iÊv>“ˆˆ>ÀÊ܈̅Ê̅iÊ}Ո`iˆ˜iÃÊV>˜ÊŽii«Ê>˜Êi>ÀÊ
œÕÌÊvœÀÊVœÕ˜ÌiÀ«Àœ`ÕV̈ÛiÊÀi뜘Ãið

Brainstorming steps
Ê >ۈ˜}Ê«Ài«>Ài`Ê>ÃÊ>LœÛi]Êi˜}>}iʈ˜Ê À>ˆ˜Ã̜À“ˆ˜}ÊLÞÊvœœÜˆ˜}Ê̅iÃiÊÃÌi«Ã°
£°Ê *œÃÌp>˜`ÊLiÊ>Ü>Àiʜv]Ê>˜`Êi“«œÞp̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê}Ո`iˆ˜iðÊ
Ó°Ê *œÃÌp>˜`ÊÀiviÀÊ̜Ê>Ãʘii`i`p̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Ê̅>ÌʈÃÊLiˆ˜}Ê>``ÀiÃÃi`°
Î°Ê -iÌÊ>ʵ՜Ì>ÊvœÀÊ̅iʘՓLiÀʜvʈ`i>Ãɜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌÊ­xäʈÃÊ>Ê}œœ`ʜ«i˜ˆ˜}ÊÌ>À}iÌ®°
{°Ê œÊœ˜iʜvÊ̅iÊvœœÜˆ˜}°
UÊ /À>`ˆÌˆœ˜>Ê}ÀœÕ«Ê“i̅œ`\Ê}ÀœÕ«Ê“i“LiÀÃÊÃ>Þʈ`i>ÃʜÕÌʏœÕ`ÆÊ>Êv>VˆˆÌ>̜ÀʜÀÊÀiVœÀ`iÀÊV>«ÌÕÀiÃÊ
i>V…ʈ`i>ʜ˜Êflˆ«ÊV…>ÀÌÊÅiiÌÃ]ÊLÕÌV…iÀÊ«>«iÀ]Ê܅ˆÌiLœ>À`]ʜÀÊ܈̅Ê>˜ÊiiVÌÀœ˜ˆVʓi`ˆÕ“°

È{
 UÊ *œÃ̇ˆÌʓi̅œ`\Ê̜ÊVœ˜ÌÀˆLÕÌiÊ>˜Êˆ`i>]Ê>Ê}ÀœÕ«Ê“i“LiÀÊ܈\Ê>®ÊÜÀˆÌiʈÌÊ`œÜ˜Êœ˜Ê>Ê*œÃ̇ˆÌÆÊL®ÊÃ>ÞʈÌÊ
œÕÌʏœÕ`ÆÊV®Ê…>˜`Ê̅iÊ*œÃ̇ˆÌÊ̜Ê̅iÊv>VˆˆÌ>̜ÀÊ̜ʫœÃÌÊ­LiÃÌ\ʜ˜Êflʈ«ÊV…>ÀÌÊÅiiÌÃʈ˜Ê>˜ÊœÀ`iÀÞÊÜ>Þ®°
x°Ê Ê-Ì>ÞÊ܈̅ʈ̰Ê/…iʓœÀiʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>Êˆ`i>ÃÊVœ“iʜÕÌʏ>ÌiÀʈ˜Ê̅iÊ«ÀœViÃð
È°Ê Ê˜VÕL>ÌiÊ­Ì>ŽiÊ>ÊLÀi>Ž®ÊˆvʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞ]Ê̅i˜ÊÀiÌÕÀ˜Ê>˜`Ê`ˆÛiÀ}iÊ>}>ˆ˜°
Ç°Ê
``Ê>˜Êi˜…>˜Vi“i˜ÌÊÃÕV…Ê>ÃÊœÀVi`Ê
œ˜˜iV̈œ˜ÃÊ̜ÊiˆVˆÌÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊÌÞ«iÃʜvÊÀi뜘ÃiÃÊ­ÃiiÊ
…>«ÌiÀÊ
£äÊvœÀʓœÀiʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜®°
Hits

Ê
ÃÊޜÕʘœÜʎ˜œÜ]Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʓÕÃÌÊLiÊL>>˜Vi`ÊLÞÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°ÊHitsʈÃÊ>ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê̜œÊvœÀʵՈVŽÞʈ`i˜Ìˆvވ˜}Ê̅iʓœÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆÃˆ˜}ʜ«Ìˆœ˜Ã°
Ê /…iʓ>ˆ˜Êv՘V̈œ˜ÊœvʈÌÃʈÃÊ̜ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ̅>ÌÊÃÌ>˜`ʜÕÌÊ>ÃÊLiˆ˜}ʓœÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆÃˆ˜}ʜÀÊv>ۜÀ>LiÊ
>“œ˜}Ê̅œÃiÊ̅>Ìʅ>ÛiÊLii˜Ê}i˜iÀ>Ìi`Ê܈̅Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°ÊˆÌÃʈÃÊ>˜Êˆ˜ÌՈ̈ÛiÊ̜œÊvœÀÊvœVÕȘ}ʜ˜Êœ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ
̅>ÌÊ}À>LÊޜÕÀÊ>ÌÌi˜Ìˆœ˜]Ê>Àiʜ˜ÊÌ>À}iÌ]ʜÀÊÃii“Ê̜Êë>ÀŽiÊ­…iÀi]ʈÌʈÃÊ"Ê̜ÊLiÊ`ˆÃÌÀ>VÌi`ÊLÞÊň˜ÞÊ̅ˆ˜}î°Ê
Ê ˆÌÃʈÃÊ>Êȓ«iÊ̜œÆÊ>˜`ʈ˜Êv>VÌ]Êܓï“iÃÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊȓ«i°Ê9œÕÊÕÃiÊޜÕÀʈ“«ˆVˆÌÊ՘`iÀ‡
ÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}]ÊÃÕLiV̈Ûiʈ“«ÀiÃȜ˜ÃÊ>˜`ÊÌ>VˆÌʎ˜œÜi`}iÊ̜ʓ>ŽiÊޜÕÀÊÃiiV̈œ˜Ã°Ê œÊÀœVŽiÌÊÃVˆi˜ViÊÀiµÕˆÀi`ʭ՘iÃÃ]Ê
œvÊVœÕÀÃi]ÊޜÕÊareÊ>ÊÀœVŽiÌÊÃVˆi˜ÌˆÃÌ®°

Using Hits
Ê 1ÃiʈÌÃÊ̜Ê`iVˆ`iÊ܅ˆV…Êœ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊޜÕÊ܈ÊV>ÀÀÞÊvœÀÜ>À`]ÊLÞÊvœœÜˆ˜}Ê̅iÃiÊÃÌi«Ã°
£°Ê *œÃÌp>˜`ÊLiÊ>Ü>Àiʜv]Ê>˜`Êi“«œÞp̅iÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê}Ո`iˆ˜iðÊ*>ÞÊ«>À̈VՏ>ÀÊ>ÌÌi˜Ìˆœ˜Ê̜ÊÊ
º
…iVŽÊ9œÕÀÊ"LiV̈ÛiÃ]»Ê܅ˆV…ÊÀi“ˆ˜`ÃÊޜÕÊ̜ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}iÊ܈̅ÊޜÕÀʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>ʈ˜Ê“ˆ˜`°Ê
Ó°Ê *œÃÌp>˜`ÊÀiviÀÊ̜Ê>Ãʘii`i`p̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Ê̅>ÌʈÃÊLiˆ˜}Ê>``ÀiÃÃi`°
Î°Ê œœŽÊœÛiÀÊ̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ‡}i˜iÀ>Ìi`ʜ«Ìˆœ˜Ã°
{°Ê ˆÌp̅>ÌʈÃ]ʓ>ÀŽ]ÊÕȘ}Ê>ʓi̅œ`ÊÃÕV…Ê>ÃÊVœœÀi`ÊÃ̈VŽÞÊ`œÌÃp̅iʓœÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆÃˆ˜}ʜ«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ʏˆ“ˆÌˆ˜}Ê
ޜÕÀʅˆÌÃÊ̜ʣäÊ̜ÊÓä¯ÊœvÊ̅iÊ̜Ì>Ê˜Õ“LiÀÊ̅>ÌÊÜiÀiÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`°Ê­œÀÊiÝ>“«i]ʈvÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`ÊxäÊ
œ«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ÊޜÕʓ>ÞʅˆÌÊÕ«Ê̜ʣäʜvÊ̅i“°®Ê7…i˜ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}ˆ˜}ʈ˜Ê>Ê}ÀœÕ«]Êi>V…ÊÌi>“Ê“i“LiÀÊÀiViˆÛiÃÊ̅iÊ
Ã>“iʘՓLiÀʜvʅˆÌÃʭ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê£äÊ̜ÊÓä¯ÊœvÊ̅iÊ̜Ì>Ê˜Õ“LiÀʜvʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`®°Ê7ˆÌ…ÊܓiÊ}ÀœÕ«Ã]Ê
ˆÌʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊ>Ê}œœ`ʈ`i>Ê̜Êi˜VœÕÀ>}iʓi“LiÀÃÊ̜ʓ>ŽiÊ̅iˆÀÊV…œˆViÃʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>ÞÊLivœÀiÊŜ܈˜}Ê̅i“Ê
«ÕLˆVÞ]Ê̜ʅi«Êˆ“ˆÌÊ«iiÀʈ˜flÊÕi˜ViÊ>˜`Ê}ÀœÕ«Ì…ˆ˜Ž°

Part 2: Creative Thinking Èx

 After Hits: Highlighting

Ê ˜ÊܓiÊV>ÃiÃʈÌʈÃÊÛ>Õ>LiÊ̜ÊVÕÃÌiÀÊ̅iʅˆÌÃÊ̅>Ìʅ>ÛiÊLii˜ÊÃiiVÌi`ʈ˜ÌœÊ}ÀœÕ«Ã°Ê/…ˆÃʈÃÊV>i`ʈ}…ˆ}…̇
ˆ˜}]Ê>ʘ>ÌÕÀ>ÊiÝÌi˜Ãˆœ˜ÊœvʈÌð
£°Ê 7œÀŽˆ˜}ʜ˜ÞÊ܈̅Ê̅iʺ…ˆÌÃ]»ÊVÕÃÌiÀÊȓˆ>Àʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ̜}i̅iÀʈ˜ÌœÊ˜>ÌÕÀ>Ê}ÀœÕ«Ã]Ê>œÜˆ˜}Ê՘ˆµÕiÊ
ˆÌi“ÃÊ̜ÊÃÌ>˜`Ê>œ˜i°
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Moving Forward

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3 CPS: The Thinking
Skills Model
“The world we have made, as a result of
the level of thinking we have done thus
far, creates problems we cannot solve at
the same level of thinking at which we
created them.”
Albert Einstein
Çä
CHAPTER 8

Creative Problem Solving:

A Deliberate Creative Process

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What if I want to enhance my natural creativity? What if I want to be creative on purpose?
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Sidebar

Creative Problem Solving: A Brief History3

Our center—The International Center for Studies in Creativity—was founded on the pioneering work of three
individuals. Alex Osborn, an advertising executive who developed the creative thinking tool Brainstorming,
was the originator of the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) process and model. Osborn began his work on
deliberate creativity in the 1940s. In the 1950s he teamed with a college professor, Sidney Parnes, to further
develop and research CPS. The early studies carried out by Parnes demonstrated that training in the CPS
process enhanced individuals’ creative thinking skills (see: Meadow & Parnes, 1959; Meadow, Parnes, &
Reese, 1959; Parnes & Meadow, 1959, 1960). Parnes, in turn, teamed up with Ruth Noller, originally a professor
of mathematics, to design, deliver, and test the groundbreaking college curriculum in creativity at Buffalo
State College (see: Noller & Parnes, 1972; Parnes & Noller, 1972a, 1972b, 1973; Resse, Parnes, Treffinger, &
Kaltsounis, 1976). At the same time that research into the impact of CPS training was occurring, the model
itself was being modified. Lessons learned through research and application guided the evolution of the
CPS model. Although the original seven-step model introduced by Osborn in 1953 (i.e., Orientation, Prepara-
tion, Analysis, Hypothesis, Incubation, Synthesis, and Verification) has changed through the years, current
versions of the process still retain many of the hallmark features found in the early work. (For a review of
the evolution of CPS, see: Puccio et al., 2005; and Isaksen and Treffinger, 2004.)

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ÇÎ

 CPS: The Thinking Skills Model

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Figure 8

Creative Problem Solving: the Thinking Skills Model

Source: © 2006 Puccio, Murdock & Mance. Reprinted with permission.

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model Çx

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CPS in Brief: “Toy City” Case Study

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1 2 3 4
Assessing the Situation

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5
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܅i̅iÀʓœ`ˆfiÊV>̈œ˜Ãʘii`Ê̜ÊLiʓ>`iÊ̜Ê̅iÊÌÀi>̓i˜Ì°
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ÇÇ

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Toy City Assesses the Situation

Ê
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Exploring the Vision

1 2 Ê
3 4
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Formulating Challenges

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Toy City Formulates Challenges
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Formulating Solutions

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Toy City Formulates Solutions

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Exploring Acceptance
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̅i“°Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ]ÊޜÕÊÃiiVÌÊ܅ˆV…ÊœvÊ̅iʈ`i˜Ìˆfii`Ê>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌiÀÃÊÀiµÕˆÀiÊޜÕÀÊ>ÌÌi˜Ìˆœ˜]Ê>˜`Ê
…œÜÊޜÕÊ܈ÊܜÀŽÊ܈̅Ê̅i“°Ê
ÌÊ̅iÊi˜`ʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«]ÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊÌ>V̈VÃÊvœÀÊ>``ÀiÃȘ}Ê>ÃÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê
܅ˆV…Ê܈ÊLiʈ˜VœÀ«œÀ>Ìi`ʈ˜ÌœÊ̅iʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜Ê«>˜°

Toy City Explores Acceptance

Ê *œÃÈLiÊ>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃÊÜiÀiʈ`i˜Ìˆfii`]Ê܈̅Ê̅iʓœÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆ˜i˜ÌÊLiˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ̜Þʓ>˜Õv>VÌÕÀiÀÃÊ̅i“ÃiÛiÃ]Ê>˜`Ê
Vœ““iÀVˆ>ÊÀi>ÊiÃÌ>ÌiÊLÀœŽiÀðÊ"vÊ̅iʓ>˜ÞÊÀiÈÃÌiÀÃʈ`i˜Ìˆfii`ʈ˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ‡}i˜iÀ>Ìi`ʏˆÃÌ]Ê̅iʓœÃÌʈ“‡
«œÀÌ>˜Ìʜ˜iÃÊÜiÀiÊ̅iʅˆ}…iÀ‡ÛœÕ“iÊ̜ÞÊÃiiÀÃ]Ê܅œÊ“>ÞʘœÌÊviiÊ̅iʘii`Ê̜ʅ>ÛiÊ>˜ÊœÕÌÈ`iÊ«>À̘iÀ°Ê"vÊ̅iÊ
ˆ`i>ÃÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`Ê̜ʜÛiÀVœ“iÊ̅ˆÃÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê̅iÊÌܜʓœÃÌʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊÜiÀiÊ>ʏˆ“ˆÌi`ÊÌÀˆ>Ê«iÀˆœ`Ê­i°}°]ÊÃ̜ÀiÃʈ˜Ê
œ˜iÊÌiÃÌÊVˆÌÞ]ÊvœÀʜ˜iʵÕ>ÀÌiÀ]Ê܈̅ʘœÊœLˆ}>̈œ˜Ê̜ÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜Õi®]Ê>˜`Êi˜VœÕÀ>}i“i˜ÌÊ­ˆ˜Ê̅iÊvœÀ“Êœvʈ˜Vi˜ÌˆÛiîÊ
vÀœ“Ê̅iÊ«Àˆ“>ÀÞÊ>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃ]Ê̅iÊ̜Þʓ>˜Õv>VÌÕÀiÀð

nÓ
 Formulating a Plan
6 7 Ê
8
-ÕVViÃÃvՏʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜ÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ«>˜˜ˆ˜}°Ê˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«]ÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê>Ê*>˜]ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊÌ>V̈‡
V>]ʈ`i˜Ìˆvވ˜}Ê܅>Ìʘii`ÃÊ̜ÊLiÊ`œ˜iÊ>˜`ʅœÜʈÌÊ܈Ê}iÌÊ`œ˜i]Ê>Ê܅ˆiÊÀi“>ˆ˜ˆ˜}ÊVœ}˜ˆâ>˜Ìʜv]Ê
>˜`Ê̜iÀ>˜Ìʜv]Ê̅iÊÀˆÃŽÃÊ̅>ÌÊVœ“iÊ܈̅ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊV…>˜}i°Ê
Ê /…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ]ÊޜÕʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>Ê̅iÊ«œÃÈLiÊ>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊÀiµÕˆÀi`Ê̜ʈ“«i“i˜ÌÊ̅iÊ
܏Ṏœ˜]ʈ˜VÕ`ˆ˜}Ê܅>Ìʘii`ÃÊ̜ÊLiÊ`œ˜i]ÊLÞÊ܅i˜]Ê>˜`ÊLÞÊ܅œ“°Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÞ]ÊޜÕʜÀ}>˜ˆâiÊ̅iÃiÊ
ÃÌi«Ãʈ˜ÌœÊ>ÊVœ“«Ài…i˜ÃˆÛiʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜Ê«>˜]Ê̅iÊÃÌÀÕVÌÕÀiʜvÊ܅ˆV…ʈÃÊ`iÌiÀ“ˆ˜i`ÊLÞÊ̅iÊÌÞ«iʜvÊ«ÀœiVÌ°Ê
ÌÊ
̅iÊi˜`ʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«]ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊÀi>`ÞÊ̜ʈ“«i“i˜ÌÊ̅iÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ܏Ṏœ˜°

Toy City Formulates a Plan

Ê /œÞÊ
ˆÌÞÊVÀi>Ìi`Ê>ʘiÜÊv՘V̈œ˜Êˆ˜Ãˆ`iʜvʈÌÃʓ>ÀŽï˜}Ê}ÀœÕ«Ê̜ʫÕÀÃÕiÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ«>À̘iÀň«ÃÆÊvœÀ“i`Ê>˜Ê
>`ʅœVÊÌi>“ʈ˜ÊˆÌÃÊÀi>ÊiÃÌ>ÌiÊ}ÀœÕ«Ê̜ʏœV>ÌiÊÌi“«œÀ>ÀÞÊë>Viʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊ>˜`ʘi}œÌˆ>Ìiʏi>ÃiÃÆÊ>˜`Ê>Îi`ÊՓ>˜Ê
,iÜÕÀViÃÊ̜ÊVÀi>ÌiÊ>ÊÌÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê«Àœ}À>“ÊvœÀÊ̅iÊi“«œÞiiÃʜvÊ«>À̘iÀÊÃ̜ÀiÃÊ̅>ÌÊܜՏ`ʘœÜÊLiÊÃiˆ˜}Ê/œÞÊ
ˆÌÞÊ
«Àœ`ÕVÌðÊiÌ>ˆi`Ê>V̈œ˜Ê«>˜ÃÊÜiÀiÊVÀi>Ìi`ÊLÞÊi>V…Ê}ÀœÕ«]Ê܈̅Êi>V…ʈ˜ˆÌˆ>̈Ûiʅ>ۈ˜}ʈÌÃʜܘʫ>˜Ê>˜`Ê«ÀœiVÌÊ
“>˜>}iÀ°Ê Õ`}iÌÃÊ>˜`ÊÌ>À}iÌÃÊÜiÀiÊiÃÌ>LˆÃ…i`]Ê>˜`Ê̅iʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜ÊܜÀŽÊÜ>ÃÊÀi>`ÞÊ̜ÊLi}ˆ˜°

CPS in Brief, Debrief

Ê ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÃiV̈œ˜]ÊÜiÊÜ>Ži`ÊޜÕÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê
*-ÊÃÌi«‡LއÃÌi«]Ê`iÃVÀˆLˆ˜}Êi>V…Ê«ÀœViÃÃÊÃÌi«ÊLœÌ…Ê}i˜iÀˆV>ÞÊ
>˜`ʈ˜Ê̅iÊVœ˜ÌiÝÌʜvÊ>ÊfiÊV̈œ˜>ÊiÝ>“«i°Ê/…ˆÃÊ>œÜi`ÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÃiiÊ
*-ÊLœÌ…ʈ˜Ê܅œiÊ>˜`ʈ˜Ê«>ÀÌ]Ê܅ˆV…ÊÜiÊ
…œ«iÊÃÕ}}iÃÌÃÊ̜ÊޜÕÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊÕÃiÊ
*-ÊLœÌ…ʈ˜Ê܅œiÊ­iÛiÀÞÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊÃÌi«®]Ê>˜`ʈ˜Ê«>ÀÌÊ­œ˜ÞÊ̅iÊÃÌi«ÃÊ̅>ÌÊ
>Àiʘii`i`®°Ê/>LiʣʫÀœÛˆ`iÃÊ>ÊÃՓ“>ÀÞʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊÃÌi«Ã°

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model nÎ

Table 1
Overview of the CPS Process Steps
Step Purpose
Assessing the Situation To describe and identify relevant
data.
To determine the next process
step.
Exploring the Vision To develop a vision of a desired
outcome.
Formulating Challenges To identify the gaps that must
be closed to achieve the desired
outcome.
Exploring Ideas To generate novel ideas that ad-
dress important challenges.
Formulating Solutions To move from ideas to solutions.
n{
Divergence
Generate a large amount of
data by asking and recording
answers to questions that will
help you gather information from
sources both objective (observa-
tions, facts, sensory elements)
and subjective (hunches, feel-
ings, opinions).
Generate a list of goals, wishes,
challenges, and opportunities.
Begin each with an affirmative
statement starter: “I wish...” or
“It would be nice if....”
Generate a list of problems
that need to be solved in order
to achieve the vision. Begin
each with an affirmative state-
ment starter: “How to...,” “How
might...,” “What might…,” or “In
what ways might....”
Generate many ideas for solving
the problem.
Generate a list of pluses, po-
tentials, concerns, and ways to
overcome the concerns; create
prototypes to test the solution.
Convergence
Select the most important data,
i.e., the information that looks
most relevant to the situation
you are facing. You can also
cluster the data and label each
cluster to help organize and make
sense of it.
Determine if the problem identi-
fied is a good match for the CPS
process; if so, make a decision
about where to go next in the
CPS process.
Select the statement that best
identifies the vision; improve
the statement, if needed, until it
expresses precisely the desired
future state.
Select the statement that best
expresses a problem that needs
to be solved in order to reach
the desired future; improve the
statement, if needed, until it ex-
presses the problem precisely.
Select the most promising ideas,
remembering to keep novelty
alive.
By accepting and rejecting
various aspects of the develop-
ing solution, make incremental
improvements to the potential
solution.
Exit with...
At the end of this step, you will
have a clear picture of the most
relevant data that characterize
the situation you are facing.
At the end of this step, you will
have a decision whether or not
CPS is the right approach for the
situation and, if so, a direction
(where to go next).
At the end of this step, you will
have a goal, wish, challenge,
or opportunity, expressed as a
broad, brief, and beneficial state-
ment that begins with one of the
statement starters.
At the end of this step, you will
have one or more problems you
wish to work on, in the form of
concise, affirmative statements
that begin with one of the state-
ment starters.
At the end of this step, you will
have one or more ideas which
can be developed into imple-
mentable solutions.
At the end of this step, you will
have created an implementable
solution.
 Step Purpose Divergence Convergence Exit with...

Exploring Acceptance
Formulating a Plan
To increase the likelihood of
success
To develop an implementation
plan
Make a list of potential sources
of assistance and resistance.
Include people, resources and
circumstances (timing, loca-
tion, etc.)
Generate a list of everything that
will need to be done, including
these details for each action:
what needs to be done, who will
do it, when it needs to be done,
what steps precede it, and who
is notified upon completion.
Include steps that involve ac-
ceptance (the work you did on
assisters and resisters) from the
previous step.
Identify key assisters and re-
sisters. List ways to overcome
key resisters and ways to take
advantage of key assisters.
Review the list of action items.
Remove those that do not need
to be included in the plan, and
combine steps that should be
combined. List the action items in
order, from start to fi nish, along
with the pertinent details.
At the end of this step, you will
have determined how to enlist
assisters and overcome resist-
ers, so that you are ready to
create an implementation ac-
tion plan.
At the end of this step, you will
have a fully-formed action plan
for implementation of the solu-
tion.

Moving Forward

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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model nx

nÈ
CHAPTER 9

Applying Creative Problem Solving

in Your Life

œÜÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊLii˜Êˆ˜ÌÀœ`ÕVi`Ê̜Ê̅iÊÃÌÀÕVÌÕÀiʜvÊ
Ài>̈ÛiÊ*ÀœLi“Ê-œÛˆ˜}]ʈ˜VÕ`ˆ˜}Ê̅iÊÃÌ>}iÃÊ>˜`Ê
ÃÌi«Ã]ÊÜiÊܜՏ`ʏˆŽiÊޜÕÊ̜ÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜ViʅœÜʈÌÊ>VÌÕ>ÞÊܜÀŽÃÊ܅i˜Ê>««ˆi`Ê̜Ê>ÊÀi>‡ˆviÊ«ÀœLi“p̜Ê
Ì>ŽiÊ̅iÊ
*-Ê«ÀœViÃÃÊvœÀÊ>ÊÌiÃÌÊ`ÀˆÛi°Ê7iÊ܈ÊVœ>V…ÊޜÕÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iʈ˜ˆÌˆ>Ê“iÌ>‡ÃÌi«ÊœvÊ
ÃÃiÃȘ}Ê̅iÊ
-ˆÌÕ>̈œ˜]ÊvœœÜi`ÊLÞÊ̅iÊÈÝÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊÃÌi«Ã]ÊÕȘ}Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ViÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ViÊÃi«>À>ÌiÞÊ>ÌÊi>V…ÊÃÌi«Ê­Ãiiʈ}ÕÀiÊ
™ÊvœÀÊ>Ê}Ո`i®°
Ê ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊV…>«ÌiÀÊޜÕÊ܈ÊLiÊ>Îi`Ê>ʘՓLiÀʜvʵÕiÃ̈œ˜ÃÊ܅ˆV…Ê܈ÊÀiµÕˆÀiÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ
In this chapter you will be asked a number of questions which will require that you
ÀiVœÀ`ÊޜÕÀÊ>˜ÃÜiÀðʭ9iÃ]ÊޜÕʓÕÃÌÊV>«ÌÕÀiÊ̅i“ʈ˜ÊܓiÊÜ>Þ°Ê/…iÞÊV>˜˜œÌÊi݈ÃÌÊ
œ˜Þʈ˜ÊޜÕÀʅi>`°®Ê
…œœÃiÊ܅>ÌiÛiÀÊÀiVœÀ`ˆ˜}ʓi̅œ`ʈÃʓœÃÌÊVœ˜Ûi˜ˆi˜ÌʜÀÊ
Vœ˜`ÕVˆÛi\ÊL>˜ŽÊÅiiÌÃʜvÊ«>«iÀ]Êflʈ«ÊV…>ÀÌÃ]Ê܅ˆÌiÊLœ>À`]ÊiiVÌÀœ˜ˆVÊ`œVՓi˜Ì]Ê
iÌV°

Allowing for Incubation: the Wildcard Principle

Ê
ÃÊޜÕÊÃÌi«Ê̅œÕ}…Ê̅iÊ
*-Ê«ÀœViÃÃʜ˜Ê̅iÊ«>}iÃÊ̅>ÌÊvœœÜ]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊÕÃiÊ
As you step though the CPS process on the pages that follow, you will use
`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê >V…Ê̈“iÊޜÕÊ`œ]ÊÜiÊ܈ÊÀi“ˆ˜`ÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÕÃiÊ
divergent and convergent thinking. Each time you do, we will remind you to use
̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iðÊ"˜iÊ«Àˆ˜Vˆ«iÊ̅>ÌÊ܈Ê˜œÌÊLiÊiÝ«ˆVˆÌÞÊ
the divergent and convergent principles. One principle that will not be explicitly
“i˜Ìˆœ˜i`ʈÃÊ܅>ÌÊÜiÊV>Ê̅iʺ܈`V>À`Ê«Àˆ˜Vˆ«i]»Ê
œÜÊvœÀʘVÕL>̈œ˜]ÊLÕÌÊÜiÊ
mentioned is what we call the “wildcard principle,” Allow for Incubation, but we
i˜VœÕÀ>}iÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÕÃiʈ̰Ê
ÌÊ>˜ÞÊ«œˆ˜Ìʈ˜Ê̅iÊ«ÀœViÃÃ]Ê܅i˜ÊޜÕʘii`Ê>ÊLÀi>ŽÊœÀÊ܅i˜Ê
encourage you to use it. At any point in the process, when you need a break or when
ޜÕʘii`Ê̜Ê`œÊܓi̅ˆ˜}ÊiÃi]ʈÌʈÃÊ>VVi«Ì>Li]ʘ>ÌÕÀ>]Ê>˜`ʅi«vՏÊ̜ÊÃÌi«Ê>Ü>ÞÊvÀœ“Ê
you need to do something else, it is acceptable, natural, and helpful to step away from
̅iÊ«ÀœViÃðÊ9œÕÊ܈ÊÀiÌÕÀ˜Ê̜Ê̅iÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊÀiÃÌi`Ê>˜`ʓœÀiʓi˜Ì>ÞÊÀi>`Þ]Ê>˜`Ê܅ˆiÊ
the process. You will return to the process rested and more mentally ready, and while
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you are away, your mind will likely work on the problem on its own. Talk about your
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model nÇ

Figure 9

CPS Process Practice

Source: © 2006 Puccio, Murdock & Mance. Reprinted with permission.

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1. Assessing the Situation

Identifying a Problem for Creative Thinking

Ê /œÊLi}ˆ˜]ÊޜÕÊ܈Êˆ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>ÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Êˆ˜ÊޜÕÀʏˆvi]ÊiˆÌ…iÀÊ«iÀܘ>ÊœÀÊ«ÀœviÃȜ˜>]Ê̅>ÌÊܜՏ`ÊLi˜ifiÊÌÊvÀœ“Ê
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Diverge:Ê>ŽiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvÊ«œÃÈLiÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÃÊ̜Ê܅ˆV…Ê
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ܓiʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Ã°Ê
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UÊ 7…>ÌÊܜՏ`ÊޜÕʏˆŽiÊ̜Ê`œÊ“œÀiʜvʜÀÊ`œÊLiÌÌiÀ¶Ê
UÊ 7…>ÌÊV…>i˜}iÃʓÕÃÌÊޜÕÊ>``ÀiÃöÊ

Converge:ÊÀœ“Ê̅iʏˆÃÌʜvÊ«œÃÈLiÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ã]ÊÃiiVÌʜ˜iÊ̜ÊܜÀŽÊœ˜]ÊÛiÀˆvވ˜}Ê̅>ÌʈÌÊfiÊÌÃÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊvœœÜ‡
ˆ˜}ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>°Ê

UÊ /…iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊˆÃÊÃÕvfiÊVˆi˜ÌÞÊLÀœ>`ʭ̅>ÌʈÃ]ʈÌʅ>ÃÊÃÕvfiÊVˆi˜ÌÊÃVœ«iÊvœÀÊiÝ«œÀ>̈œ˜Ê>˜`Ê`ˆÃVœÛiÀÞ®°
UÊ /…iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊˆÃʜ«i˜‡i˜`i`ʭ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê̅iÀiʈÃʘœÊœ˜iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊ>˜ÃÜiÀ®°
UÊ 9œÕÊ>ÀiÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“ʜܘiÀʭ̅>ÌʈÃ]ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ̅iÊ«iÀܘÊÀi뜘ÈLiÊvœÀÊÌ>Žˆ˜}Ê>V̈œ˜®°
UÊ 9œÕÊ>ÀiʓœÌˆÛ>Ìi`Ê̜ÊܜÀŽÊœ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ê­Ì…>ÌʈÃ]ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ܈ˆ˜}Ê̜ʈ˜ÛiÃÌÊ̅iʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞÊ̈“iÊ>˜`Ê
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model n™

 Ê 9œÕʓ>Þʅ>ÛiʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Êœ˜iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ê̅>ÌÊfiÌÃÊ̅iÃiÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>°ÊvÊÜ]ÊV…œœÃiÊ̅iʜ˜iÊvœÀÊ܅ˆV…ÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊ̅iÊ
“œÃÌÊi˜iÀ}Þ°Ê/…iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊޜÕÊÃiiVÌÊ܈ÊLiÊV>ÀÀˆi`ÊvœÀÜ>À`Ê̜Ê̅iʘiÝÌÊÃÌi«°
Ê œÌi\ʘÊޜÕÀÊvÕÌÕÀiÊÕÃiʜvÊ
*-]ÊޜÕʓ>ÞʘœÌʘii`Ê̜ÊÃV>˜ÊޜÕÀʏˆviÊvœÀÊ«ÀœLi“ÃÆÊÀ>̅iÀ]ÊÜiÊV>˜Ê>ÃÃÕÀiÊ
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܈Ê˜ii`Ê̜ÊLiÊÃÕÀiÊ̅>ÌÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê“iiÌÃÊ̅iÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>°ÊvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê“iiÌÃÊ̅œÃiÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>]Ê̅i˜ÊޜÕÊ
܈ÊŽ˜œÜʈÌʈÃÊ>˜Ê>««Àœ«Àˆ>ÌiÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ê̜Ê>««ÞÊ
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Divergent GuidelinesÊ Gathering Data—Divergent Phase: Identify Important Data

Defer judgment,
Go for quantity, Make Ê ÞÊ}>̅iÀˆ˜}Ê`>Ì>]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊLi}ˆ˜Ê̜Ê`iÛiœ«Ê>Ê`ii«iÀÊ՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}ʜvÊ̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊޜÕʍÕÃÌÊÃiiVÌi`Ê­ÃiiÊ
connections, Seek novelty º£»Êˆ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiʙ®°Ê/…iÀivœÀi]Ê>ÊVÀˆÌˆV>Ê>ëiVÌʜvÊ
ÃÃiÃȘ}Ê̅iÊ-ˆÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊˆÃÊ`iÛiœ«ˆ˜}Ê>Ê`ii«Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}ʜvÊ܅>ÌÊ
ˆÃʅ>««i˜ˆ˜}°Ê,i“i“LiÀ]Ê«ÀiÃVÀˆ«Ìˆœ˜Ê܈̅œÕÌÊ`ˆ>}˜œÃˆÃʈÃʓ>«À>V̈Vi°

Ê Diverge:Ê,i>`Ê̅ÀœÕ}…Ê>Ê̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜ÃÊLiœÜ]ÊÀi뜘`ˆ˜}Ê̜Ê̅œÃiÊ̅>ÌÊfiÌÊޜÕÀÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜°Ê-ÌÀiÌV…ÊޜÕÀÊ
“ˆ˜`Ê̜ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>˜`ÊV>«ÌÕÀiÊ>Ãʓ>˜ÞÊ`>Ì>Ê«œˆ˜ÌÃÊ>ÃÊ«œÃÈLi°Ê iÊÃÕÀiÊ̜ÊvœœÜÊ̅iÊ}Ո`iˆ˜iÃÊvœÀÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°

UÊ 7…œÊˆÃʈ˜ÛœÛi`ʈ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜¶Ê7…œÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>ÌʈÃʅ>««i˜ˆ˜}¶Ê7…>ÌÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>ÌʈÃÊV>ÕȘ}ʈ̶Ê7…>ÌÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…iÀiʈÃÊ̅ˆÃʜVVÕÀÀˆ˜}Ê­œÀʘœÌʜVVÕÀÀˆ˜}®¶Ê7…iÀiÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…i˜ÊˆÃÊ̅ˆÃʜVVÕÀÀˆ˜}Ê­œÀʘœÌʜVVÕÀÀˆ˜}®¶Ê7…i˜ÊiÃi¶
UÊ œÜÊ>ÀiÊޜÕÊLiˆ˜}Ê>vviVÌi`¶Ê
UÊ œÜÊ>Àiʜ̅iÀÃÊLiˆ˜}Ê>vviVÌi`¶
UÊ œÜʅ>ÛiÊޜÕÊÌÀˆi`Ê̜Ê܏ÛiʈÌÊÜÊv>À¶ÊœÜÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʅ>À`Ê`>Ì>Ê`œÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊ>LœÕÌÊ̅ˆÃ¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜Ê`œÊޜÕʘœÌʅ>Ûi¶Ê7…>ÌʈÃÊ՘Ž˜œÜ˜Ê̜Êޜն
UÊ œÜÊ`œiÃÊ̅ˆÃÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ê“>ŽiÊޜÕÊvii¶
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UÊ 7…>Ìʅ՘V…iÃÊ`œÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊ>LœÕÌÊ̅ˆÃ¶Ê

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 UÊ œÜʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌʈÃÊ܏ۈ˜}Ê̅ˆÃÊ̜Êޜն
UÊ "̅iÀʜLÃiÀÛ>̈œ˜Ã]Ê̅œÕ}…ÌÃ]Êviiˆ˜}Ão°

Gathering Data—Convergent Phase: Select Key Data

Convergent GuidelinesÊ
Apply affirmative judgment,
Ê "vÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊ`>Ì>ÊޜÕÊ}>̅iÀi`ʈ˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊÃÌ>}i]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê`iÌiÀ“ˆ˜iÊ܅ˆV…Ê>ÀiÊ̅iʓœÃÌÊÀiiÛ>˜ÌÊ̜Ê̅iÊ
Keep novelty alive, Check
ÈÌÕ>̈œ˜]Ê܅ˆV…Ê“ÕÃÌÊLiÊÌ>Ži˜Êˆ˜ÌœÊ>VVœÕ˜Ì]Ê>˜`Ê܅ˆV…Ê>ÀiʎiÞÊ̜Ê̅iÊÀi܏Ṏœ˜ÊœvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“ÊޜÕʈ`i˜ÌˆfiÊi`°
your objectives, Stay focused
Ê Converge: ˆÀÃÌ]ʓ>ÀŽÊi>V…ÊŽiÞʈÌi“°Ê­œÜÊޜÕÊ`œÊ̅ˆÃÊ܈Ê`i«i˜`ʜ˜Ê…œÜÊޜÕÊÀiVœÀ`i`Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
ˆÃÌ°Ê"˜Ê«>«iÀ]ÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊÕÃiÊ>˜Ê>ÃÌiÀˆÃŽ°Ê"˜Ê>Êflʈ«ÊV…>ÀÌÊ«>`]Ê>ÊVœœÀi`ÊÃ̈VŽÞÊ`œÌ°Ê"˜Ê>Ê܅ˆÌiÊLœ>À`]Ê>ÊV…iVŽÊ
“>ÀŽÊˆ˜Ê>Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊVœœÀ°Ê ÌV°®Ê/…i˜]ÊÜÀˆÌiÊ>ÊÃՓ“>ÀÞʜvʅœÜÊޜÕʘœÜÊÃiiÊ̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊ̅iÊ
«ÀœLi“Êë>Vi]ʏˆÃÌÊ̅iʎiÞÊ«ˆiViÃʜvÊ`>Ì>Ê̅>Ìʘii`Ê̜ÊLiÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀi`]ÊiÌV°

Metacognitive—Determine Where to Go Next

Ê 7…i˜iÛiÀÊޜÕÊÕÃiÊ̅iÊ
*-Ê«ÀœViÃÃ]Ê
ÃÃiÃȘ}Ê̅iÊ-ˆÌÕ>̈œ˜Êi˜`ÃÊ܈̅Ê`iÌiÀ“ˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê̅iʘiÝÌÊ«ÀœViÃÃÊÃÌ>}i°Ê
˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÜ>ŽÌ…ÀœÕ}…]ÊÜiÊÀiVœ““i˜`ÊޜÕÊLi}ˆ˜Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊ
>ÀˆfiÊV>̈œ˜Ê-Ì>}i°

2. Clarification Stage

About this Stage:ʈÛi˜Ê̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Êë>ViÊޜÕʅ>Ûiʈ`i˜ÌˆfiÊi`Ê>˜`Ê̅iÊ`>Ì>ÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀi`]ÊޜÕÊ

܈Ê˜œÜÊV>ÀˆvÞÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜°Ê˜Ê̅iÊfiÊÀÃÌÊV>ÀˆfiÊV>̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«]Ê Ý«œÀˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ6ˆÃˆœ˜]ÊޜÕÊ܈Êˆ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ̅iÊ`iÈÀi`Ê
œÕÌVœ“iÃÆʈ˜Ê̅iÊÃiVœ˜`ÊÃÌi«]ÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê
…>i˜}iÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Êˆ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ̅iʜLÃÌ>ViÃÊ̅>ÌʓÕÃÌÊLiʜÛiÀVœ“iʈ˜Ê
œÀ`iÀÊ̜ÊÀi>V…Ê̅iÊۈȜ˜Ê­Ãiiʺӻʈ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiʙ®°ÊœÀÊi>V…ÊœvÊ̅iÃiÊÌܜÊÃÌi«Ã]Ê>ÃÊ>Ü>ÞÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê`ˆÛiÀ}iÊ>˜`Ê̅i˜Ê
Vœ˜ÛiÀ}i°

Exploring the Vision—Divergent Phase: Generate Wish Statements Divergent GuidelinesÊ

Defer judgment,
Ê 7…>ÌʈÃÊޜÕÀÊvÕÌÕÀiÊۈȜ˜]ʈ˜ÊÀi}>À`Ê̜Ê̅iÊVÕÀÀi˜ÌÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜¶Ê˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ«…>ÃiʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê Go for quantity, Make
ÕÃiÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀÃʺÊÜ>˜Ìo»]ʺÊ܈Åo»]ʜÀʺÌÊܜՏ`ÊLiÊ}Ài>Ìʈvo»Ê̜ÊV>«ÌÕÀiÊ>ÊޜÕÀÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊۈȜ˜Ã]Ê connections, Seek novelty
>˜`Ê̅iÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊÜ>ÞÃÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊiÝ«ÀiÃÃÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜°Ê
Ê œÀÊiÝ>“«i\ÊʈvÊޜÕÊÜiÀiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>LœÕÌÊ>ÊV>ÀiiÀÊV…>˜}i]ÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊ}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ܈ÅÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃʏˆŽiÊ̅iÃi\

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ™£


Convergent GuidelinesÊ
Apply affirmative judgment,
Keep novelty alive, Check
your objectives, Stay focused
*-°Ê
œ˜Ãˆ`iÀˆ˜}ʜ˜ÞÊ̅iʓ>ÀŽi`ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃ]Ê«>ViÊ>˜œÌ…iÀʓ>ÀŽÊ˜iÝÌÊ̜Ê̅œÃiÊ̅>ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiʈ“>}ˆ˜>̈œ˜Ê
Divergent GuidelinesÊ
Defer judgment,
Go for quantity, Make
connections, Seek novelty
™Ó
UÊ ÌÊܜՏ`ÊLiÊ}Ài>ÌÊ̜Êfi˜`Ê>ʘiÜÊV>ÀiiÀÊ̅>ÌÊLiÌÌiÀʓ>ÌV…iÃʓÞÊΈÃ°
UÊ Ê܈ÅÊʅ>`Ê>ʍœLÊ̅>ÌÊÊÜ>ÃÊ«>ÃȜ˜>ÌiÊ>LœÕÌ°
UÊ ÊÜ>˜ÌÊ̜ʏœÛiʓÞÊܜÀŽ°
UÊ Ê܈ÅÊÊVœÕ`Êfi˜`Ê>ÊV>ÀiiÀÊÊi˜œÞÊ>˜`ʓ>ŽiÊ>ÃʓÕV…Ê“œ˜iÞÊ>ÃÊÊ`œÊ˜œÜ°
Diverge:Ê>ŽiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvÊ܈ÅÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃ]ÊvœœÜˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ}Ո`iˆ˜iÃÊvœÀÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Êi˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>Ìʏi>ÃÌÊ
£xÊ܈ÅÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃ]ÊLÕÌÊ`œ˜½Ìʏˆ“ˆÌÊޜÕÀÃivÆʓœÀiʈÃÊLiÌÌiÀ°
Exploring the Vision—Convergent Phase: Select Wish Statements
Ê 9œÕÊ܈Ê˜œÜÊÃiiVÌʜ˜iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ̅>ÌÊ܈ÊLiÊÕÃi`Ê>ÃÊ>ÊvœVÕÃÊvœÀÊޜÕÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ«ÀœLi“‡ÃœÛˆ˜}ÊivvœÀÌðÊ
Ê Converge: ˆÀÃÌ]ÊÀiۈiÜÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊ>˜`Ê«>ViÊ>ÊV…iVŽÊ“>ÀŽÊœÀÊ>ÃÌiÀˆÃŽÊ˜iÝÌÊ̜Ê̅œÃiÊ̅>ÌÊLiÃÌÊ
V>«ÌÕÀiÊ̅iÊ`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Êˆ˜Ê܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊ܈ÅÊ̜ʓœÛi°Ê9œÕÊ܈Ê˜œÜʘ>ÀÀœÜÊ`œÜ˜ÊޜÕÀʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊLÞÊV…iVŽˆ˜}ÊvœÀÊfiÌÊ
܈̅Ê
œÀʘiÜÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°ÊvÊޜÕʎ˜œÜʅœÜÊ̜Ê`œÊˆÌ]Ê`œ˜½ÌÊ«ÕÌÊ>ʓ>ÀŽÊ˜iÝÌÊÌœÊˆÌ°Ê iÝÌ]ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀˆ˜}ʜ˜ÞÊ̅œÃiÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊ
܈̅ÊÌܜʓ>ÀŽÃ]Ê>``Ê>Ê̅ˆÀ`ʓ>ÀŽÊ˜iÝÌÊ̜Ê̅œÃiÊvœÀÊ܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ̅iÊ«Àˆ“>ÀÞÊ`iVˆÃˆœ˜Ê“>ŽiÀÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê܅iÀiÊ
ޜÕÊV>˜ÊÌ>ŽiÊ>V̈œ˜Ê܈̅œÕÌÊ«iÀ“ˆÃȜ˜ÊvÀœ“ʜ̅iÀðʈ˜>Þ]ʏœœŽˆ˜}Ê>Ìʜ˜ÞÊ̅œÃiÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊ܈̅Ê̅Àiiʓ>ÀŽÃ]Ê
V…œœÃiʜ˜iÊ̜ÊܜÀŽÊœ˜°ÊvÊޜÕʅ>ÛiʓՏ̈«iʜ«Ìˆœ˜ÃÊvÀœ“Ê܅ˆV…Ê̜ÊV…œœÃi]ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʜ˜iÊ̅>ÌÊV>«ÌÕÀiÃÊޜÕÀÊ
ˆ“>}ˆ˜>̈œ˜]Ê}iÌÃÊޜÕÊiÝVˆÌi`]ʜÀʈÃʓœÃÌÊ`iÃVÀˆ«ÌˆÛiʜvÊޜÕÀÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀiʈ˜ÊÀi}>À`Ê̜Ê̅iÊ«ÀiÃi˜ÌÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜°Ê

ÌiÀÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜Ì]ʈvʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞ]ÊÜÊ̅>ÌʈÃÊiÝ«ÀiÃÃiÃÊVœ˜VˆÃiÞÊ܅>ÌʈÌʈÃÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiÛi°Ê
Ê At the End of this Step: 7ÀˆÌiÊ`œÜ˜Ê̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊޜÕÊÃiiVÌi`°Ê/…ˆÃʈÃÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜Ì]Ê܅ˆV…Ê܈Ê
LiÊV>ÀÀˆi`ÊvœÀÜ>À`Ê̜Ê̅iʘiÝÌÊÃÌi«°
Formulating Challenges—Divergent Phase: Generate Challenge Statements
Ê œÜÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕʅ>Ûiʜ˜iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌʜvÊ̅iÊۈȜ˜ÊœÀʜÕÌVœ“iÊޜÕÊ`iÈÀi]ʈÌʈÃÊ̈“iÊ̜ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ̅iÊ}>«ÃÊLiÌÜii˜Ê
ޜÕÀÊVÕÀÀi˜ÌÊÀi>ˆÌÞÊ>˜`ÊޜÕÀÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀi°Ê7…i˜Ê`œˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊœœŽÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊvÀœ“Ê>Ãʓ>˜ÞÊ>˜}iÃÊ
>ÃÊ«œÃÈLi]ÊÕȘ}Ê̅iÊ`>Ì>ÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`Êi>ÀˆiÀÊ̜ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊܓiʜvÊ̅iÃiÊV…>i˜}iðÊ/œÊ`œÊ̅ˆÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ
V…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊÕȘ}Ê̅iÊvœÕÀÊ>vfiÀ“>̈ÛiÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀÃ\
 UÊ ºœÜÊ̜o»Ê­Óo®
UÊ ºœÜʓˆ}…Ìo»Ê­o®
UÊ º˜Ê܅>ÌÊÜ>ÞÃʓˆ}…Ìo»Ê­77o®
UÊ º7…>Ìʓˆ}…Ìo»Ê­7o®

œÀÊiÝ>“«i\ʈvÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜ÊˆÃÊ̜ʜܘÊ>ÊÛ>V>̈œ˜Ê…œ“i]ÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊ}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃʏˆŽiÊ̅iÃi\Ê

UÊ ÓÊfiʘ`Ê>ÊÃՈÌ>LiʏœV>̈œ˜
UÊ ÊÜiʵÕ>ˆvÞÊvœÀÊ>ʓœÀÌ}>}i
UÊ ÊÜiÊÃ>ÛiÊi˜œÕ}…ÊvœÀÊ>Ê`œÜ˜Ê«>ޓi˜Ì

Ê Diverge:Êii«ˆ˜}ÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ܅iÀiÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊÃiiʈÌ]Ê}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvÊV…>i˜}iÃÊ̅>ÌʓÕÃÌÊLiÊ
>``ÀiÃÃi`Ê̜ÊLÀˆ˜}Ê>LœÕÌÊ̅ˆÃÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀi°Ê,i“i“LiÀÊ̜ÊvœœÜÊ̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê}Ո`iˆ˜iðÊi˜iÀ>ÌiÊ
>Ìʏi>ÃÌÊÓäÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊ­“œÀiʈvÊޜÕÊV>˜®]ÊLi}ˆ˜˜ˆ˜}Êi>V…Ê܈̅ʜ˜iʜvÊ̅iÊvœÕÀÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀð

Formulating Challenges—Convergent Phase: Select Challenge Statements Convergent GuidelinesÊ

Apply affirmative judgment,
Ê Àœ“Ê̅iʏˆÃÌʜvÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê˜œÜÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʜ˜iÃÊ̅>ÌÊLiÃÌÊÀiflÊiVÌÊ̅iÊ}>«ÃÊޜÕʘii`ÊÌœÊ Keep novelty alive, Check
>``ÀiÃÃÊ̜ÊÀi>V…ÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜°Ê/…i˜]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊÃiiVÌʜ˜iʜvÊ̅iÃiÊV…>i˜}iÃÊ̜ÊV>ÀÀÞÊvœÀÜ>À`° your objectives, Stay focused

Ê Converge: 1Ș}ÊޜÕÀÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌʏˆÃÌʜvÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃ]ʓ>ÀŽÊ̅iʎiÞÊV…>i˜}iðÊ/…i˜]ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀˆ˜}Ê
œ˜ÞÊ̅œÃiÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÃÊޜÕʓ>ÀŽi`]ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʜ˜iÊ̅>ÌÊiÝ«ÀiÃÃiÃÊ̅iʓœÃÌʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊV…>i˜}iÊ̅>ÌʓÕÃÌÊLiÊ
œÛiÀVœ“iʈ˜ÊœÀ`iÀÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiÛiÊ̅iÊۈȜ˜°Ê7…ˆiÊ̅iÀiʓ>ÞÊLiÊÃiÛiÀ>ÊV…>i˜}iÃÊ̅>Ìʘii`Ê̜ÊLiÊ>``ÀiÃÃi`]ÊvœÀÊ
̅iʓœ“i˜ÌÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʜ˜iÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ̅>Ì]ʈvÊÀi܏Ûi`]ÊܜՏ`Ê«ÕÌÊޜÕʈ˜Ê̅iÊLiÃÌÊ«œÃˆÌˆœ˜Ê̜Ê>V…ˆiÛiÊ
ޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜°Ê9œÕÊV>˜Ê>Ü>ÞÃÊÀiÌÕÀ˜Ê>ÌiÀÊ̜Ê>``ÀiÃÃʜ̅iÀʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊV…>i˜}ið

At the End of this Step: 9œÕÊ܈Ê…>ÛiÊ>ÊVœ˜VˆÃiÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ̅>ÌÊLi}ˆ˜ÃÊ܈̅ʜ˜iʜvÊ̅iÊ>vfiÊÀ“>‡

̈ÛiÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀðÊ,iVœÀ`Ê̅ˆÃÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜Ì]Ê܅ˆV…Ê܈ÊLiÊV>ÀÀˆi`ÊvœÀÜ>À`Ê̜Ê̅iÊ/À>˜ÃvœÀ“>̈œ˜ÊÃÌ>}iʜvÊ
̅iÊ
*-Ê«ÀœViÃð

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ™Î

 3. Transformation Stage

About this Stage: 9œÕʅ>ÛiÊÃiiVÌi`Ê>ÊV…>i˜}iÊ̅>ÌʓÕÃÌÊLiÊ>``ÀiÃÃi`p>˜`Ê̅>ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ>ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ

܏Ṏœ˜pˆ˜ÊœÀ`iÀÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiÛiÊޜÕÀÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀi°Ê˜Ê̅ˆÃÊÃÌ>}iÊ>ÀiÊÌܜÊÃÌi«Ã\Ê Ý«œÀˆ˜}Ê`i>Ã]ʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊ
}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>˜`ÊÃiiVÌʈ`i>ÃÊvœÀÊ>``ÀiÃȘ}Ê̅iÊV…>i˜}iÆÊ>˜`ÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê-œṎœ˜Ã]ʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊvœÀ}iÊ>˜Ê
ˆ“«i“i˜Ì>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÊvÀœ“Ê̅œÃiʈ`i>ÃÊ­Ãiiʺλʈ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiʙ®°Ê
}>ˆ˜]ÊvœÀÊi>V…ÊœvÊ̅iÃiÊÌܜÊÃÌi«Ã]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i]Ê
̅i˜ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i°

Divergent GuidelinesÊ Exploring Ideas—Divergent Phase: Generate Ideas

Defer judgment, Go for
quantity, Make connections, Ê 7…>Ìʈ`i>ÃÊ`œÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊvœÀÊ܏ۈ˜}Ê̅iÊV…>i˜}i¶Ê˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ«…>ÃiʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê}i˜iÀ>Ìiʓ>˜ÞÊ
Seek novelty ˆ`i>ðÊ

Ê Diverge: ii«ˆ˜}Ê̅iÊV…>i˜}iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ܅iÀiÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊÃiiʈÌ]ʓ>ŽiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvʈ`i>ÃÊ̜Ê܏ÛiÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi`ÊV…>‡
Convergent GuidelinesÊ
Apply affirmative judgment,
Keep novelty alive, Check
your objectives, Stay focused
Divergent GuidelinesÊ
Defer judgment,
Go for quantity, Make
connections, Seek novelty
™{
i˜}i°Ê,i“i“LiÀÊ̜ÊÕÃiÊ̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê}Ո`iˆ˜iÃ]ÊiëiVˆ>ÞÊiviÀÊÕ`}“i˜Ì°Ê-iÌÊ>Ê}œ>ÊœvÊ>Ìʏi>ÃÌÊÓx]Ê
܈̅ʓœÀiÊLiˆ˜}ÊLiÌÌiÀ°ÊvÊޜÕÊ}iÌÊÃÌÕVŽÊœÀÊLœ}}i`Ê`œÜ˜]ÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊÌ>ŽiÊ>˜Êˆ˜VÕL>̈œ˜ÊLÀi>ŽÊ>˜`ÊÀiÌÕÀ˜Ê>ÌiÀ°
Exploring Ideas—Convergent Phase: Select Ideas
Ê œÜÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`ʓ>˜Þʈ`i>Ã]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊV…œœÃiÊ̅iʜ˜i­Ã®Ê̅>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiʓ>`iʈ˜ÌœÊˆ“«i“i˜Ì>LiÊ
܏Ṏœ˜Ã°
Ê Converge: Àœ“Ê>ÊœvÊ̅iʈ`i>ÃÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`]ÊV…œœÃiÊÕ«Ê̜ÊfiÛip̅iʜ˜iÃÊޜÕÊLiˆiÛiÊŜÜÊ̅iÊ}Ài>ÌiÃÌÊ
«Àœ“ˆÃiʈ˜ÊÃÕVViÃÃvՏÞÊ>``ÀiÃȘ}Ê̅iÊV…>i˜}i°Ê1ÃiÊ̅iÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ}Ո`iˆ˜iÃ]ÊiëiVˆ>ÞÊii«Ê œÛiÌÞÊ
ˆÛi°
Ê At the End of this Step: 9œÕʘœÜʅ>ÛiÊÕ«Ê̜ÊfiÛiʈ`i>ÃÊ̅>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊÌÕÀ˜i`ʈ˜ÌœÊˆ“«i“i˜Ì>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ã°Ê
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Ãœ]ʅœ`ʜ˜Ê̜Ê̅iʈ`i>ÃÊޜÕÊ`ˆ`ʘœÌÊÃiiVÌÆÊޜÕʓ>˜ÞÊ܈ÅÊ̜ÊÀiۈÈÌÊ̅i“ʏ>ÌiÀ°®
Formulating Solutions—Divergent Phase: Evaluate Ideas
Ê œÜÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕʅ>ÛiÊÃiÛiÀ>Ê«Àœ“ˆÃˆ˜}ʈ`i>Ã]ʈÌʈÃÊ̈“iÊ̜ʓœÛiÊvÀœ“ʈ`i>ÃÊ̜Ê܏Ṏœ˜Ã°Ê/œÊ`œÊ̅ˆÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê
ÃVÀii˜Ê>˜`ÊÜÀÌʈ`i>Ã]ÊiÛ>Õ>Ìiʈ`i>Ã]Ê>˜`ÊÃÌÀi˜}̅i˜Êˆ`i>ÃÊ̅>ÌÊ>ÀiʘœÌÊÞiÌÊvՏÞÊvœÀ“i`°Ê/…iÀiÊ>Àiʓ>˜ÞÊ>˜`Ê
Û>Àˆi`ʓi̅œ`ÃÊvœÀÊiÛ>Õ>̈˜}ʈ`i>ÃÆʅiÀiʈÃʜ˜iʓi̅œ`\Ê}i˜iÀ>̈˜}ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>Ê̜ÊÃVÀii˜ÊޜÕÀʈ`i>ðÊ1ÃiÊ̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi‡
“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀ]ʺ7ˆÊˆÌo»Ê̜ʅi«ÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊvœVÕÃi`ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>°ÊExample: vÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊiÛ>Õ>̈˜}Ê>ÊV>ÀiiÀÊV…œˆVi]Ê
ܓiʜvÊޜÕÀÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>ʓˆ}…ÌÊLi\

UÊ 7ˆÊˆÌÊLiʈ˜ÌiÀiÃ̈˜}Ê̜ʓiʜ˜Ê>˜Êœ˜}œˆ˜}ÊL>Èö
UÊ 7ˆÊˆÌÊ}ˆÛiʓiʜ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌˆiÃÊvœÀÊ}ÀœÜ̅Ê>˜`Ê>`Û>˜Vi“i˜Ì¶
UÊ 7ˆÊˆÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌÊ>ÌʓœÀiÊ̅>˜Êf{ä]äää¶

Diverge: i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ̅ˆ˜ŽÊ>Àiʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀ>̈œ˜ÃÊ܅i˜Ê`iVˆ`ˆ˜}Ê
܅ˆV…ʈ`i>ÃÊ̜ÊÃiiVÌÊ­>˜`ʏ>ÌiÀ]ÊvœÀÊiÛ>Õ>̈˜}ÊޜÕÀÊ`iÛiœ«i`Ê܏Ṏœ˜®°Êi˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>Ìʏi>ÃÌÊ£xÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>°Ê/œÊ…i«Ê
ޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>ÌiÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>]Ê̅ˆ˜ŽÊ>LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ>ÌÌÀˆLÕÌiÃʜvÊ̅iÊ«iÀviVÌÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ê̜ÊޜÕÀÊV…>i˜}i°

Formulating Solutions—Convergent Phase: Select Criteria and Develop Solutions Convergent GuidelinesÊ
Apply affirmative judgment,
Ê Àœ“Ê>ÊœvÊ̅iÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊfiÊÀÃÌÊÃiiVÌÊ܅ˆV…Ê>ÀiÊ̅iʓœÃÌʈ“«œÀÌ>˜Ì]Ê̅i˜ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê Keep novelty alive, Check
>««ÞÊ̅i“Ê̜Ê̅iʈ`i>ÃÊޜÕÊV>ÀÀˆi`ÊvœÀÜ>À`ÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÊi˜iÀ>̈˜}Ê`i>ÃÊÃÌi«°Ê your objectives, Stay focused

Ê Converge:ʈÀÃÌ]ÊvÀœ“ÊޜÕÀÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>ʏˆÃÌ]ÊÃiiVÌÊÕ«Ê̜ÊfiÊÛiÊ܅ˆV…Ê܈ÊLiÊ̅iʓœÃÌÊÕÃivՏÊvœÀÊÃVÀii˜ˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ
ˆ`i>ÃÊ>˜`ʅi«ÊޜÕʓ>ŽiÊ>Ê܈ÃiÊ`iVˆÃˆœ˜Ê>LœÕÌÊ܅ˆV…Ê̜ʫÕÀÃÕi°Ê-iVœ˜`]ʏˆÃÌÊ̅iʈ`i>ÃÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊiÛ>Õ>̈˜}°Ê/…ˆÀ`]Ê
Vœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊi>V…ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆœ˜]ʜ˜iÊ>ÌÊ>Ê̈“i]Ê>˜`Ê«ÕÌÊ>ʓ>ÀŽÊ˜iÝÌÊ̜Êi>V…ʈ`i>Ê̅>ÌʓiiÌÃÊ̅iÊVÀˆÌiÀˆœ˜°Ê7…i˜ÊfiʘˆÃ…i`]Ê
ܓiʈ`i>ÃÊ܈Ê…>ÛiʓœÀiʓ>ÀŽÃÊ̅>˜ÊœÌ…iÀðÊ1Ș}Ê̅ˆÃÊ>˜>ÞÈÃÊ>˜`ÊޜÕÀÊLiÃÌʍÕ`}“i˜Ì]ÊÃiiVÌʜ˜iʈ`i>Ê̜ÊLiÊ
vœÀ“i`ʈ˜ÌœÊ>Ê܏Ṏœ˜]ʜÀÊÃiÛiÀ>Êˆ`i>ÃÊ̅>ÌÊvœ`Ê̜}i̅iÀÊ̜ÊvœÀ“Ê>ÊȘ}iÊ܏Ṏœ˜°

Ê Converge Again: 7…>Ìʅ>««i˜ÃʘœÜÊ`i«i˜`ÃÊ}Ài>̏Þʜ˜Ê…œÜÊÜi‡vœÀ“i`Ê̅iʈ`i>ÃÊ>ÀiÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]ʅœÜÊ

VœÃiÊ̅iÞÊ>ÀiÊ̜ÊLiˆ˜}ʈ“«i“i˜Ì>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ã°ÊiÀiʈÃÊܓiÊ}i˜iÀ>Ê>`ۈVi°Ê
ÃÊޜÕÊÌÕÀ˜Ê̅iÊÃiiVÌi`ʈ`i>ʈ˜ÌœÊ
>˜Êˆ“«i“i˜Ì>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜]ÊiÛ>Õ>ÌiʈÌÊVÀˆÌˆV>Þ°Ê`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ܅>ÌʈÃÊ}œœ`Ê>LœÕÌÊ̅iʈ`i>]Ê>˜`Ê܅>Ìʘii`ÃÊ̜ÊLiÊ
ˆ“«ÀœÛi`ʜÀÊÃÌÀi˜}̅i˜i`°Ê1ÃiÊޜÕÀÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>LˆˆÌˆiÃʭ̅œÃiÊÛiÀÞÊΈÃÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊÕȘ}ÊÀˆ}…ÌʘœÜÊ>˜`Ê
̅ÀœÕ}…œÕÌÊ̅iÊ
*-Ê«ÀœViÃîÊ̜ʈ“«ÀœÛiÊ̅iʈ`i>ÊLÞʜÛiÀVœ“ˆ˜}ʈÌÃʈÃÃÕiÃÊ>˜`ÊÃÌÀi˜}̅i˜ˆ˜}ʈÌÃÊ«œÃˆÌˆÛiðÊ9œÕÀÊ
VÀˆÌiÀˆ>Ê>˜>ÞÈÃÊ܈ÊÃÕ}}iÃÌÊ܅iÀiÊ̅iʈ`i>ʈÃÊ܏ˆ`]Ê>˜`Ê܅iÀiʈÌʘii`ÃÊܜÀŽ°Ê
ÎÊޜÕÀÃiv]ʅœÜʓˆ}…ÌÊʓ>ŽiÊ
“ÞÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÊLiÌÌiÀʈ˜Êˆ}…ÌʜvÊ̅iÃi]ʜÀʜ̅iÀ]ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆ>¶Ê

Ê Converge Again: iÃVÀˆLiÊޜÕÀÊ«Àœ«œÃi`Ê܏Ṏœ˜Êˆ˜Ê`iÌ>ˆ°Ê >LœÀ>ÌiÊ>ÃʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞ°Ê i}ˆ˜Ê̅ˆÃÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ê

ÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ܈̅ʺ7…>ÌÊʘœÜÊÃiiʓÞÃivÊ`œˆ˜}ʈÃo°»

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ™x


Ý«œÀˆ˜}Ê
VVi«Ì>˜Vi]ʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…ÊޜÕʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ܅œÊ>˜`Ê܅>ÌÊ܈Êassist,Ê܅œÊ>˜`Ê
Divergent GuidelinesÊ
Defer judgment,
Go for quantity, Make
connections, Seek novelty
™È
Ê At the End of this Step: 9œÕÊ܈Ê…>ÛiÊ`iVˆ`i`ÊÕ«œ˜Ê>Ê«Àœ«œÃi`Ê܏Ṏœ˜]Ê܅ˆV…Ê܈ÊLiÊV>ÀÀˆi`ÊvœÀÜ>À`Ê
̜Ê̅iÊ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜Ê-Ì>}i]Ê>˜`Ê܈Ê…>ÛiÊ>Ê܏Ṏœ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ̜Ê}Ո`iÊ̅iÊÀiÃÌʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœViÃð
4. Implementation Stage
Ê About this Stage: /…iʜÕÌVœ“iʜvÊ̅iÊ/À>˜ÃvœÀ“>̈œ˜ÊÃÌ>}iÊޜÕʍÕÃÌÊVœ“«iÌi`ʈÃÊ>Ê«Àœ«œÃi`Ê܏Ṏœ˜Ê̅>ÌÊ
…>Ãʅˆ}…Ê«œÌi˜Ìˆ>Ê̜ʅi«ÊޜÕÊ>V…ˆiÛiÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜p̜ʓœÛiÊޜÕÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÊVÕÀÀi˜ÌÊÀi>ˆÌÞÊ̜Ê̅iÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀi°Ê

ÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊ܏Ṏœ˜Êby definitionÊÀi«ÀiÃi˜ÌÃÊ>ÊV…>˜}i]Ê>˜`ÊV…>˜}iʈÃʘœÌÊ>Ü>ÞÃÊÜ>À“ÞÊi“LÀ>Vi`°Ê˜Ê̅iÊ“«i‡
“i˜Ì>̈œ˜ÊÃÌ>}iÊ>ÀiÊÌܜÊÃÌi«Ã\Ê
܅>ÌÊ܈Êresist,Ê>˜`ʅœÜÊ̜ÊܜÀŽÊ܈̅Ê̅iÊ>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌiÀÃÆÊ>˜`ÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê>Ê*>˜]ʈ˜Ê܅ˆV…ÊޜÕÊ`iÛiœ«Ê
>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊvœÀʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜°Ê"˜ViÊ>}>ˆ˜]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê`ˆÛiÀ}iÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}iÊvœÀÊi>V…ÊœvÊ̅iÃiÊÃÌi«Ã°
Exploring Acceptance—Divergent Phase: Generate Sources of Assistance and Resistance
Ê /œÊ“>݈“ˆâiÊ̅iʏˆŽiˆ…œœ`ʜvÊÃÕVViÃÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈ÊiÝ>“ˆ˜iÊ̅iÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜Viʭ̅œÃiÊ̅>ÌÊ܈ÊÃÕ««œÀÌÊ
̅iÊV…>˜}iʜÀʅi«ÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÃÕVViÃÃvՏÞʈ“«i“i˜Ì®]Ê>˜`Ê̅iÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Viʭ̅œÃiÊ̅>ÌÊVœÕ`ÊÃÌ>˜`ʈ˜ÊޜÕÀÊ
Ü>ÞÊ>˜`Ê«ÀiÛi˜Ìʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜ÊœÀʓ>ŽiʈÌʓœÀiÊV…>i˜}ˆ˜}®°
Ê Diverge: i˜iÀ>ÌiÊ>ʏˆÃÌʜvÊ>Ê«œÃÈLiÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê܅ˆV…ÊV>˜Êˆ˜VÕ`iÊ«iœ«i]Ê}ÀœÕ«Ã]ÊÀiÜÕÀViÃ]Ê
>˜`ʜ̅iÀÊv>V̜ÀÃʈ˜ÊޜÕÀÊv>ۜÀÆÊ̅i˜ÊˆÃÌÊ>Ê«œÃÈLiÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê܅ˆV…Ê>ÃœÊˆ˜VÕ`iÃÊ«iœ«i]Ê}ÀœÕ«Ã]Ê
ÀiÜÕÀViÃ]ʏ>ÜÃ]ÊÀi}Տ>̈œ˜Ã]ÊLÕ`}iÌÃ]Ê>˜`ʜ̅iÀÊVœ“«ï݈iÃ°Ê iÊ̅œÀœÕ}…]Ê>˜`ÊÀi“i“LiÀÊ̜ÊÕÃiÊ̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê}Ո`iˆ˜iðÊiÀiÊ>ÀiÊܓiʵÕiÃ̈œ˜ÃÊ̅>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiʅi«vՏ°
UÊ 7…œÊ“ˆ}…ÌÊLiʅi«vՏÊ̜ÊޜÕʈ˜Êˆ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃ¶Ê7…œÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…œÊ“ˆ}…ÌʜLiVÌʜÀʓ>ŽiʈÌÊ`ˆvfiVՏÌÊ̜ʈ“«i“i˜ÌÊ̅ˆÃ¶Ê7…œÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊ̈“ˆ˜}ÊvœÀʈ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃ¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊÀi>ÞÊL>`Ê̈“ˆ˜}ÊvœÀʈ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃ¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiʅi«vՏʈ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃÊ­ÀiÜÕÀViÃ]Ê>Ì̈ÌÕ`iÃ]Ê«œˆVˆiÃ]Ê«ÀœVi`ÕÀiî¶Ê7…>ÌÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊ}iÌʈ˜Ê̅iÊÜ>Þʜvʈ“«i“i˜Ìˆ˜}Ê̅ˆÃÊ­ÀiÜÕÀViÃ]Ê>Ì̈ÌÕ`iÃ]Ê«œˆVˆiÃ]Ê«ÀœVi`ÕÀiî¶Ê7…>ÌÊiÃi¶
UÊ 7…>ÌʏœV>̈œ˜Ãʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊVœ˜`ÕVˆÛiÊ̜Ê̅ˆÃ¶Ê7…>Ìʜ̅iÀö
UÊ 7…>ÌʏœV>̈œ˜ÃÊܜՏ`ʅˆ˜`iÀÊÃÕVViÃöÊ7…>Ìʜ̅iÀö
 UÊ 7…>ÌÊÀ>̈œ˜>iʜÀÊÀi>ܘÃʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊ«ÀœÛˆ`i`ʈ˜ÊÃÕ««œÀÌʜvÊ̅ˆÃ¶
UÊ 7…>ÌÊÀi>ܘÃʓˆ}…ÌÊLiʜvviÀi`Ê̜ÊLœVŽÊ̅ˆÃ¶

Exploring Acceptance—Convergent Phase: Select Key Sources of Convergent GuidelinesÊ

Assistance and Resistance, and Overcome Key Sources of Resistance Apply affirmative judgment,
Keep novelty alive, Check
Ê ˜Ê̅iÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ«…>ÃiʜvÊ̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê`iVˆ`iÊ܅ˆV…Ê>ÀiÊ̅iʎiÞÊ>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌiÀÃ]Ê>˜`Ê܅>ÌÊÌœÊ your objectives, Stay focused
`œÊ>LœÕÌÊ̅i“ÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]ʅœÜÊ̜ʏiÛiÀ>}iÊ̅iÊvœÀ“iÀÊ>˜`ʓˆÌˆ}>ÌiÊ̅iʏ>ÌÌiÀ°

Ê Converge:Ê7…i˜ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ«>̅Ê̜ÊÃÕVViÃÃvՏʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜]ÊܓiʜvÊ̅iÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ
>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕʈ`i˜ÌˆfiÊi`Ê>ÀiʓœÀiÊÈ}˜ˆfiÊV>˜ÌÊ̅>˜ÊœÌ…iÀðÊ"˜Êi>V…ʏˆÃÌ]ʓ>ÀŽÊ̅i“°Ê iÝÌ]ÊvœÀÊi>V…ÊŽiÞÊ
ÜÕÀViʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê}i˜iÀ>Ìiʈ`i>ÃÊ>LœÕÌʅœÜÊ̜ʓ>ŽiÊÕÃiʜvÊ̅>ÌÊÀiÜÕÀVi°ÊÀœ“Ê̅>ÌʏˆÃÌ]ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʈ`i>ÃÊ̅>ÌÊ
ޜÕÊ܈Êi“«œÞ°Ê/…i˜]ÊvœÀÊi>V…ÊŽiÞÊÜÕÀViʜvÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê}i˜iÀ>Ìiʈ`i>ÃÊvœÀʅœÜÊ̜ʓˆÌˆ}>ÌiʜÀʜÛiÀVœ“iÊ̅iÊ
ÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi°ÊÀœ“Ê̅>ÌʏˆÃÌ]ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iʈ`i>ÃÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ܈Êi“«œÞ°Ê

At the End of this Step: 9œÕÊ܈Ê…>Ûiʈ`i˜ÌˆfiÊi`ʈ`i>ÃÊvœÀÊܜÀŽˆ˜}Ê܈̅Ê>ÃÈÃÌiÀÃÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌiÀðÊ/…iÃiʈ`i>ÃÊ

܈ÊLiʈ˜VœÀ«œÀ>Ìi`ʈ˜ÊޜÕÀʈ“«i“i˜Ì>̈œ˜Ê>V̈œ˜Ê«>˜°

Formulating a Plan—Divergent Phase: Generate Action Steps

Divergent GuidelinesÊ
Defer judgment,
Ê œÜÊޜÕÊ܈Ê“>ŽiÊ>Ê«>˜Ê̜ʈ“«i“i˜ÌÊޜÕÀÊ܏Ṏœ˜]ÊLÞÊ}i˜iÀ>̈˜}Ê>˜`Ê̅i˜ÊœÀ}>˜ˆâˆ˜}Ê>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊ
Go for quantity, Make
ˆ˜ÌœÊ>˜Ê>V̈œ˜Ê«>˜°Ê iÊÃÕÀiÊ̜ʈ˜VÕ`iÊÃÌi«ÃÊ̅>ÌÊi˜ˆÃÌʜÀÊÌ>ŽiÊ>`Û>˜Ì>}iʜvÊޜÕÀʎiÞÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜Vi]Ê>˜`Ê
connections, Seek novelty
>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊ̅>Ìʓˆ˜ˆ“ˆâiʜÀʓˆÌˆ}>ÌiÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi°Ê

Ê Diverge: ˆÃÌÊ>Ê̅iÊ«œÌi˜Ìˆ>Ê>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊÀiµÕˆÀi`Ê̜ʈ“«i“i˜ÌÊ̅iÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ`iÃVÀˆLi`ʈ˜ÊޜÕÀÊ
܏Ṏœ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜Ì°Ê˜VÕ`iÊ̅iÊ>V̈œ˜ÃÊ̅>Ìʘ>ÌÕÀ>ÞÊflʜÜÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ
ˆ`i˜ÌˆfiÊi`Ê>ÃÊLiˆ˜}ÊVÀˆÌˆV>Ê̜ÊÃÕVViÃðÊii«Êˆ˜Ê“ˆ˜`Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊi˜}>}ˆ˜}ʈ˜Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>ÌÊ̅ˆÃÊ«œˆ˜Ì]ÊÜÊ
Ài“i“LiÀÊ̜ÊÃÌÀiÌV…ÊvœÀÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊ>V̈œ˜ÃÊÃÌi«ÃÊ̅>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊÕÃivՏʈ˜Ê“œÛˆ˜}ÊޜÕÀÊ«Àœ«œÃi`Ê>V̈œ˜ÊvœÀÜ>À`°

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ™Ç

 Convergent GuidelinesÊ
Apply affirmative judgment,
Keep novelty alive, Check
your objectives, Stay focused
Formulating a Plan—Convergent Phase: Modify Solution Statement;
Select and Organize Action Steps
Ê /…iʏˆÃÌʜvÊ«œÃÈLiÊ>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊ܈Ê˜œÜÊLiÊVœ˜`i˜Ãi`Ê>˜`ʜÀ}>˜ˆâi`ʈ˜ÌœÊ>ÊܜÀŽ>LiÊ«>˜°Ê­ œÌi\Ê/…ˆÃÊ
«ÀœViÃÃÊ`iÌ>ˆÃÊ>ÊVœ““œ˜]Ê̈“i‡ÌiÃÌi`ʓi̅œ`ÊvœÀʜÀ}>˜ˆâˆ˜}Ê>ʓՏ̈‡ÃÌi«Ê«ÀœiVÌ°Ê/…iÊVœ“«i݈ÌÞʜvÊ̅iÊ܏Շ
̈œ˜Ê“>ÞÊÀiµÕˆÀiÊ>``ˆÌˆœ˜>Ê«ÀœiVÌʓ>˜>}i“i˜ÌÊ̜œÃÊ>˜`ÊΈÃ°®

Ê Converge: vʘiViÃÃ>ÀÞ]ʓœ`ˆvÞÊޜÕÀÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ̜ʈ˜VÕ`iÊ>˜ÞÊV…>˜}iÃÊޜÕʘii`Ê̜ʓ>ŽiÊ>vÌiÀÊ
Vœ˜Ãˆ`iÀˆ˜}ʅœÜÊޜÕÊ܈Ê>``ÀiÃÃÊޜÕÀʎiÞÊÜÕÀViÃʜvÊ>ÃÈÃÌ>˜ViÊ>˜`ÊÀiÈÃÌ>˜Vi°Ê
Ê /…i˜]ÊvÀœ“Ê̅iʏˆÃÌʜvÊ>V̈œ˜ÊÃÌi«ÃÊޜÕÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`ʈ˜Ê̅iÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ«…>Ãi]ʓ>ÀŽÊ̅iʜ˜iÃÊ̅>ÌʓÕÃÌÊLiʈ˜‡
VÕ`i`°Ê
œ“Lˆ˜i]ÊÃi«>À>Ìi]Ê>˜`Êiˆ“ˆ˜>ÌiÊ܅iÀiʘii`i`°Ê/…i˜]ʜÀ}>˜ˆâiÊ̅iÊÃÌi«Ãʈ˜ÌœÊ>Ê«>˜ÊLÞÊVœ“«ï˜}Ê>Ê
V…>ÀÌʏˆŽiÊ̅iʜ˜iʈ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiÊ£ä°Ê iÊÃÕÀiÊ̜ʈ˜VÕ`iʈ““i`ˆ>Ìi]ÊŜÀÌ]ʈ˜ÌiÀ“i`ˆ>Ìi]Ê>˜`ʏœ˜}ÊÌiÀ“Ê>V̈œ˜Ã]Ê>˜`Ê̜Ê
`ifi˜iÊ̅œÃiÊÌiÀ“ðÊœÀÊiÝ>“«i]Ê`œiÃʈ““i`ˆ>Ìiʓi>˜ÊÓ{ʅœÕÀöÊ{nʅœÕÀöÊÃÊŜÀÌÊÌiÀ“ÊÎʓœ˜Ì…Ã]ÊÈʓœ˜Ì…öÊ

Debriefing Your Experience

Ê 9œÕʅ>ÛiʘœÜÊVœ“«iÌi`Ê̅iÊ
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Solution Statement and Action Plan

Brief statement of the solution I intend to implement

Task/Action By Whom? By When? Report Completion to Whom?

Immediate
Short Term
Intermediate
Long Term

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ™™

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CHAPTER 10

Digging Deeper: Thinking Skills

and Tools for CPS

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Exploring the Vision

Thinking Skill: Visionary Thinking

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6ˆÃˆœ˜ÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ̅iÊVœ}˜ˆÌˆÛiÊΈÊVisionary Thinkingparticulating a vivid image of what you desire to create. 3
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}œ>Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ܈ÅÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiÛi°ÊœÀÊiÝ>“«i]ʺÊ܈ÅÊ̜ʈ“«ÀœÛiʓÞʅi>Ì…»ÊˆÃÊ>ÊܜÀ̅ÞÊ}œ>]ÊLÕÌʈÌʈÃÊ̜œÊ>LÃÌÀ>VÌÊ
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>˜`ʓ>ˆ˜Ì>ˆ˜Ê>ʅi>Ì…ÞʏˆviÃÌޏiÊ>ÌÊLœÌ…Ê>Ê«…ÞÈV>Ê>˜`ʓi˜Ì>ÊiÛi»Ê«ÀœÛˆ`iÃÊ>ʓœÀiÊVœ˜VÀiÌiÊ«ˆVÌÕÀiʜvÊ̅iÊ
`iÈÀi`Êi˜`ÊÃÌ>Ìi°Ê
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̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ`ifiʘiÊ܅>ÌÊ̅>Ìʓi>˜Ã°
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/…iÊVœ“«œÃiÀÊ>˜`Ê>Õ̅œÀÊ,œLiÀÌÊÀˆÌâÊÕÃiÃÊ̅iÊÌiÀ“Êstructural tensionÊ̜Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊ̅iÊVÀi>̈ÛiÊi˜iÀ}ÞÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìi`Ê
LÞÊ̅iÊ`ˆÃÌ>˜ViÊLiÌÜii˜Ê܅>ÌÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌʭۈȜ˜®Ê>˜`Ê܅>ÌÊޜÕʅ>ÛiʘœÜÊ­VÕÀÀi˜ÌÊÀi>ˆÌÞ®°Ê/…>ÌÊÌi˜Ãˆœ˜ÊvÕiÃÊ
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>ˆ“ˆ˜}Ê>ÌÊ܅>ÌÊÀˆÌâÊV>ÃÊ̅iʺœÜʅ>˜}ˆ˜}ÊvÀՈÌð»{Ê
Ê ÞÊ`ifiʘˆÌˆœ˜]Ê6ˆÃˆœ˜>ÀÞÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Êi˜Ì>ˆÃÊ̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ̜ʈ“>}ˆ˜i°ÊÌÃÊۈÃÕ>ÊVœ“«œ˜i˜ÌʈÃÊiÃÃi˜Ìˆ>Ê

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £äÎ

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vÕÌÕÀiÊÃiv]ʈÌÊV>˜ÊLiÊVœ“«iˆ˜}Ê̜Ê`À>ÜÊ>ʓi˜Ì>Ê«ˆVÌÕÀiʜvʅœÜÊޜÕÊܜՏ`ʏœœŽÊ>˜`ÊLi…>ÛiÊ܅ˆiʏˆÛˆ˜}Ê>Ê
…i>Ì…ÞʏˆviÃÌޏi°Ê­/…ˆÃÊ«œˆ˜ÌÃÊÕ«Ê܅>ÌʈÃÊÜÀœ˜}Ê܈̅ʓœÃÌÊ iÜÊ9i>À½ÃÊÀi܏Ṏœ˜Ã\Ê̅iÞÊ`ifi˜iÊ>ÊLi…>ۈœÀÊV…>˜}iÊ
LÕÌʘœÌÊ>ÊVœ˜VÀiÌiÊۈȜ˜°®
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ޜÕÊVœ˜ÃÌÀ>ˆ˜i`ÊLÞÊ>ʅœÕÃi½ÃÊ«ÀiÃi˜ÌÊ>««i>À>˜Vi]ʜÀÊ`œÊޜÕʈ˜ÃÌi>`Ê̅ˆ˜ŽÊvœÀÜ>À`]Ê>˜`ʈ“>}ˆ˜iÊ܅>ÌʈÌʓˆ}…ÌÊ
LiVœ“i¶Ê­ˆÃV>ˆ“iÀ\Ê̅ˆÃʓˆ}…ÌʘœÌÊLiÊ}œœ`Ê`>̈˜}Ê>`ۈVi°®ÊœVÕȘ}ʜ˜Êwhat might beÊ>Ãʜ««œÃi`Ê̜Êwhat isÊ
ˆiÃÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊVœÀiʜvÊ6ˆÃˆœ˜>ÀÞÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°

Affective Skill: Dreaming

Ê
ʎiÞÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊ̅>ÌÊÃÕ««œÀÌÃÊ6ˆÃˆœ˜>ÀÞÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊÀi>“ˆ˜}°Ê ÞÊDreaming Üiʓi>˜Ê̅iÊability to

imagine as possible your desires and hopes. 5ÊÊÀi>“ˆ˜}ʅi«ÃÊޜÕÊ̜ÊLiÊ՘Vœ˜ÃÌÀ>ˆ˜i`ʈ˜ÊVÀi>̈˜}ÊޜÕÀÊvÕÌÕÀi°
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,>̅iÀÊ̅>˜ÊLiˆ˜}ÊVœ˜ÃÌÀ>ˆ˜i`ÊLÞÊ«À>V̈V>ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀ>̈œ˜Ã]Ê>ÃÊޜÕÊܜՏ`ʈ˜Êœ}ˆV>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ÊޜÕÊiÝ«>˜`ÊޜÕÀÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê̜ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊ܅>ÌÊޜÕÊÀi>ÞÊÜ>˜Ìp̅iÊ̅ÀiiÊ܈ÅiÃÊ̅iÊ}i˜ˆiÊVœÕ`Ê}ˆÛiÊޜÕ]ÊŜՏ`ÊޜÕʅ>««i˜Ê>VÀœÃÃÊ
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Ê
>VŽÊœvÊVœ˜ÃÌÀ>ˆ˜ÌÊ>œÜÃÊޜÕÊ̜Ê̅ˆ˜ŽÊvÀiiÞÊ>LœÕÌÊ܅>Ìʓˆ}…ÌÊLiÊ«œÃÈLi°Ê
Ê /…ˆ˜ŽÊœvÊ>ÊœvÊ̅iÊ«iœ«i]Êv>“œÕÃÊ>˜`ʘœÌ]Ê܅œÊ>V…ˆiÛi`ÊÜiÊLiޜ˜`Ê>˜Þ̅ˆ˜}Ê̅>ÌÊVœÕ`ʅ>ÛiÊLii˜Ê
ˆ“>}ˆ˜i`pœÀ]ʓœÀiÊ̜Ê̅iÊ«œˆ˜Ì]Ê܅>Ìʜ̅iÀÃÊVœÕ`ʅ>Ûiʈ“>}ˆ˜i`°ÊÀi>“ˆ˜}]ÊiÛi˜Ê>}>ˆ˜ÃÌÊ>Ê«œÃÈLiʜ``Ã]Ê
>œÜÃÊ̅iʈ“«œÃÈLiÊ̜ÊÃii“Ê«œÃÈLi]Ê>˜`Ê̜ÊLiVœ“iÊ>V…ˆiÛ>Li°

Thinking Tool: Imaginary Journalism

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ˆ˜ÌœÊ̅iÊ`iÈÀi`ÊvÕÌÕÀi]Ê>ÃʈvʈÌʅ>ÃÊ>Ài>`Þʅ>««i˜i`°ÊÌʓ>ŽiÃÊޜÕÊ`iÃVÀˆLiʈ˜Êۈۈ`ʈ“>}iÃÊ>˜`Ê`iÌ>ˆÃÊ>ÊÃÕVViÃÃÊ
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œvÊ>Ê̅iʏˆ“ˆÌ>̈œ˜Ãʈ“«œÃi`ÊLÞÊVÕÀÀi˜ÌÊÀi>ˆÌÞÊ>˜`ÊÃiiÊޜÕÀʅœ«iÃÊLiˆ˜}ÊÀi>ˆâi`°

£ä{
Purpose of the Tool
UÊ /œÊ…i«ÊÅ>«iÊ>ÊۈȜ˜ÊvœÀÊ>˜ÊœÀ}>˜ˆâ>̈œ˜]ÊܜÀŽ}ÀœÕ«ÊœÀʈ˜`ˆÛˆ`Õ>]Ê̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iÊ«œÜiÀʜvÊÃ̜ÀÞÌiˆ˜}°
UÊ /œÊÃՓ“>ÀˆâiÊ̅iʈ`i>Ê«ˆVÌÕÀiʜvÊ̅iÊvÕÌÕÀiʈ˜Ê>ÊVœ˜VˆÃi]ÊVœœÀvՏÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜Ì°

How it Works
£°Ê “>}ˆ˜iÊ̅>ÌÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ>ʍœÕÀ˜>ˆÃÌÊÜÀˆÌˆ˜}Ê>˜Ê>À̈ViÊvœÀÊޜÕÀÊv>ۜÀˆÌiÊ«ÕLˆV>̈œ˜Ê­i°}°]Ê/ˆ“i]Ê iÜÃÜiiŽ]Ê
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Î°Ê 7ÀˆÌiÊ̅iʘiÜÃÊÃ̜ÀÞ]Êۈۈ`ÞÊ`iÃVÀˆLˆ˜}Ê̅iÊvÕÌÕÀiÊ>ÃʈvÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ>Ài>`ÞÊ̅iÀi\ʎiÞÊ}œ>ÃÊ>V…ˆiÛi`]Ê̅iÊ
«>̅ÊޜÕÊ̜œŽÊ̜ÊÃÕVViÃÃ]Ê>˜`Ê܅iÀiÊޜÕÊÜ>˜ÌÊ̜Ê}œÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÀi°Ê>ŽiÊ̅iÊÃ̜ÀÞʘœÊ“œÀiÊ̅>˜ÊÌܜʜÀÊ
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>ÀiÊ`iÃVÀˆLˆ˜}°
x°Ê 7ÀˆÌiÊ>Ê̈̏iÊvœÀÊ̅iÊ>À̈Vi]Ê>ʅi>`ˆ˜iÊ̅>ÌÊÃՓ“>ÀˆâiÃÊ>˜`ʅˆ}…ˆ}…ÌÃÊ̅iÊiÃÃi˜ViʜvÊޜÕÀÊ`iÈÀi`Ê
vÕÌÕÀi°Ê/…iʅi>`ˆ˜iÊ܈ÊVœ˜Ã̈ÌÕÌiÊ̅iÊVœÀiʜvÊޜÕÀÊۈȜ˜ÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊ­i°}°]ʺ >VŽÊˆ˜ÊÅ>«i\ÊœœŽˆ˜}Ê
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Tips
Ê ivœÀiÊޜÕÊÜÀˆÌi]ÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊÕÃiÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ>˜`ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê̜ʈ“>}ˆ˜i]Ê>˜`Ê̅i˜ÊV>ÀˆvÞ]Ê̅iÊۈȜ˜°
UÊ 1Ș}Ê`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]Ê>ÎʵÕiÃ̈œ˜ÃÊvÀœ“Ê>ÊvÕÌÕÀiÊ«iÀëiV̈ÛiÊÃÕV…Ê>Ã\ÊWhat does it look like? What
does it feel like? What is happening? What kind of environment do I see? What people and relationships
are involved? What makes this future great, highly successful? What words can I use to describe it?
UÊ 1Ș}ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ÊÃiiVÌÊ̅iÊ}œ>Ã]Ê>V…ˆiÛi“i˜ÌÃ]ÊÃVi˜>ÀˆœÃ]ÊiÌV°]Ê̅>ÌÊ>ÀiʓœÃÌÊÀiiÛ>˜Ì]Ê
ˆ˜ÌiÀiÃ̈˜}]Ê>˜`ÊVœ“«iˆ˜}°

Example
Ê ºÌʈÃÊ̅iÊÞi>ÀÊÓä£x°Êʅ>ÛiÊ>V…ˆiÛi`Ê>˜`ʏi>À˜i`Ê̜ʓ>ˆ˜Ì>ˆ˜Ê>ʅi>Ì…ÞʏˆviÃÌޏi°ÊÊvœœÜÊ>ÊL>>˜Vi`ʘՇ
ÌÀˆÌˆœ˜>Ê`ˆiÌ]Ê܅ˆV…Êʏi>À˜i`ÊLÞÊÌ>Žˆ˜}ʅi>Ì…Þ‡VœœŽˆ˜}ÊV>ÃÃiÃÊ>ÌʓÞʏœV>ÊVœ““Õ˜ˆÌÞÊVœi}i°Ê7…ˆiÊÊÜ>ÃÊ
˜iÛiÀʓÕV…ÊœvÊ>˜Ê>̅iÌi]ÊʘœÜÊiÝiÀVˆÃiÊÀi}Տ>ÀÞ]ʅ>ۈ˜}Ê`ˆÃVœÛiÀi`ÊÀ՘˜ˆ˜}Ê>˜`Ê̅iÊ«œÜiÀʜvÊÀ՘˜ˆ˜}Ê܈̅Ê

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £äx

 vÀˆi˜`ðÊ
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Ê ºœÀÊ̅iÊfiÀÃÌÊ̈“iʈ˜ÊÞi>ÀÃ]ÊÊÏii«ÊÜiÊ>˜`ʅ>ÛiÊi˜œÕ}…ÊÃÌ>“ˆ˜>Ê̜ÊV>ÀÀÞʓiÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iÊ`>Þ°Ê"˜iʜÕÌVœ“iÊ
ʘiÛiÀÊiÝ«iVÌi`\ʓÞÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃʓœÀiÊvœVÕÃi`Ê>˜`ÊÅ>À«iÀÊ̅>˜ÊiÛiÀ]Ê܅ˆV…Ê>œÜÃʓiÊ̜Ê>VVœ“«ˆÃ…Ê“œÀiÊÌ>ÎÃÊ
܅ˆiÊviiˆ˜}ʏiÃÃÊv>̈}Õi°Ê
Ê º/…iÀi½ÃʘœÊœÌ…iÀÊÜ>ÞÊ̜ÊÃ>ÞʈÌ\ÊʏœœŽÊ>˜`ÊviiÊ}Ài>Ì°Ê/…iÀiÊÜ>ÃʘœÊ“>}ˆVÊ«ˆ\ÊÊi>À˜i`ʓÞÊÜ>ÞʅiÀi°»

Formulating Challenges

Thinking Skill: Strategic Thinking

Ê
Êv՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÊ̅>Ìʓ>ŽiÃÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê
…>i˜}iÃʈ˜Ê
*-ÊܜÀŽÊˆÃÊStrategic Thinkingp
܅ˆV…ʈÃÊidentifying the critical issues that must be addressed and pathways that are needed to move toward
the desired future.6 ÊœÀ“Տ>̈˜}Ê
…>i˜}iÃʈÃÊ>ÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊv՘V̈œ˜ÊLiV>ÕÃiʈÌʅi«ÃÊޜÕÊV>ÀˆvÞÊ̅iÊscopeʜvÊ̅iÊ
«ÀœLi“Ê>˜`Ê̅iÊdirectionÊޜÕÊŜՏ`ÊÌ>ŽiÊ̜Ê܏Ûiʈ̰Ê7iÊ܈ÊVœ˜Ãˆ`iÀÊ̅iÃiʈ˜ÊÌÕÀ˜°
Ê 7…>ÌʈÃÊ̅iÊÃVœ«iʜvÊ̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜¶ÊœÜÊLÀœ>`ʜÀʘ>ÀÀœÜʈÃÊޜÕÀÊ`ifi˜ˆÌˆœ˜ÊœvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“¶Ê7…iÀiÊ`œiÃÊ
ˆÌÊLi}ˆ˜Ê>˜`Ê܅iÀiÊ`œiÃʈÌÊi˜`¶Ê
˜ÊiÃÃi˜Ìˆ>ÊµÕ>ˆÌÞʜvÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ̜ʓ>«ÊœÕÌÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê
ë>ViÊ>˜`ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ̅iʎiÞÊV…>i˜}iÃʈ˜ÛœÛi`ÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê̅iʜ˜iÃÊ̅>ÌʏˆiÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊVœÀiʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê>˜`Ê̅>Ì]ʈvÊ
Ài܏Ûi`]Ê܈Ê}iÌÊޜÕÊVœÃiÀÊ̜Ê>V…ˆiۈ˜}ÊޜÕÀÊ}œ>°ÊvÊ̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊv>Vˆ˜}ʈÃÊVœ“«iÝ]ÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê
܈Ê…i«ÊޜÕÊ̜ÊLÀi>ŽÊ`œÜ˜Ê>ʓՏ̈‡v>ViÌi`ÊV…>i˜}iʈ˜ÌœÊÃiÛiÀ>ÊÃÕL‡V…>i˜}iÃÊ̅>ÌÊ܈ÊLiÊi>ÈiÀÊ̜ʓ>˜>}iÊ
œ˜iÊLÞʜ˜i]ÊÃÌ>À̈˜}ÊvÀœ“Ê̅iʜ˜iÃÊ̅>ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiʓœÀiʈ““i`ˆ>ÌiÊ>ÌÌi˜Ìˆœ˜°Ê`i˜Ìˆvވ˜}ÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ«ÀˆœÀˆÌˆiÃʈÃʎiÞÊ
̜Ê̅iÊ>V…ˆiÛi“i˜ÌʜvÊ>ÊۈȜ˜]Ê܅ˆV…ÊV>˜ÊÃi`œ“ÊLiÊÀi>V…i`Ê>Ê>Ìʜ˜Vi°ÊœÀiʜvÌi˜Ê>ÊۈȜ˜ÊˆÃÊÀi>ˆâi`Ê̅ÀœÕ}…Ê
>ÊÃiÀˆiÃʜvÊÓ>iÀÊ}œ>Ã]ʓˆiÃ̜˜iÃʜ˜Ê̅iÊÜ>ÞÊ̜ÊvՏfiˆ˜}ÊޜÕÀÊ`Ài>“°
Ê 7…>ÌʈÃÊ̅iÊ`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Ê̅>ÌÊޜÕÀÊ«ÀœLi“Ê܏ۈ˜}ÊivvœÀÌÊŜՏ`ÊÌ>Ži¶Ê7…>ÌʈÃÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊ>««Àœ>V…Ê̜Ê̅iÊ
«ÀœLi“¶Ê
LiÀÌÊ ˆ˜ÃÌiˆ˜Êœ˜ViÊÃ>ˆ`ʺ/…iʓiÀiÊvœÀ“Տ>̈œ˜ÊœvÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“ʈÃÊv>ÀʓœÀiÊiÃÃi˜Ìˆ>Ê̅>˜ÊˆÌÃÊ܏Ṏœ˜]Ê
܅ˆV…Ê“>ÞÊLiʓiÀiÞÊ>ʓ>ÌÌiÀʜvʓ>̅i“>̈V>ÊœÀÊiÝ«iÀˆ“i˜Ì>ÊΈÃ°»Ê/…iÊÜ>ÞÊޜÕÊvÀ>“iÊ̅iÊV…>i˜}iÊ`ˆÀiVÌÃÊ
̅iÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÊޜÕʓ>ÞÊ}iÌ°ÊœÀÊiÝ>“«i]Ê>Έ˜}ʺ…œÜʓˆ}…ÌÊÊreduceʓÞÊܜÀŽœ>`»Ê܈Ê«Àœ«iÊޜÕʈ˜Ê>Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊ
`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Ê̅>˜Ê>Έ˜}ʺ…œÜʓˆ}…ÌÊÊLiÌÌiÀÊorganizeʓÞÊܜÀŽœ>`¶»Ê>˜ÞÊ̈“iÃÊ«iœ«iÊ>ÀiʏœVŽi`ʈ˜ÌœÊ>ÊViÀÌ>ˆ˜Ê
Ü>ÞʜvʏœœŽˆ˜}Ê>ÌÊ>ÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜°Ê9œÕÀÊ«iÀVi«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ÊÛ>ÕiÃ]ÊۈiÜÃ]ʜÀÊ̅iÊȓ«iÊv>VÌÊ̅>ÌÊ>˜Ê>««Àœ>V…ÊÜ>ÃÊ>Ài>`ÞÊ
œ˜ÊޜÕÀʓˆ˜`Ê܈Ê>Êˆ˜flÕi˜ViÊޜÕÀÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê-ÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʅi«ÃÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÃiiÊ̅ˆ˜}Ãʈ˜Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊÜ>ÞðÊÌÊ
>ÎÃÊޜÕÊ̜ÊňvÌʅœÜÊޜÕÊ«iÀViˆÛiÊ̅iÊV…>i˜}iÊ>˜`Ê̜ÊÀivÀ>“iʈÌʈ˜Ê>ʓœÀiÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈ÛiÊ`ˆÀiV̈œ˜°Ê
Ê /…iÃiÊ>ÌiÀ˜>̈ÛiÊ«iÀëiV̈ÛiÃÊ«ÀœÛˆ`iÊ«œÜiÀvՏÊVÀi>̈Ûiʈ˜Ãˆ}…ÌÃÊ̅>Ìʜ«i˜ÊիʘiÜÊ«>̅Ü>ÞÃÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊ

£äÈ
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ÃÕ««œÀÌi`ÊLÞÊ̅iÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊ̅>ÌÊvœœÜð

Affective Skill: Sensing Gaps

Ê
˜Êˆ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊ̅>ÌÊÃÕ««œÀÌÃÊ-ÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ>Ü>Ài˜iÃÃʜvÊ̅iÊL>ÀÀˆiÀÃÊ̅>ÌÊÃi«>À>ÌiÊ
ޜÕÊvÀœ“ÊޜÕÀÊ}œ>°Ê7iÊÀiviÀÊ̜Ê̅ˆÃÊ>ÃÊSensing Gapsp܅ˆV…ʈÃÊbecoming consciously aware of discrepancies
between what currently exists and what is desired or required.7
Ê i̽ÃÊÌ>ŽiʜÕÀÊi>ÀˆiÀÊiÝ>“«iʜvÊLiVœ“ˆ˜}ʅi>Ì…ˆiÀ°Ê7…i˜ÊޜÕÊÕÃiÊ̅iÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊœvÊ-i˜Ãˆ˜}Ê>«Ã]ÊޜÕÊ
>ÀiÊ>Ü>ÀiÊ̅>ÌÊLiˆ˜}ʅi>Ì…ˆiÀʈÃʘœÌʍÕÃÌÊ>LœÕÌÊ`ˆiÌÊ>˜`ÊiÝiÀVˆÃi]ÊLÕÌʈÃʓՏ̈‡v>ViÌi`\Êi°}°]ʅœÜÊޜÕÊfiÊÌÊܜÀŽˆ˜}Ê
œÕÌʈ˜ÌœÊޜÕÀÊÃV…i`Տi]Ê܅>Ìʎˆ˜`ÃʜvÊiÝiÀVˆÃiÊޜÕÊi˜œÞ]Ê܅>Ìʎˆ˜`ÃʜvÊvœœ`ÊޜÕÀÊv>“ˆÞÊi>ÌÃÊ­>˜`Ê܅i̅iÀÊ̅iÞÊ
܈ÊÃÕ««œÀÌÊ>ÊV…>˜}iʈ˜Ê`ˆiÌ®]Ê>˜`ʓ>˜Þʜ̅iÀÊv>V̜ÀðÊ/…iÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊœvÊ-i˜Ãˆ˜}Ê>«Ãʅi«ÃÊޜÕÊ̜ÊÌ>ŽiÊ̅iÊ
Lˆ˜`iÀÃʜvvÊ>˜`Ê«>ÞÊ>ÌÌi˜Ìˆœ˜Ê̜Ê>ÊÛ>ÀˆiÌÞʜvʜLÃÌ>ViÃÊޜÕʓˆ}…ÌÊi˜VœÕ˜ÌiÀʜ˜Ê̅iÊ«>̅Ü>ÞÊ̜ÊޜÕÀÊ}œ>°Ê

Thinking Tool: Webbing

Ê 7iLLˆ˜}ʈÃÊ>ʓ>««ˆ˜}Ê̜œÊ̅>ÌÊÅ>À«i˜ÃÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>LˆˆÌˆiÃÊLÞʅi«ˆ˜}ÊޜÕÊ̜ÊV>ÀˆvÞÊ̅iÊÃVœ«iʜvÊ
̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê>˜`Ê̜ʈ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊޜÕÀÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆVÊ«ÀˆœÀˆÌˆiðÊ7…i˜ÊޜÕʓ>«ÊœÕÌÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Êë>Vi]ÊޜÕʏœœŽÊ>ÌʈÌÊ܈̅Ê
˜iÜÊiÞiÃÊ>˜`ÊvÀœ“Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊ«iÀëiV̈ÛiÃ]ʜvÌi˜ÊÀiÛi>ˆ˜}ÊޜÕÀÊÌÀÕiÊ}œ>ÊœÀÊ«ÀœLi“°Ê7iLLˆ˜}Êi˜VœÕÀ>}iÃÊޜÕÊ
̜ÊÌ>«ÊޜÕÀʈ˜ÌՈ̈œ˜Ê>˜`ÊëœÌÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊ`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Ê̜ʫÕÀÃÕi]Ê̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iÊ}i˜iÀ>̈œ˜ÊœvÊ«œÜiÀvՏʈ˜Ãˆ}…ÌðÊ-ˆ“«ÞÊ
«ÕÌ]ÊÜiLLˆ˜}ÊV>˜Ê…i«ÊޜÕÊ̜Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`Ê܅>ÌʈÌʈÃÊޜÕÊÀi>ÞÊÜ>˜Ì°
Ê 7iLLˆ˜}ʈÃʈÕÃÌÀ>Ìi`ʈ˜Êˆ}ÕÀiÊ££°Ê/…iÊ}œ>ÊˆÃÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊVi˜ÌiÀ\ʺÌÊܜՏ`ÊLiʘˆViʈvÊÊVœÕ`ÊÌÀ>ÛiÊ“œÀiʈ˜‡
ÌiÀ˜>̈œ˜>Þ°»Ê/…iÊLœÝiÃÊ̅>ÌÊiÝÌi˜`ÊÕ«ÊvÀœ“ÊVi˜ÌiÀÊ>˜ÃÜiÀÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Êº7…Þ]»Ê>˜`Ê>ÀiʓœÀiÊ>LÃÌÀ>VÌ°Ê/…iÊ
LœÝiÃÊ̅>ÌÊiÝÌi˜`Ê`œÜ˜ÊvÀœ“ÊVi˜ÌiÀÊ>ÀiʓœÀiÊVœ˜VÀiÌi]Ê>˜`Ê>˜ÃÜiÀÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Êº7…>̽ÃÊÃ̜««ˆ˜}Êޜն»

Purpose of the Tool

UÊ /œÊ“>«ÊœÕÌÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Êë>ViÊLÞÊiÝ>“ˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê>Ê`ˆÛiÀÃiÊÀ>˜}iʜvÊV…>i˜}iÃÊ>ÃÜVˆ>Ìi`Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊ`iÈÀi`Ê
œÕÌVœ“i]ʈ˜VÕ`ˆ˜}ʓœÀiÊ>LÃÌÀ>VÌÊ>˜`ʓœÀiÊVœ˜VÀiÌiÊۈiÜÃʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê>Ãʈ˜ˆÌˆ>ÞÊ«ÀiÃi˜Ìi`°
UÊ /œÊˆ`i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>˜`Ê`ifiʘiÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê>ÌÊ̅iÊ>««Àœ«Àˆ>ÌiʏiÛiÊœvÊ>LÃÌÀ>V̈œ˜°

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking

TableSkills Model £äÇ
of Contents
 How it Works
£°Ê `i˜ÌˆvÞÊ>Ê}œ>ÊœÀÊ`iÈÀi`ʜÕÌVœ“i°Ê7ÀˆÌiÊ̅ˆÃÊ}œ>Êˆ˜Ê̅iÊVi˜ÌiÀʜvÊ>ÊÅiiÌʜvÊ«>«iÀʜÀÊflʈ«ÊV…>ÀÌ°Ê­˜Ê̅iÊ
iÝ>“«i]Ê̅iÊ}œ>ÊˆÃʺÌÊܜՏ`ÊLiʘˆViʈvÊÊVœÕ`ÊÌÀ>ÛiÊ“œÀiʈ˜ÌiÀ˜>̈œ˜>Þ°»®
Ó°Ê /œÊLÀœ>`i˜Ê̅iÊۈiÜʜvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœLi“Ê­Ì…>ÌʈÃ]Ê̜ʓ>ŽiʈÌʓœÀiÊ>LÃÌÀ>VÌ®]Ê>ÎÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Êº7…Þ¶»Ê­˜Ê
̅iÊiÝ>“«i]Ê̅iÊ}œ>ÊˆÃÊÌÕÀ˜i`ʈ˜ÌœÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Êº7…ÞÊ`œÊÊÜ>˜ÌÊ̜ÊÌÀ>ÛiÊ“œÀiʈ˜ÌiÀ˜>̈œ˜>Þ¶»®Ê

˜ÃÜiÀÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜]Ê̅i˜ÊÌÕÀ˜Ê̅iÊ>˜ÃÜiÀʈ˜ÌœÊ>ʵÕiÃ̈œ˜ÊLi}ˆ˜˜ˆ˜}Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊÃÌ>Ìi“i˜ÌÊÃÌ>ÀÌiÀʺœÜÊ
̜°°°»ÊœÀʺœÜʓˆ}…Ì°°°°»Ê7ÀˆÌiÊ̅iʵÕiÃ̈œ˜Êœ˜Ê̅iÊÜiLÊ>LœÛiÊ̅iÊVi˜ÌÀ>Ê}œ>°Ê­˜Ê̅iÊiÝ>“«i]Ê̅iÊ
>˜ÃÜiÀʺ/œÊiÝ«œÀiÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊVՏÌÕÀiÃÊ>˜`ÊVÕÃ̜“ûʈÃÊÀiÃÌ>Ìi`Ê>ÃʺœÜÊ̜ÊiÝ«œÀiÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊVՏÌÕÀiÃÊ
>˜`ÊVÕÃ̜“Ã]»Ê>˜`ʈÃÊ«>Vi`ʜ˜Ê̅iÊÜiL°®Ê

Figure 11:
Webbing example

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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £ä™

 Exploring Ideas

Thinking Skill: Ideational Thinking

Ê /…iʓ>ˆ˜Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÊi“«œÞi`ʈ˜Ê Ý«œÀˆ˜}Ê`i>ÃʈÃÊIdeational Thinking]Êwhich is the ability to produce

original mental images or thoughts that respond to important challenges. n
Ê /…iÊ«iÀܘÊ܅œÊˆÃÊ>`i«ÌÊ>ÌÊ`i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊV>˜Êi>ȏÞÊ}i˜iÀ>Ìiʓ>˜Þʈ`i>ÃÊi˜Vœ“«>ÃȘ}Ê>ÊÛ>ÀˆiÌÞʜvÊ
«iÀëiV̈ÛiÃ]Ê«Àœ`ÕVˆ˜}Ê՘ˆµÕiÊ>˜`Ê՘ÕÃÕ>Êœ«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ÊLՈ`ˆ˜}ʜ˜Êi>V…ʜ̅iÀ]Ê>˜`ÊVœ“Lˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊVœ˜Vi«ÌÃÊ
ˆ˜ÌœÊ˜iÜÊVœ˜fi}ÕÀ>̈œ˜Ã°Ê˜Ê̅>ÌÊÃi˜Ãi]Ê`i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Êi«ˆÌœ“ˆâiÃÊ̅iÊvœÕÀÊ«Àˆ“>ÀÞÊvœÀ“ÃʜvÊ`ˆÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ
̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}\ÊflÕi˜VÞÊ­«Àœ`ÕVˆ˜}ʓ>˜Þʈ`i>î]Êfli݈LˆˆÌÞÊ­}i˜iÀ>̈˜}Ê>ÊÛ>ÀˆiÌÞʜvʈ`i>î]ʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>ˆÌÞÊ­}i˜iÀ>̈˜}ʈ`i>ÃÊ
̅>ÌÊ>ÀiÊ՘ˆµÕi®]Ê>˜`Êi>LœÀ>̈œ˜Ê­LՈ`ˆ˜}ʜÀÊiÝ«>˜`ˆ˜}ʜ˜Êˆ`i>î°Ê
Ê "˜iʜvÊ̅iʎiÞÊ`i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÃʈÃÊ>˜>œ}ˆV>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê1Ș}Ê>˜>œ}ˆiÃÊ>˜`ʓiÌ>«…œÀÃʅi«ÃÊޜÕÊ
`iÌiVÌÊ«>ÌÌiÀ˜ÃÊ­i°}°]ʅœÜÊ>Êȓˆ>ÀÊ«ÀœLi“ÊÜ>ÃÊ܏Ûi`ʈ˜Ê>˜œÌ…iÀÊfii`®Ê>˜`Ê`iÛiœ«Ê>ÃÜVˆ>̈œ˜ÃÊ­Vœ“Lˆ˜ˆ˜}Ê
̅ˆ˜}ÃÊ«ÀiۈœÕÏÞÊ՘Ài>Ìi`®°Ê>˜ÞÊÃÕVViÃÃvՏʫÀœ`ÕVÌÃÊÜiÀiÊVÀi>Ìi`Ê>ÃÊ>ÊÀiÃՏÌʜvÊ>˜>œ}ˆV>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]ÊiëiVˆ>ÞÊ
̅ÀœÕ}…Ê̅iʜLÃiÀÛ>̈œ˜Êœvʘ>ÌÕÀi°Ê/…iÊ`iÛiœ«“i˜ÌʜvÊ*Àˆ˜}iÃÊ*œÌ>̜Ê
…ˆ«Ãp>ÊÌÀՏÞʜÀˆ}ˆ˜>Ê«œÌ>̜ÊV…ˆ«Ê
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ˆ˜ÌœÊ}>ÀL>}iÊL>}ÃÊLiV>ÕÃiÊ̅iÞÊVœ˜vœÀ“Ê̜ʜ˜iÊ>˜œÌ…iÀ°Ê9œÕÊV>˜ÊÕÃiÊ>˜>œ}ˆiÃʈ˜Ê“>˜ÞÊÜ>ÞÃ]ÊvÀœ“ÊÛi˜ÌÕÀˆ˜}Ê
ˆ˜ÌœÊ`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊܜÀ`ÃÊ̜Êfi˜`ÊVœ˜˜iV̈œ˜ÃÊLiÌÜii˜ÊޜÕÀÊV…>i˜}iÊ>˜`Ê̅iÊ܏Ṏœ˜ÃÊ̅>Ìʅ>ÛiÊi“iÀ}i`ʈ˜Ê̅œÃiÊ
i˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜ÌÃÊ­˜>ÌÕÀi]Ê>˜ˆ“>Ã]ʜÕÀÊLœ`Þ]Ê>ÀV…ˆÌiVÌÕÀi]ÊiÌV°®]Ê̜ʈ“>}ˆ˜ˆ˜}ʅœÜÊ«iœ«iÊ­…ˆÃ̜ÀˆV>Êfi}ÕÀiÃ]ÊViiLÀˆ‡
̈iÃ]ÊfiV̈œ˜>ÊV…>À>VÌiÀÃ]ÊޜÕÀÊv>̅iÀ]ÊiÌV°®ÊܜՏ`ÊÀi܏ÛiÊ̅iÊV…>i˜}iÊ>Ìʅ>˜`°
Ê `i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê>ÃœÊˆ“«ˆiÃÊÌÀ>˜ÃvœÀ“>̈œ˜ÆÊ̅>ÌʈÃ]Ê̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ̜ʓi˜Ì>Þʓ>˜ˆ«Õ>ÌiʜLiVÌÃÊ>˜`Ê
ÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ã°Ê`i>̈œ˜>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Êi˜VœÕÀ>}iÃÊޜÕÊ̜ʫ>ÞÊ܈̅ʈ`i>ÃÊ>˜`ÊiÝ«œÀiÊ«œÃÈLˆˆÌˆiÃ]ʏœœŽˆ˜}Ê>ÌÊ̅iÊÃ>“iÊ
œ«Ìˆœ˜Êˆ˜Ê`ˆvviÀi˜ÌÊÜ>ÞÃ]ÊiÝ«>˜`ˆ˜}ʜÀÊÀiÛiÀȘ}ʈÌ]ʓœ`ˆvވ˜}ÊÅ>«iʜÀÊÈâi]Ê>`>«Ìˆ˜}ʈÌÊ̜ʓ>˜ÞÊ«œÃÈLiÊÕÃiÃ]Ê
ÃÕLÃ̈ÌṎ˜}ÊܓiʜvʈÌÃÊ«>ÀÌÃ]ʜÀÊVœ“Lˆ˜ˆ˜}ʈÌÊ܈̅Ê>˜œÌ…iÀʜ«Ìˆœ˜°Ê`i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ«œÜiÀi`ÊLÞÊ̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ
̜ÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜Õ>ÞʏœœŽÊ>ÌÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ãʈ˜Ê˜iÜÊÜ>ÞÃ]ÊÃÌ>ވ˜}ʜ«i˜Ê­ÀivÀ>ˆ˜ˆ˜}ÊvÀœ“Ê«Ài“>ÌÕÀiÊVœÃÕÀi®]Ê>˜`Ê>`œ«Ìˆ˜}Ê
̅iÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`iÊ̅>ÌʺˆÌ½ÃʍÕÃÌÊ>˜Êˆ`i>»Ê̅>ÌÊ܈ÊÌ>ŽiÊ̈“iÊ>˜`Ê`i`ˆV>̈œ˜Ê̜Ê`iÛiœ«Êˆ˜ÌœÊ>ÊܜÀŽ>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜°ÊœÀÊ
ÌÀÕiÊ`i>̈œ˜>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê̜ʜVVÕÀ]ʈÌʈÃÊVÀˆÌˆV>Ê̜ÊVÀi>ÌiÊ>˜Êi˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜ÌÊ̅>ÌʈÃÊVœ˜`ÕVˆÛiÊ̜ÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞ]Ê܅iÀiÊ
ˆ`i>ÃÊV>˜ÊvÀiiÞÊVˆÀVՏ>ÌiÊ>˜`Ê«iœ«iÊ>ÀiÊi˜VœÕÀ>}i`Ê̜ʫ>ÞÊ܈̅ʈ`i>ð

££ä
Affective Skill: Playfulness

Ê
ʎiÞÊ>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊ̅>ÌÊÃÕ««œÀÌÃÊ`i>̈œ˜>Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈÃÊ*>ÞvՏ˜iÃÃ°Ê ÞÊ*>ÞvՏ˜iÃÃ]ÊÜiʓi>˜Êfreely toying

with ideas.™ÊÊ
Ê«>ÞvՏÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`iÊÀii>ÃiÃʈ˜…ˆLˆÌˆœ˜ÃÊ>˜`Ê>œÜÃÊ̅iÊvÀii`œ“Ê̜ÊiÝ«œÀiʘiÜʜÀÊ`ˆvviÀi˜Ìʈ`i>ÃʜÀÊ
>˜}ið
Ê 7…i˜ÊÜiÊLiVœ“iÊ«>ÞvՏÊÜiÊi>ȏÞÊÃÕëi˜`ʍÕ`}“i˜ÌÊLiV>ÕÃiÊÜiÊLiVœ“iʓœÀiÊV…ˆ`ˆŽi°Ê7iʏ>Õ}…]Ê>ÀiÊ
œÞvՏ]Ê>˜`Êfiʘ`Ê̅iÊܜ˜`iÀʈ˜ÊœÕÀÊiÝ«iÀˆi˜ViÃÊ>˜`ÊÃÕÀÀœÕ˜`ˆ˜}ðÊ1˜ˆŽiÊ̅iÊ«À>}“>̈VÊ>`ՏÌÊ܅œÊœœŽÃÊvœÀÊ
̅iʜ˜iÊÀˆ}…ÌÊ>˜ÃÜiÀ]Ê̅iÊ«>ÞvՏÊ>`ՏÌÊÀiVœ}˜ˆâiÃʅœÜÊ>œÜˆ˜}Ê>ʏˆÌ̏iÊv՘ÊV>˜Êœ«i˜ÊÕ«Ê«œÃÈLˆˆÌˆiÃÊ>˜`ʘiÜÊ
ˆ`i>ðÊ*iœ«iÊ>ÀiʓœÀiÊ>«ÌÊ̜Ê}i˜iÀ>ÌiʜÕÌÀ>}iœÕÃʈ`i>ÃÊ܅i˜Ê̅iÞÊ>ÀiʍÕÃÌʅ>ۈ˜}Êv՘Ê܈̅Ê̅iÊ«ÀœLi“°Ê/…iÃiÊ
œÕÌÀ>}iœÕÃʈ`i>Ãʓ>Þ]ʈ˜Êv>VÌ]ÊLiÊ̅iÊÃii`ÃʜvÊܜÀŽ>LiÊ܏Ṏœ˜Ã°Ê
ÊV…ˆ`likeÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`iʈÃʘœÌÊ>ÊV…ˆ`ishÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`i°Ê
/…iÊvœÀ“iÀÊi“«…>ÈâiÃÊ̅iʜ«i˜˜iÃÃʜvÊ>ÊV…ˆ`½ÃÊ«iÀëiV̈ÛiÊ܅ˆiÊ̅iʏ>ÌiÀʈ“«ˆiÃÊ>˜Êˆ˜>««Àœ«Àˆ>Ìiʈ““>ÌՇ
ÀˆÌÞ]Ê«>À̈VՏ>ÀÞʈ˜Ê«ÀœviÃȜ˜>ÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜Ã°Ê*>ÞvՏ˜iÃÃʈÃÊ>˜Ê>Ì̈ÌÕ`i]Ê>˜Êi“œÌˆœ˜>Ê“ˆ˜`‡ÃiÌ]Ê>ʓœÌˆÛ>̈œ˜Ê̅>ÌÊ
i˜…>˜ViÃÊ̅iÊ>LˆˆÌÞÊ̜Ê}i˜iÀ>ÌiʘœÛiÊˆ`i>ðÊ

Thinking Tool: Forced Connections

Ê œÀVi`Ê
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Purpose of the Tool

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How it Works
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £££

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Formulating Solutions

Thinking Skill: Evaluative Thinking

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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ££Î

 Affective Skill: Avoiding Premature Closure

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Closurep܅ˆV…ʈÃÊresisting the urge to push for a decision°££ÊÊ
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̈œ˜ÊVÀˆÌiÀˆœ˜°

Thinking Tool: PPCo

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Lii˜Êˆ`i˜Ìˆfii`Ê>˜`ÊÃiiVÌi`Ê>ÃÊ̅iʓœÃÌÊ«Àœ“ˆÃˆ˜}°

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PPCo Example

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ££x

 Purpose of the Tool
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̅iˆÀʓiÀˆÌðÊ

How it Works
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x°Ê OvercomeÊ̅iÊ
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Exploring Acceptance

Thinking Skill: Contextual Thinking

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ing of the interrelated conditions and circumstances that will support or hinder success.13
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ££Ç

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Affective Skill: Sensitivity to One’s Environment

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ˆÃÊ>ÊۈÌ>Ê>vviV̈ÛiÊΈÊ̅>ÌÊi˜…>˜ViÃÊ̅iÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÊœvÊ
œ˜ÌiÝÌÕ>Ê/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°

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Thinking Tool: Other People’s View

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Purpose of the Tool

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UÊ /œÊ«ÕÌʜ˜iÃivʈ˜Ê>˜œÌ…iÀÊ«iÀܘ½ÃÊŜiÃ]ʈ˜ÊœÀ`iÀÊ̜ʏœœŽÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊܜÀ`ÊvÀœ“Ê̅>ÌÊ«œÃˆÌˆœ˜°

How it Works
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ˆ“«i“i˜ÌÊޜÕÀÊ܏Ṏœ˜°Ê

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model ££™

 Formulating a Plan

Thinking Skill: Tactical Thinking

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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £Ó£

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Digging Deeper: Three More Affective Skills

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• Tolerance for ComplexityʈÃÊbeing able to stay open and persevere without being overwhelmed by
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking

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CHAPTER 11

Thinking About Thinking: Using Diagnostic

Thinking to Navigate the CPS Process

…iÀiʈÃÊ>˜Êœ`ÊÃ>ވ˜}]ʺvÊޜÕÊ`œ˜½Ìʎ˜œÜÊ܅iÀiÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ}œˆ˜}]Ê>˜ÞÊÀœ>`Ê܈ÊÌ>ŽiÊޜÕÊ̅iÀi°»Ê9œÕʓˆ}…ÌÊ
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>˜`ÊÃÕÀ«ÀˆÃiðÊœÜiÛiÀ]Ê܅i˜ÊˆÌÊVœ“iÃÊ̜Ê>ÊÀ>«ˆ`Þ‡V…>˜}ˆ˜}ÊܜÀ`]Ê>ÊÜ>ˆÌ‡>˜`‡ÃiiÊ>Ì̈ÌÕ`iʈÃÊ«ÀœL>LÞÊ
˜œÌÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊ>««Àœ>V…ÊvœÀÊÀi܏ۈ˜}ʈ““i`ˆ>ÌiÊ«Ài`ˆV>“i˜ÌÃÊ>˜`ÊvœÀÊ̅iÊ«Àœ>V̈ÛiÊ«ÕÀÃՈÌʜvʘiÜʜ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌˆiðÊ
Ê 9œÕÊV>˜ÊV…œœÃiÊ̜ÊÜ>ˆÌ]ʜÀÊޜÕÊV>˜ÊV…œœÃiÊ̜ÊVÀi>Ìi°ÊiˆLiÀ>ÌiÊVÀi>̈ۈÌÞʓi>˜ÃʘœÌÊÜ>ˆÌˆ˜}°ÊÌʓi>˜ÃÊ
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Ê Ìʓi>˜ÃÊ}iÌ̈˜}ʈ˜Ê̅iÊV>À]ÊÌÕÀ˜ˆ˜}Ê̅iʎiÞ]Ê>˜`ʓœÛˆ˜}ÊvœÀÜ>À`°Ê˜Ê«ÀiۈœÕÃÊV…>«ÌiÀÃÊÜiÊÕÃi`Ê̅iʓiÌ>‡
«…œÀʜvÊ`ÀˆÛˆ˜}Ê>ÊV>ÀÊ̜Ê`iÃVÀˆLiÊ«Àœ`ÕV̈ÛiÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}°Ê vviV̈ÛiÊ`ÀˆÛˆ˜}Ê`i«i˜`Ãʜ˜Ê…œÜÊÜiÊޜÕʓ>˜>}iÊ̅iÊ
V>À½ÃÊv՘V̈œ˜Ã\Ê>VViiÀ>̈˜}]ÊLÀ>Žˆ˜}]ÊÃÌiiÀˆ˜}]ÊÕȘ}ÊÌÕÀ˜ÊÈ}˜>ÃʭޜÕÊÀi“i“LiÀÊÌÕÀ˜ÊÈ}˜>Ã]ÊÀˆ}…̶®]ÊV…iVŽˆ˜}Ê
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ÃÊޜÕÊ`iÛiœ«ÊޜÕÀÊΈÃ]ÊޜÕÊ܈Ê
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܅œÊ…>ÃÊÌÀœÕLiÊ܈̅Ê`ˆÀiV̈œ˜Ã°Ê7…i˜ÊޜÕÊ>ÀiʏœÃÌ]ʈÌÊ`œiؽÌʓ>ÌÌiÀÊ܅i̅iÀÊޜÕÊ>ÀiÊ`ÀˆÛˆ˜}Ê>Ê>“LœÀ}…ˆ˜ˆÊ
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̅ˆÃÊÃÌi«ÊœvÊ̅iÊ«ÀœViÃðÊ

Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £Óx

 Diagnostic Thinking: A Closer Look

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̈œ˜°Ê7iÊ`ifi˜iÊDiagnostic ThinkingÊ>à making a careful examination of a situation, describing the nature of
a problem, and making decisions about appropriate process steps to be taken.£ÊÊˆ>}˜œÃ̈VÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]Ê܅ˆV…ʈÃÊ
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ÜiÊ>ÃÜVˆ>ÌiÊ܈̅Ê
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vÌiÀÊ}>̅iÀˆ˜}]ÊVœ˜ÛiÀ}i˜ÌÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}Ê
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*-Ê«ÀœViÃðI
Ê 7i½ÊœœŽÊ>ÌÊi>V…ÊœvÊ̅iÃiÊÌܜÊv՘V̈œ˜Ãʈ˜ÊÌÕÀ˜]Ê>œ˜}Ê܈̅Ê̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ÊΈÃÊ>˜`Ê̜œÃÊ̅>ÌÊÃÕ««œÀÌÊ̅i“°Ê
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̅iÊV…>«ÌiÀ°®

Gathering Data

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̅ˆ˜}ÊޜÕÊŜՏ`Ê`œ¶Ê7i]ʅœÜÊ`œiÃÊ>Ê`iÌiV̈ÛiÊ܏ÛiÊ>ÊVÀˆ“i¶ÊœÜÊ`œiÃÊ>ʓiV…>˜ˆVʎ˜œÜʅœÜÊ̜ÊfiÝÊ>ÊV>ÀÊ
­>˜`Ê܅ÞÊ`œ˜½ÌʓœÃÌʜvÊÕî¶ÊœÜÊ`œiÃÊ>˜Êi˜ÌÀi«Ài˜iÕÀʎ˜œÜÊ܅i̅iÀÊ̅ˆÃÊ­œÀÊ̅>Ì]ʜÀÊ̅iʜ̅iÀ®ÊˆÃÊ>Êۈ>LiʘiÜÊ
LÕȘiÃÃʜ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌ޶ʜÜÊ`œiÃÊ>ÊVœÕ˜ÃiœÀʅi«Ê>ÊVˆi˜ÌÊܜÀŽÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê>Ê`ˆvfiVՏÌʈÃÃÕi¶ÊœÜÊ`œiÃÊ>ÊëœÀÌÃÊ
Ìi>“½ÃÊVœ>V…Ê`iÌiÀ“ˆ˜iÊ̅iÊLiÃÌÊÃÌÀ>Ìi}ˆiÃÊvœÀÊLi>̈˜}Ê>˜Êœ««œ˜i˜Ì¶Ê/…iÞÊ>ÊLi}ˆ˜ÊLÞÊ}>̅iÀˆ˜}Ê`>Ì>°Ê

IÊÊ7…i˜ÊÜiÊÜ>Ži`ÊޜÕÊ̅ÀœÕ}…Ê
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Thinking Tool for Gathering Data: 5Ws and an H

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ÃՓ«Ìˆœ˜Ã]ʏœœŽÊvœÀÊ«>ÌÌiÀ˜Ã]ÊÃi>ÀV…Ê܈`i]Ê>˜`ÊÜÊvœÀ̅°Ê/œÊœÀ}>˜ˆâiÊ̅iÃiÊ`>Ì>‡}>̅iÀˆ˜}Ê>V̈ۈ̈iÃÊÜiÊ«ÀiÃi˜ÌÊ
>ÊLÀœ>`Ê>˜`ÊÃÌÀÕVÌÕÀi`Ê>««Àœ>V…ÊÕÃivՏÊvœÀÊ`ˆ}}ˆ˜}ʓœÀiÊ`ii«Þʈ˜ÌœÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“>̈VÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜]ÊÕȘ}Ê>Ê̜œÊV>i`Ê
5Ws and an H\Ê܅œ]Ê܅>Ì]Ê܅iÀi]Ê܅i˜]Ê܅Þ]Ê>˜`ʅœÜ° ÓÊÊ iV>ÕÃiÊ̅ˆÃÊ̜œÊVœiVÌÃÊ̅iÊÃ>“iÊL>ÈVÊ`>Ì>Ê̅>ÌÊ
>««i>ÀÃʈ˜Ê>ʘiÜÃÊÃ̜ÀÞ]ÊܓiÊV>Ê̅ˆÃÊ̅iʍœÕÀ˜>ˆÃ̽ÃÊ̜œ°Ê7…iÀiÛiÀʈÌÊV>“iÊvÀœ“]ʈ̽ÃÊ>Êȓ«iÊÞiÌÊ«œÜiÀvՏÊ
“i̅œ`Ê̜Êi˜ÃÕÀiÊ>ÊLÀœ>`ÊÃi>ÀV…ÊvœÀÊ`>Ì>°Ê
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ÃÃiÃȘ}Ê
̅iÊ-ˆÌÕ>̈œ˜ÊˆÃÊ̜Ê`iÛiœ«Ê`ii«Êˆ˜Ãˆ}…Ìʈ˜ÌœÊ̅iʘ>ÌÕÀiʜvÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“>̈VÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜]Ê>˜`Êܓï“iÃÊ̅>ÌÊÀiµÕˆÀiÃÊ
“œÀiÊ̅>˜ÊVœ˜VÀiÌiÊ`>Ì>Æʈ˜Êv>VÌ]Êܓï“iÃʈÌʈÃÊ̅iÊi“œÌˆœ˜>ÊVœ“«œ˜i˜ÌÊ̅>ÌÊ«ÀœÛiÃʓœÃÌÊVÀÕVˆ>°

Purpose of the Tool

UÊ /œÊ«ÀœÛˆ`iÊ«ÀœLi“ʜܘiÀÃÊ܈̅Ê`>Ì>ÊV>Ìi}œÀˆiÃp܅œ]Ê܅>Ì]Ê܅iÀi]Ê܅i˜]Ê܅Þ]Ê>˜`ʅœÜp̜Ê>ÃÃÕÀiÊ
̅>ÌÊ̅iÞÊV>ÃÌÊ>Ê܈`iʘiÌÊ>ÃÊ̅iÞÊÃiiŽÊ̜Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`Ê̅iÊÈÌÕ>̈œ˜°Ê
UÊ /œÊÃÌÀÕVÌÕÀiÊ`>Ì>ÊVœiV̈œ˜Êˆ˜Ê>ÊÜ>ÞÊ̅>Ìʏi˜`ÃʈÌÃivÊ̜Ê՘`iÀÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜}°

How it Works
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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £ÓÇ

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Task Statement Tips

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£Ón
Diagnostic Thinking: GPS for CPS

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Part 3: CPS: The Thinking Skills Model £Ó™

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̅œÕ}…ÌðÊ/…iÊΈÊˆÃÊV>i`Êmetacognition]Ê܅ˆV…ʈÃÊthe ability to think about your thinking.ʺiÌ>»Ê“i>˜ÃÊ
̜ÊÃÌ>˜`Ê>LœÛi]Ê>˜`ʺVœ}˜ˆÌˆœ˜»Ê“i>˜ÃÊ̜Ê̅ˆ˜Ž]Ê̅iÀivœÀiʓiÌ>Vœ}˜ˆÌˆœ˜Ê“i>˜ÃÊ̜ÊÃÌ>˜`Ê>LœÛiÊޜÕÀÊ̅ˆ˜Žˆ˜}]Ê
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̜Ê>`Û>˜ViÊޜÕÀÊ«ÀœLi“‡ÃœÛˆ˜}ÊivvœÀÌðÊ

Thinking Tool for Diagnostic Thinking: 4Is

Ê ˆ>}˜œÃ̈VÊ/…ˆ˜Žˆ˜}ʈ˜Ê̅iÊ
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Purpose of the Tool

UÊ /œÊ`iÌiÀ“ˆ˜iʈvÊ>Ê«ÀœLi“ʈÃÊ>Ê}œœ`ÊV>˜`ˆ`>ÌiÊvœÀÊ
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Thinking Tool for Diagnostic Thinking: If-Then Process Analysis

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Purpose of the Tool

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How it Works
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Tips
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Metacognition Throughout CPS

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If-Then Process Analysis

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Rising
“No pessimist ever discovered the secret of the
stars, or sailed to an uncharted land, or opened
a new heaven to the human spirit.”
Helen Keller
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CHAPTER 12

Creativity:
a Life Skill and a Way of Life

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About the Authors

Ê Gerard J. Puccio, Ph.D.ʈÃÊi«>À̓i˜ÌÊ

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