Science | Class 10th

CBSE Board Paper

2019

s
 CBSE Board Paper 2019
Set - 1
Time allowed: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

General Instructions:
1. The question paper comprises five sections, A, B, C, D and E. You
are to attempt all the sections.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Internal choice is given in sections B, C, D and E.
4. Question number 1 and 2 Section-A are one mark questions.
They are to answered in one word or in one sentence.
5. Question numbers 3 to 5 in Section B are two-marks questions.
These are to be answered in about 30 words each.
6. Question numbers 6 to 15 in Section C are three-marks
questions. These are to be answered in about 50 words each.
7. Question number 16 to 21 in Section D are five-marks questions.
These are to be answered in about 70 words each.
8. Question numbers 22 to 27 Section E are based on practical
skills. Each question is a two marks question. These are toe be
answered in brief.

2
 Section A

1. What is the function of galvanometer in the circuit? 1

2. Why is biogas considered as an excellent fuel? 1

Section B

3. How it can be proved that the basic structure of the 2

Modern Periodic Table is based on the electronic
configuration of atoms of different elements?

OR

The electronic configuration of an element is 2,8,4. State

its:
(a) Group and period in the Modern Periodic Table.
(b) Name and write its one physical property.

4. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to 2

provide energy in human body. Write the products formed
in each case.

5. Define the term power of accommodation. Write the 2

modification in the curvature of the eye lens which
enables us to see the nearby objects clearly?

3
 Section C

6. 2 g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish and the china 3

dish is placed in sunlight for some time. What will be your
observation in this case? Write the chemical reaction
involved in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
Identify the type of chemical reaction.

OR

Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the

following cases and write the balanced chemical equation
for the reactions.
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate
and silver metal
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce
potassium and lead iodide.

7. Identify the acid and base from which sodium chloride is 3

obtained. Which type of salt is it? When is it called rock
salt? How is rock salt formed?

4
8. Based on the group valency of elements write the 3
molecular formula of the following compounds giving
justification for each:
(i) Oxide of first group elements
(ii) Halide of the elements of group thirteen, and
(iii) Compound formed when an element, A of group 2
combines with an element, B of group seventeen.

9. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important 3

feature of each.

10. Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright 3

light is focused on your eyes.

11. What are plant hormones? Name the plant hormones 3

responsible for the following
(i) Growth of stem
(ii) Promotion of cell division
(iii) Inhibition of growth
(iv) Elongation of cells

12. Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What 3
type of progeny was obtained by Mendel in F1 and F2
generations when he crossed the tall and short plants?
Write the ratio he obtained in F2generation plants.

5
 OR

Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What

type of progeny was obtained by Mendel in F1 and F2
generations when he crossed the tall and short plants?
Write the ratio he obtained in F2generation plants.

13. What is a rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to show the 3

formation of a rainbow.

14. How can we help in reducing the problem of waste 3

disposal? Suggest any three methods.

OR

Define an ecosystem. Draw a block diagram to show the

formation of energy in an ecosystem.

15. What is water harvesting? List 2 main advantages 3

associated with water harvesting at the community level.
Write 2 causes for the failure of sustained availability of
groundwater.

6
 Section D

16. (a) List in tabular form 3 chemical properties on the basis 5

of which we can differentiate between a metal and a non-
metal.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(ii) The reaction of iron (II) oxide [Fe2O3] with heated
aluminum is used to join cracked machine parts.

17. Write the chemical formula and name of the compound 5

which is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. List its
2 uses. Write chemical equation and name of the product
formed when this compound reacts with-
(i) sodium metal
(ii) hot conc. sulphuric acid

OR

What is methane? Draw its electron dot structure. Name

the type of bonds formed in this compound. Why are such
compounds:
(i) poor conductors of electricity? and
(ii) have low melting and boiling points? What happens
when this compound burns in oxygen?

7
18. Define pollination. Explain the different types of 5
pollination. List two agents of pollination? How does
suitable pollination lead to fertilization?
OR

(a) Identify the given diagram. Name the parts 1 to 5

(b) What is contraception? List three advantages of

adopting contraceptive measure.

19. An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave 5

lens of focal length 30 cm.
(i) use lens formula to find the distance of the image from
the lens
(ii) List 4 characteristics of the image (nature, position,
size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case.
(iii) Draw ray diagram to justify you answer of part (ii).

20. (a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram, prove that 5
the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group of
resistances joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistors.
(b) In an electric circuit 2 resistors of 12 Ω each are joined
in parallel to the a 6V battery. Find the current drawn from
the battery.

8
 OR

An electric lamp of resistance 20Ω and a conductor of

resistance 4Ω are connected to a 6V battery as shown in
the circuit. Calculate:
(a) The total resistance of the circuit
(b) the current through the circuit
(c) the potential difference across the
(i) the electric lamp
(ii) conductor
(d) power of the lamp.

21. What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field 5

lines of
(i)- a current carrying solenoid and
(ii)- a bar magnet.
List two distinguishing features between the 2 fields.

9
 Section E

22. Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes A and B 2

containing dilute HCl and NaOH solution respectively. In
which test tube a colour change will be observed? State
the colour change and give its reason.

OR

What is observed when 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid is

added to 1 g of sodium carbonate taken in a clean and dry
test tube? Write chemical equation for the reaction
involved.

23. In three test tubes A, B and C, three different liquids 2

namely, distilled water, underground water and distilled
water in which a pinch of calcium sulphate is dissolved,
respectively are taken. Equal amount of soap solution is
added to each test tube and the contents are shaken. In
which test tube will the length of the foam (lather) be
longest? Justify your answer.

24. A student is observing the temporary mount of a leaf peel 2

under a microscope. Draw a labeled diagram of the
structure of stomata as seen under the microscope.

OR

Draw a labeled diagram in proper sequence to show

budding in hydra.

10
25. In the experimental set up to show that “CO2 is given out 2
during respiration”, name the substance taken in the small
test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and
the consequence of its use.

26. While studying the dependence of potential difference(V) 2

across a resistor on the current(I) passing through it, in
order to determine the resistance of a resistor, a student
took 5 readings for different values of current and plotted
a graph between V and I. He got a straight-line graph
passing through the origin. What does the straight line
signify? Write the method of determining resistance of the
resistor using this graph.

27. List 4 precautions which a student should observe while 2

determining the focal length of a given convex lens by
obtaining image of a distant object on a screen.

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 Solutions (Set-1)

Section A (Solutions)

1. The function of the galvanometer is to detect the presence of

electric current in a circuit. Galvanometer works on the principle
of magnetic effects of electric current. If there is a current in the
circuit, the needle in the galvanometer will show deflection. This
indicates the presence of current in the circuit.

2. Biogas contains about 50%of methane, which is the actual fuel.

It is an excellent fuel because:
•It doesn’t lead to air pollution since the combustion of biogas
is smoke-free.
•It is a clean fuel since it doesn’t leave any residues.
•It produces a large amount of heat per unit mass and
therefore, has high calorific value.
•It is economical and cheap.

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 Section B (Solutions)

3. 1. The modern periodic table was given by Henry Mosely. The

modern periodic law states that periodicity of elements is a
function of their atomic numbers.
2. The basic structure of the Modern Periodic Table is based on
the electronic configuration of atoms of different elements
consists of groups and periods, where the number of valence
electrons determines the group and number of shells
determines the period.

OR

The given element’s electronic configuration is 2, 8, 4. This

means that there are 14 electrons in this element. So,
a) So, the element belongs to the 3rd period and 4th group.
b) The element, therefore, is Silicon. Properties: Silicon is a
metalloid and has a melting point if 1410oC. It is a poor
conductor of electricity.

4. Glucose is a six-carbon molecule which is oxidized in different

ways in the human body depending upon the presence or
absence of oxygen.
First, the glucose molecule is broken down into Pyruvate in the
cytoplasm.
In the case of aerobic respiration (When oxygen is present)
pyruvate is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This takes
place in mitochondria.

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 In the case of anaerobic respiration (absence of oxygen)
pyruvate gets broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide and
energy. This takes place in yeast.
The different pathways can be depicted as in the diagram
below.

5. The ability of the eye lens to change its focal length is known
as the power of accommodation. The ciliary muscles present
in the eye change the curvature of the lens, which in turn
change the focal length of the lens. To see nearby objects
clearly, the focal length of lens should be less than that for
seeing objects at normal distance. The ciliary muscles contract
and cause the lens to become thicker. A thicker lens will have
a decreased focal length than a normal-sized lens so nearby
objects will be visible.

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 Section C (Solutions)

6. When 2 g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish, and the

china dish is placed in sunlight for some time, the white sodium
chloride turns grey. This is due to the decomposition reaction
through the sunlight that decomposes silver chloride into
silver and chloride by light.

The type of reaction taking place is photolytic decomposition

or decomposition reaction.

OR

a) Identification of the product:

Balanced equation:

Type of reaction: Displacement reaction

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 The type of reaction taking place here is displacement
reaction. In this type of a reaction, a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Zinc is
more reactive than silver, so it displaces silver from the silver
nitrate compound and forms zinc nitrate.
b) Identified products:

Balanced equation:

Type of reaction: Double displacement reaction

In this type of a reaction, the cation and anion of two different
compounds switch places, or displace each other and form two
entirely different compounds. So in the above reaction,
potassium replaces lead in lead nitrate, and lead replaces the
potassium in potassium iodide and forms two new products,
namely lead iodide and potassium nitrate.

7. Acid: Hydrochloric acid

Base: Sodium hydroxide
The reaction is given below:

Sodium chloride is a neutral salt.

It is called rock salt when it is found in crystalline form or like
crystals, and it is then mined like we mine coal.
Rock salt is formed by the crystallization of sodium chloride,
which is common salt. This salt is darker in colour because of
impurities that are present in it. It is typically formed by the
evaporation of salty water (such as seawater) which contains
dissolved Na+ and Cl- ions.

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8. i. A2O – Valency of group one is 1 and of oxygen is 2

The formula for group 1 oxides is A2O, where A is the group 1

element and O is oxygen.
ii. AX3 – Valency of group 13 is 3 and of halogen is 1

The formula for the halides of group 13 is AX3 where A is the

group 13 element and X is the halogen.
iii. AB2- Valency of element A of group 2 is 2, and that of
element B of group seventeen is 1.

A of group 2 has a valency of 2, and it combines with an

element, B of group seventeen which has the valency 1.
Therefore the formula is AB2

9. The three types of blood vessels are:

•Artery: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
to all of the body's tissues.
•Vein: Veins carry blood back to the heart. Veins return
deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry
blood out. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.

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 •Capillary: These are small and thin blood vessels. Capillaries
connect arteries and veins. They have thin walls that allow
oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products
to pass to and from cells.

10. The diagram of the eye is:

The eye is one of the most sensitive sense organs. An image is

formed in the eye (on the light-sensitive screen called retina)
when light enters it. The entering of bright light until the image
is formed by small events like
(i) First, the light from a source enters the eye via the cornea,
which is a thin membrane. Majority of the light is refracted at
the outer surface of the cornea.
(ii) After refraction from the cornea, light strikes the pupil of
the eye travelling across a watery fluid called the aqueous
humour. The pupil permits the amount of light that will enter
the eye. Pupil changes its size with the help of iris, a muscular
diaphragm.
(iii) After passing through the pupil, the light now strikes the
crystalline lens. It is a thin jelly-like substance in the shape of a
convex lens, which is responsible for the focusing of the light
rays on the retina. The space between the lens and retina is
occupied by a watery fluid called the vitreous humour.

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 (iv) The retina is a light-sensitive screen. It has two types of
cells- rods and cons. These cells get activated upon
illumination. The cells convert the light rays into electrical
signals and transmit them to the brain via the optic nerve for
further processing.
The brain then perceives the information. The entire process
happens within a matter of nanoseconds.

11. Plant hormones are chemicals or signal molecules produced by

plants and occur in small concentrations.
i) Auxin: The primary function of the auxin is to elongate plant
cells in the stem. For instance, auxins are the hormones
responsible for phototropism, the growth of a plant toward
the light.
ii) Cytokinin’s: It promotes cell division. The extent of their
effectiveness depends on the concentration of auxin.
iii) Abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit plant growth.
iv) Gibberellins promote stem elongation. They are produced
in the stem, buds, and root tips.

12. The plant that Mendel used was the pea plant. Mendel crossed
a tall and a short pea plant. The progeny he obtained were all
tall. This was the F1 generation. Then he took two plants from
the F1 generation and cross-pollinated them. The progeny
obtained made up the F2 generation. The F2 generation had
three tall plants and one short plant.
The ratio obtained in the F2 generation was 3:1.

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 OR

Acquired traits cannot be passed onto the progeny from the

parent. Inherited traits are passed onto the progeny from the
parents.
Acquired traits do not alter the DNA i.e. they bring about no
change in the DNA because their genes are present in the
somatic cells. But inherited traits do alter the DNA because
their genes are present in the germ cells.
Examples: Acquired trait: larger muscle size, skills like painting,
singing, swimming, dancing.
Examples: Inherited traits: eye colour, height, skin colour.

13. The diagram is given below:

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 A rainbow is a band of colours. It is a natural spectrum
appearing in the sky after rain. It is formed by the dispersion
of sunlight by tiny water droplets remains in the sky following
rain. The water droplets act as tiny prisms. Light strikes the
outer surface of the droplets and enters the droplet. Now the
light ray strikes the inner surface of the droplet and reflects
internally instead of refracting and moving out. Now the
internally reflected ray strikes the opposite inner surface of the
droplet and refracts and moves out. This ray of white light is
dispersed into a rainbow’s colours. Multiple refraction and
internal refection give rise to a rainbow in the sky

14. Waste disposal problems can be reduced by:

i) Following the three R’s: Reuse, Refuse and Recycle.
ii) Biodegradable wastes can be composted.
iii) Non-biodegradable wastes can be recycled as much as
possible.
iv) Waste should be segregated before being dumped.
v) Reduction in the use of non-biodegradable substances.

OR

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants,

animals and microbes) in a particular area. The living and
physical components are linked together through nutrient
cycles and energy flows.
Every organism in the ecosystem depends on energy to live.
The primary source of this energy is, of course, photosynthesis,
which allows plants to make their food. Now photosynthesis
requires sunlight; therefore, sunlight is the fundamental

21
 source of energy. Plants use sunlight to make food. Further
plants are eaten by herbivores, and the energy is transferred
from plants to the herbivore. This herbivore would then be
consumed by a carnivore, and the energy would get
transferred to the carnivore from the herbivore. So, the block
diagram would look like:

15. Water harvesting is a technique used to collect and store water

for future use. It means capturing the rainfall when it falls or
capturing the water that runs off.
Advantages:
i)It helps provide water in time of need or scarcity.
ii)It helps in preserving and replenishing the groundwater.
Causes for the failure of the continued availability of
groundwater:
i)Loss of vegetative cover and deforestation.
ii)Trees release water vapour into the atmosphere; fewer trees
means less rainfall, which disrupts the groundwater level.
Iii)Pollution of groundwater by the frequent release of
industrial effluents and urban waste.
Groundwater contamination occurs when industrial pollutants
and chemicals seep into the groundwater and pollute it to the
degree that is unfit for human use.
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 Section D (Solutions)

16. a) The difference between Metals and Non-Metals are given

below;

b) i)The outer electrons of metal atoms are not tied to any one
atom. Therefore, these electrons are free to move within the
structure of a metal when an electric current is applied. So,
metals make good conductors.
ii) The reaction taking place between Fe2O3and aluminium is a
thermite reaction. In such a reaction, a large amount of heat is
produced, i.e. this reaction is exothermic. As a result of this

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 large amount of heat, the metals produced are in molten form.
So, the iron that will be produced will be in molten form and
will join the cracked machine parts easily.

17. Ethanol or Ethyl alcohol is the active ingredient in all of the

alcoholic drinks. Ethanol has the formula, C2H5OH.
Uses: Ethanol is used in medical wipes and antibacterial hand
sanitizer.
Ethanol is used to prepare medicines like tincture of iodine,
cough syrups, and tonics.
i) The compound formed is called
Sodium ethoxide.
ii) The compound formed is
known as ethene.

OR

Methane (CH4) is a chemical compound which contains one

carbon atom, surrounded by four hydrogen atoms. Methane is
a greenhouse gas and is produced by cows and landfill sites.
The type of bond present in methane is a single covalent bond.

i) Compounds containing covalent bonds are poor conductors

of electricity because no free electrons or free ions are
present.

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 ii) They have low melting and boiling points because of weak
Vander Waal’s force of attraction.
When methane reacts with oxygen, the following reaction
occurs:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Carbon dioxide and water are produced.

18. Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grain from the

anther to the stigma to allow fertilization to occur.
Types of pollination:
•Self-pollination: The pollination of a flower by pollen from the
same flower or another flower on the same plant.
•Cross-pollination: it is the transfer of pollen from the flower
of one plant to the flower of a plant having a different genetic
constitution.
Agents of pollution are biotic or abiotic factors that help in
pollination. Some agents of pollination are, insects, wind,
water, etc.
The transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the
flower is known as pollination. Pollination is required for
fertilization. A tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels
through the style, to reach the female germ cell in the ovary to
cause fertilization.

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 OR

a) 1. Fallopian tube or Oviduct: It is responsible for carrying the

mature ovum to the uterus. The oviduct is also the place where
fertilization takes place.
2. Ovary: A pair of ovaries are present in the human female
reproductive system. Ovaries produce ova (eggs/female
gametes) Ovaries are also responsible for producing estrogen,
which is a female hormone involved in the development of
secondary sexual characters.
3. Uterus: Uterus or the womb is the place where the fertilised
egg gets implanted, and it nurtured. It holds and supports the
developing foetus.
4. Cervix: It forms the neck of the uterus and opens into the
vagina. The cervix functions as a path or the opening to the
vaginal opening.
5. Vagina: It acts as a birth canal for childbirth and also serves
as the opening through which menstrual blood exits.
b) Contraception is a method that is used to prevent
conception or pregnancy. The primary forms of contraceptives
are condoms, contraceptive pills, IUDs etc.
Advantaged of adopting contraceptive measures are:
•They help in population control
•They help in avoiding unwanted pregnancies
•They help in spacing out pregnancies.
•They also sometimes help in regulating the menstrual cycle.

19. Given:
The focal length of concave lens = f = -30 cm

26
 The distance of object from the lens = u = -60cm
(-ve due to sign convention)
(i) We have to find the distance of the image from the lens
using the lens equation
1 1 1
The lens equation is 𝑓 = 𝑣 − 𝑢
Where f is the focal length, u is the object distance, and v is the
image distance.
Using the lens equation

Substituting values for f and u

∴ v = -20 cm
The image is located 20 cm away from the concave lens and is
formed on the same side as that of the object.
(ii) The formula for magnification is given as

Where m is the magnification.

The magnification is

Hence, the image size is 3 times less than the size of the object.
As the image distance is –ve, it implies that the image is virtual.
The characteristics of the image are:

27
 1. The image is virtual
2. The image is erect
3. The image is diminished
4. The image placed between the focus and optical center.
(iii) The ray diagram is as follows:

AB is the object
A’B’ is the image
F is the focus
O is the optical centre
Ray 1 is striking to the lens parallel to the lens axis
Ray 2 is incident on the optical centre

20. (a) Let n resistors R1, R2 …….Rn be n resistors of resistances

R1, R2 ….Rn respectively
They are connected in parallel with a battery of emf E.
Let the current flowing across the resistor be I

Let the equivalent resistance be Req. Then according to Ohm’s

law
(i)

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 As the resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage across
there ends will remain same, the current, however, is
distributed.
For the resistor R1, let the current be I1. Then by Ohm’s law,

(ii)
Similarly

Thus, we can say that

Now the total current in the circuit will be the sum of currents
through all the resistors, so

(from eq (ii) and following statements)

Using eq (i), we can say that

Hence

Hence, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group

of resistances joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistors.
(b) Given:
Resistances of the resistors = 12 Ω
Emf of the battery = E = 6V

29
 The resistors are joined in parallel with each other

Let the net resistance be Rnet.

Let the current flowing in the circuit be I.
According to Ohm’ law, (i)
As the resistances are in parallel, Rnet is given as

∴Rnet is 6 Ω.
According to eq (i)

The current flowing in the circuit is 1 A.

OR

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 Given: Resistance of the lamp = 20 Ω
The resistance of the conductor = 4 Ω
Emf of the battery = E = 6 V
(a)The total resistance of the circuit would be simply the
resistance of the series combination of the bulb and the
resistor.

The total resistance of the circuit is 24 Ω.

(b)The current through the circuit can be given by Ohm’s law.
Let the current in the circuit be I, then by Ohm’s law

The current in the circuit is 0.25 A.

(c) The current through the elements will be the same as they
are connected in series.
(i)- The potential drop across the lamp will be

(ii)- The potential drop across the conductor will be

The potential drop across the lamp is 5 V and the potential

drop across the conductor is 1 V.
(d) The power of the lamp is given by

The power of the lamp is 1.25 W

31
21. (i) The magnetic field lines pattern for a current-carrying
solenoid is given as-

(ii) The magnetic field lines pattern for a bar magnet is given
as-

32
 Section E (Solutions)

22. Blue litmus turns red when it comes in contact with an acid. So
Test tube A containing HCl will change the colour. It will turn
red from blue.

OR

HCl is an acid and sodium carbonate is a base. When an acid

and a base react, they form salt and water. This is called a
neutralisation reaction.

When 2 ml of diluted HCl is added to 1 g of sodium carbonate,

a brisk effervescence is observed.

23. The length of the foam (lather) will be the longest in test tube
A, which contains only distilled water. This is because of lather
forms easily in soft water. Distilled water is soft water, i.e. it
doesn’t contain any salts, and hence lather will form easily in
test tube A.

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 Tube B and C contain dissolved salts making them hard waters.
They react with the soap solution and form scum because of
the calcium and magnesium salts with little lather.

24. The experiment was performed in the following manner:

i). A healthy leaf is removed from a potted plant.
ii). The peel from the lower surface of the leaf was removed
with the help of forceps and kept in a watch glass containing
water.
iii). A few drops of safranin stain were put in the watch glass.
iv). After a few minutes, the peel was taken out and placed
onto a clean glass slide.
v). Next, a drop of glycerine was put over the peel, and a clean
coverslip was gently placed over it with the help of a needle.
vi). Excess stain and glycerin were removed with the help of a
blotting paper.
vii). The slide was observed under a microscope.
Observation: Stomata were observed in open and closed
states.

OR

Hydra is a small, freshwater organism that reproduces

asexually via the process of budding.

34
 In hydra, when enough nutrition is available, a small outgrowth
is formed. This outgrowth is known as a bud. This bud is
formed as a result of repeated mitotic division.
The bud gradually grows and forms a small Hydra. It develops
a mouth and tentacles.
This newly formed Hydra then detaches itself from the parent
Hydra and continues living as a separate, free organism.

25. For the experiment to prove that CO2 is given out during
respiration, moist gram seeds are taken. These are actively
respiring and releasing CO2. The CO2 released is absorbed by
KOH and forms K2CO3.

The experiment:
•A few gram seeds were taken and germinated by making
them moist.
•The germinated seeds were kept in a conical flask and water
was sprinkled on top of them to make them moist.
•20% KOH (freshly prepared) was taken in a test tube and hung
in the conical flask with the help of a thread.

35
 •The mouth of the conical flask was closed with the help of a
rubber cork containing a hole.
•Through the hole of rubber cork, insert one end of the U-
shaped glass delivery tube in the conical flask and place the
other end into a beaker filled with water.
•The initial level of water was marked in the U-shaped delivery
tube.
•The set up was left undisturbed for 1-2 hours.
•It was observed that the level of water in the U-shaped
delivery tube dipped in the beaker water rises.
The substance taken in the small tube is KOH, i.e. Potassium
hydroxide.
Function: The KOH absorbs the carbon dioxide released by the
germinating seeds, and a partial vacuum is created because of
the loss of CO2 in the flask.
Consequence: Germinated gram seeds in a conical flask
release CO2 during respiration. The CO2 released is absorbed
by KOH present in the hanging test tube in a conical flask. It
creates a vacuum in a conical flask, which causes upward
movement of water in the delivery tube leading to a change in
the level of water in the delivery tube.

26. According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference across a

conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it

where V is the potential difference, and I is the current.

The relationship between V and I is linear for a conductor.
To remove the proportionality, we replace it by a constant
called R

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 Here R is the resistance of the conductor and is a fixed value.
If the student plots the potential difference on the x-axis, then
the slope of the graph will be

The quantity on the y-axis is current(I) and on the x-axis is a

voltage(V), the slope will be

The resistance will be the reciprocal of the slope.

This straight-line signifies that the resistor is a linear element,
i.e. it has linear characteristics in a V-I graph.

27. Add a few lines about the experiment by which the focal length
is calculated.
We can also add a diagram (like such these are copyright)

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 1. The lens should help properly and vertically.
2. At least 3-4 observations should be taken.
3. The lens should be moved forward and backwards to get a
clear and sharp image on the screen.
4. The base of lens, screen, and measuring scale should be in a
straight line.

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