CIVILIZATION ● Continued studies in England after
Definition
● A relatively high level of cultural and
technological development; specifically,
the stage of cultural development at
which writing and the keeping of written
records is attained (Merriam-Webster
Dictionary)
● An advanced state of intellectual,
cultural, and material development in
human society, marked by progress in
the arts and sciences, the extensive use
of record-keeping, including writing, and
the appearance of complex political and
social institutions (The Free Dictionary)
● Human societies “with a high level of
cultural and technological development”
(Ancient History Encyclopedia)
● A highly developed culture, including its
social organization, government, laws
and arts (Cambridge Dictionary)
Not concerned with:
● biological /physical development of man
Civilization
● “The act or process of bringing out of a
savage or uneducated state”
○ Etymology: 18th century
● Key concept
○ Use of technology
Vere Gordon Childe
● Listed down the characteristics of
complex societies in ancient history
● Born in Sydney, Australia on April 14,
1892
● Studied for a degree in classics at the
University of Sydney
● Became interested in classical
archaeology through the work of the
archaeologists Heinrich Schliemann and
Arthur Evans
Graduate Scholarship in Classics
● Entered Queen’s College, part of
University of Oxford
Characteristics of Complex Societies
1. An institutionalized form of political
organization (state)
 Polis in Greece
2. A ruling class made up of religious, civil,
and military leaders
 Emperor in Rome
3. Urban centers with a population up to
20,000
 Mojenjo-daro
4. Specialized division of labor
 Workers for the construction of
pyramids in Egypt
5. Food surplus
 Mesopotamia
6. Monumental architecture
 Pyramid of Giza in Egypt
 Great Wall of China
 Chichen Itza pyramid in Mexico
7. System of writing
 Hieroglyphics in Egypt
 Cuneiform in Mesopotamia
 Calligraphy in China
 Maya writing in Mexico
8. Achievements in science
 Maya astronomy in Mexico
 Arab astronomy in Arabia
9. Achievements in art
 Minoan fresco in Crete
10. Long-distance trade
 Arab trade with China
Julian Steward
● Viewed the rise of civilizations as a
series of successive major organizational
levels
○ Hunting and gathering stage
○ Insipient agriculture
○ Regional fluorescence
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936)
● The Decline of the West (1918)
● Identified eight (8) high civilizations
BECHAMGRA
○ Babylonian
■ Ziggurat of Ur -
construction of
monumental temples
■ Cuneiform - system of
writing
○ Egyptian
■ Pyramid of Giza and
Sphinx of Giza -
construction of
monumental structures
■ Hieroglyphics - system
of writing
○ Chinese
■ Calligraphy - system of
writing
○ Hindu
■ Mojenjo-daro - large
urban settlements
○ Aztec
■ Tenochtitlan - lage
urban settlements
■ Corn, squash, beans,
tomato, pepper -
cultivation of food crops
○ Mayan
■ Pyramid of Chichen Itza
- construction of
monumental structures
■ Charted movements of
the moon and planets
through observatories
■ Measured the length of
the solar year with a
high degree of accuracy
through a calendar
■ Pictographic - system of
writing
■ Corn - cultivation of
essential cereal grains
■ Large urban settlements
● Palenque
● Tikal
● Copan
● Chichen Itza
○ Greek
■ Polis – institutionalized
form of political
organization
○ Roman
○ Arab
Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975)
● A Study of History (1961)
● Civilizations arise as a result of a
challenge that may arise from other
civilization/the environment
● Civilizations differ from one another
based on the response to the challenges
● Major civilizations (7):
IAMMESS
○ Egyptian
○ Sinic
○ Sumerian
○ Mayan
○ Indic
○ Andean
■ Large urban settlements
● Cuzco
● Machu Pichu
 ■ Cultivation of food crops  Between mainland Spain and
● Corn the Balearic Islands
● Potatoes 2. Tyrrhenian Sea
○ Minoan  Enclosed by Sardinia, the Italian
peninsula, and Sicily
3. Adriatic Sea
 Between the Italian peninsula
MEDITERRANEAN SEA and the coasts of Slovenia,
Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro,
Word origin and Albania
● Mediterraneus (Latin) 4. Ionian Sea
○ “Inland”  Between Italy, Greece, and
● Medius Albania
○ Middle 5. Aegean Sea
● Terra  Between Greece and Turkey
○ Land or earth 6. Sea of Maramara
Location
 Between the Aegean and Black
● Between the continents of Eurasia and
Seas
Africa
Significance
Boundaries
● Offered livelihood to people along the
● Europe (North)
coasts
● Africa (South)
● Asia (East)
Large Islands
Connections
Eastern Mediterranean
1. Atlantic Ocean
1. Cyprus
 Through the Strait of Gibraltar 2. Crete
2. Black Sea 3. Euboea
 Through the Dardanelles and the 4. Rhodes
Strait of the Bosporus 5. Lesbos
3. Red Sea 6. Chios
 Through the Suez Canal 7. Corfu
Significance Central Mediterranean
● Linked trade from the west to the east 1. Sardinia
and the north of the south 2. Corsica
● Constituted an important part of the old 3. Sicily
world trade route between the Orient and 4. Malta
the Occident Western Mediterranean
1. Ibiza
Inland Seas 2. Majorca
1. Balearic Sea 3. Minorca
 Areas of Settlement
Bordering Countries 1. French Riviera
Asia a. Also known as Côte d’ Azur
1. Turkey b. Stretch of Mediterranean
2. Syria coastline at the southeast corner
3. Lebanon of France
4. Israel c. Famous for beaches
5. Gaza Strip d. Attracts the rich and famous of
Africa Europe
1. Egypt e. Famous cities:
2. Libya i. Nice
3. Tunisia ii. Cannes
4. Algeria iii. St. Tropez
5. Morocco iv. Marseilles
Europe 2. Spanish Riviera
1. Spain a. Stretch of Mediterranean
2. France coastline from the French border
3. Italy northeast of Barcelona to the
4. Slovenia Portugese border
5. Croatia b. Famous for its beaches
6. Bosnia c. Attracts the rich and famous of
7. Montenegro Europe
8. Albania d. Also known as Costa del Sol
9. Greece i. Famous cities:
10. Turkey 1. Almeria
2. Malaga
Mediterranean Europe 3. Marbella
● A region of peninsulas e. Also known as Costa Blanca
○ Spain i. Famous cities
○ Portugal 1. Alicante
○ Italy 2. Torrevieja
○ Greece f. Also known as Costa Dorada
● Has limited tides i. Famous cities
○ Enclosed almost completely by 1. Barcelona
land 2. Sitges
○ Exhibits an imposing deep blue
color, especially around the Flora
Greek islands 1. Cereals
● Wet mild winters and hot dry summers a. wheat
○ Ideal for settlement 2. Vegetables
a. Olive
 b. Chickpeas
3. Fruit
a. Grape
b. Orange
c. Lemon
d. Fig
4. Flower
a. Oleander
b. Myrtle

Fauna
1. Domesticated animal
a. Sheep
b. Goat
2. Beast of burden
a. Camel
b. Donkey
c. Mule
d. Horse

Role in history
● Became the cradle of great civilizations
○ Egypt
○ Greece
● Became the seat of great kingdoms and
empires
○ Roman empire
○ Ottoman empire